Pharmacogonocy 2_250109_173254 PDF

Omar Alqadi Colophony (rosin) Examples: Family: Pinaceae Etoposide (cancer, lymphomas & leukemias) Constituents: Teniposide (paediatric cancer, 1. 84% resin (ab...

Omar Alqadi Colophony (rosin) Examples: Family: Pinaceae Etoposide (cancer, lymphomas & leukemias) Constituents: Teniposide (paediatric cancer, 1. 84% resin (abietic acid): neuroblastoma & brain tumors) Origin: the dried residue left after distilling Etoposide phosphate the volatile oil from the oleoresin obtain For wart tissue (podofilm, podowart, from Pinus species (palustris, toeda) podophyllin cream and warticon) Uses: Constituents o ingredient of ointment Indian American o glazing agent Up to 40 20 podophyllotoxins o production of varnishes and podophyllotoxins 5% α-peltatin adhesives & printing inks 10% β-peltatin o as constituent of incense & perfumes. Myrrh (oleo-gum resin) 2. turpentine oil (volatile oil) Family: Burseraceae Origin: obtain by distillation and Origin: it is the oleogum-resin obtained from rectification from the oleoresin produced by Commiphora sp. various species of Pinus. Constituents: Constituents: α-pinene 64% and 33% β- o Volatile oil (7-17%) pinene o Gum (57-61%) Uses: o Resin (25-40) o Mild antiseptic action Uses o Insecticide o Directly: Soreness, swelling, gingivitis, o Solvent for waxes loose teeth, bad breath and chapped lips o Production of synthetic camphor o Topically: hemorrhoids, bedsores, o Furniture polishes wounds and boils Copaiba o Others: gastric antiulcer, cytoprotective Family: Fabaceae effect & treatment of Schistosoma & Origin: oleoresin obtained by incision from the fasciola (Mirazid) trunks of various species of Copaifera Examples: Constituents: o Sciatica, cold &flu prevention and o 24 sesquiterpene hydrocarbon(15C) as neuropathy and mirazid (Commiphora α-Copaene and β-caryophyllene molmol) o Diterpenes (20 C) Types: o Volatile oil o Myrrh gum o Myrrh gum tears Uses: o Urinary antiseptic Aloe (dried juices) o In inflammation of bladder Family: Liliaceae o In sore throat Origin : solid residue obtained by evaporation Properties of the liquid which drains from the transuersely o Contains the highest amount of beta cut leaves of various species of Aloe caryophyllene of any known essential oil Constituents o The most powerful anti-inflammatory o Anthraquinone glycosides (Barbaloin) Podophyllum o Free anthraquinones Family: Berberidaceae o Resin Origin: Uses : Podophyllum hexandrum (emodi)"Indian o Purgative podophyllum o Enhancement of wound healing Podophyllum peltatuml (American (moisturizing , emollient , antimicrobial podophyllum) and celling) Uses: o Treatment of asthma , hair loss and Is a cytotoxic agent, it works by preventing cancer chemo-preventive agent growth of the wart tissue The most type is Aloe Vera Omar Alqadi Papaver Capsule-opium(latex) ▪ Removes toxins from the Source and Collection gastrointestinal tract. Opium is obtained from the milky latex Applications: Bacteriological culture media, (emulsion of alkaloids, proteins, sugars, etc.) of constipation treatment, and detoxification. unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum. The Gelatin capsule is incised in the early morning, allowing Source: Protein obtained by boiling animal latex to ooze out and be collected. On standing, collagenous tissues (skin, tendons, the latex darkens from white to brown. ligaments, and bones). Composition: Constituents o 84-90% protein. Opium contains over 40 alkaloids include: o 1-2% mineral salts. 1. Papaverine, narceine, and narcotine. o Remainder is water. 2. Morphine, codeine (methylmorphine), and Uses: thebaine (dimethylmorphine). o Pharmaceuticals: Coating for - Morphine decreases significantly as the poppy fruit ripens. capsules, gelling agent, and excipient. Therapeutic Uses o Food: Base for gummy candies and 1. Morphine is a potent analgesic used in jellies. severe pain (e.g., post-operative, bone Health Benefits: fractures, burns, cancer pain, angina o Supports joint and bone health. pectoris). o Improves skin, hair, and nails. 2. Codeine is weaker in analgesic effect but o Promotes digestive health and gut effectively suppresses cough. It has lower lining repair. addiction potential compared to morphine. o Helps with weight loss and 3. Thebaine has a stimulatory effect on the detoxification. central nervous system, producing o Enhances athletic performance and convulsions rather than narcotic effects. stress recovery. 4. Heroin (diacetylmorphine) is formed by acetylation of morphine and is about five times more potent. Addiction and Side Effects Repeated use can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. Withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, pain, tremors, and severe discomfort. Dried extracts Dried extracts are drugs prepared by evaporating the aqueous decoction of plants or animals. Examples include Agar and Gelatin. Agar Source: Gelatinous substance derived from red seaweed. Components: Composed of agarose (a polysaccharide) and agaropectin. Uses: o Biology: Cultures microorganisms in microbiology labs. o Food Industry: Thickener, stabilizer, and enhancer of texture and health attributes. o Health: ▪ Laxative effect by absorbing water and increasing stool moisture.