Medicinal Seeds Lecture Notes PDF

Medicinal Seeds Assoc. Prof. Samah El Sohafy LECTURE 2 Nutmeg Chemical constituents Volatile oil Myristicin (2-5%) Elemicin (1-2.5%) Fixed oil (30-40%) palmitic, stearic, oleic acid Triterpene saponins Sterols Nutmeg uses EXTERNALLY (oil) Nutmeg: popular spice...

Medicinal Seeds Assoc. Prof. Samah El Sohafy LECTURE 2 Nutmeg Chemical constituents Volatile oil Myristicin (2-5%) Elemicin (1-2.5%) Fixed oil (30-40%) palmitic, stearic, oleic acid Triterpene saponins Sterols Nutmeg uses EXTERNALLY (oil) Nutmeg: popular spice Nutmeg is safe in small amounts. However, as little as 2 teaspoons or Nutmeg is a common ingredient in many 5 grams (1-3 nuts) can cause some cuisines. symptoms of toxicity. In addition to being delicious, nutmeg offers many health benefits. At larger amounts, symptoms become worse and serious complications or death can occur. However, you should never consume more than is ordinarily used in food preparation. In large quantities, nutmeg can induce hallucinations. It is highly toxic and can even be fatal. Overdose Toxicity 5-hydroxytryptamine Serotonin Myristicin is active at the 5-HT (serotonin) receptors in the brain. =>hypotensive, sedative, antidepressant, hallucinogenic properties. Large doses generally cause hyperexcitability, followed by CNS depression. Overdose Toxicity Ingestion of 1 to 3 "nuts" can produce amphetamine derivatives through bioconversion of Myristicin. A strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant  Nutmeg toxicity symptoms & treatment Intense thirst ❖Nausea ❖Reddening and swelling of the face ❖Alterations of consciousness from mild changes, such as anxiety or lethargy, to intensive hallucinations. Treatment Gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage), and installation of activated charcoal. Case report of adverse events A developmentally normal 3-month- old male infant presented with recurrent episodes of generalized seizures. On admission, his mother informed physicians that she had been giving a native medicine, nutmeg as a carminative, for several days and that the first convulsion was noticed a few hours following the last ingestion of nutmeg. Colchicum seed ‫بذور اللحالح‬ The dried ripe seed of Colchicum autumnale family Liliaceae. It yields not less than 0.5% of colchicine. Nux vomica seed poison nut - vomiting nut ‫بذر الجوز المقيء‬ The dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica L., family Loganiceae Indole alkaloids (2.0 - 5.0%): Strychnine and brucine Strychnine poisoning Symptoms of poisoning can occur after ingestion of one bean. Strychnine doses of 1.5 mg ( 30-50 mg of drug) initially cause restlessness, equilibrium disorders, painful stiffness of the neck and back musculature. Later, spasms of neck musculature and finally, painful convulsions of the entire body occurs. Cardioactive glycosides Strophanthus gratus: 4-8% of ouabain (G-strophanthin) Rhamnoside glycoside More stable than those present in other. Ouabain: Cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin  Hypokalemia can potentially influence Used to treat congestive heart failure cardiac glycoside sensitivity as it and in lower doses, can be used directly increases the affinity of cardiac medically to treat hypotension and glycosides for sodium pumps by some arrhythmias. decreasing competition with K+.  Medicinal uses Ouabain Ouabain is no longer approved for use in the USA, France and Germany. Classified as an extremely hazardous substance in US Ouabain is a highly toxic compound with a LD50 of 5mg/kg. Ouabain has a low bioavailability and is absorbed poorly from the alimentary tract as so much of the oral dose is destroyed & is eliminated by renal excretion, largely unchanged. IV ouabain has a long history in the treatment of heart failure, and some continue to advocate its use in angina pectoris.  Overdose: Ouabain An overdose of ouabain can be detected by the presence of the following symptoms: Rapid twitching of the neck Respiratory distress Increased and irregular heartbeat Rise in blood pressure Convulsions. Death is caused by cardiac arrest Drug Interactions Simultaneous administration of quinidine, calcium salts, laxatives and glucocorticoids enhance both effects and side effects.