Introduction to Nursing Lecture Notes PDF

What is Biochemistry?  Biochemistry = chemistry of life.  Biochemists use chemical principles to explain biological processes at the...

What is Biochemistry?  Biochemistry = chemistry of life.  Biochemists use chemical principles to explain biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.  Basic principles of biochemistry are By: Safa Yousif common to all living organism Biochemistry Biochemistry  Biochemistry has become the  Biochemistry is defined as the science foundation for understanding all concerned with the chemical basis of life. biological processes.  The science concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo.  It has provided explanations for the  Study area converse cell biology, molecular causes of many diseases in humans, biology and molecular medicine. animals and plants.  Biochemistry is not an isolated science, it is overlapping with other science like physiology, immunology, pharmacology, pathology, microbiology, forensic medicine ………..  Understanding of the normal cellular process is essential to understand the abnormal pathological conditions.  Biochemistry provides a scientific translation for many physiological process. The Molecular Composition of Cells  Cells are composed of water, inorganic ions, and  the organic molecules that are the unique carbon-containing (organic) molecules. constituents of cells. Most of these organic compounds belong to one of four classes of molecules:  Water is the most abundant molecule in cells, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and accounting for 70% or more of total cell mass. nucleic acids,(macromolecules) constitute 80 to 90% of the dry weight of most cells.  The inorganic ions of the cell, including (Na+), (K+), (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and phosphate, constitute 1% or less of the cell mass. Principle Areas of Biochemistry  Structure and function of biological macromolecules (Carbohydrates, lipids, protein,…)  Metabolism (catabolism and anabolism).  Molecular Genetics – How life is replicated. Relation of Biochemistry Cells with Medicine  Basic building blocks of life.  Smallest living unit of an organism.  Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment.  Many cannot be seen with the naked eye.  A cell may be an entire organism called Prokaryotic cell, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells, or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism called Eukaryotic cell. * What is the difference between each of them?  Types of Cells Summary of differences! Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells small cells (< 5 mm) larger cells (> 10 mm)  (a) Eukaryotic cell  (b) Prokaryotic cell always unicellular often multicellular no nucleus or any membrane-bound always have nucleus and other organelles membrane-bound organelles DNA is circular, without proteins DNA is linear and associated with proteins to form chromatin ribosomes are small (70S) ribosomes are large (80S) no cytoskeleton always has a cytoskeleton cell division is by binary fission cell division is by mitosis or meiosis reproduction is always asexual reproduction is asexual or sexual General Cell Structure & Function General Cell structure:  3 principal parts: Component Structure Function Plasma Membrane composed of double Surrounds, holds cell together & gives its  Plasma (cell) membrane. layer of phospholipids in which form; controls passage of materials into & (cell) proteins are embedded out of cell  Cytoplasm & organelles. membrane  Nucleus. Cytoplasm Fluid, jellylike substance between Serves as matrix substance in which cell membrane & nucleus in which chemical reactions occur. organelles are suspended Nucleus: - Nuclear Double-layered membrane that Supports nucleus & controls passage of surrounds nucleus, composed of materials b/w nucleus & cytoplasm envelope protein & lipid molecules - Nucleolus Dense nonmembranous mass Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes composed of protein & RNA molecules - Chromatin Fibrous strands composed of Contains genetic code that determines  The cell has two major compartments: the nucleus & the cytoplasm. protein & DNA which proteins (including enzymes) will be The cytoplasm contains the major cell organelles & a fluid called cytosol. manufactured by the cell  Cytoplasmic Organelles: Structure & Function Organelles  Subcellular structures within the cytoplasm that Component Structure Function perform specific functions. Endoplasmic System of Agranular (smooth) ER metabolizes nonpolar interconnected compounds & stores Ca2+ in striated muscle reticulum membrane-forming cells; granular (rough) ER assists in protein canals & tubules synthesis Granular particles Ribosomes composed of protein & Synthesize proteins RNA Synthesizes carbohydrates & packages Cluster of flattened Golgi complex membranous sacs molecules for secretion. Secretes lipids & glycoproteins Membranous sacs w Release energy from food molecules & Mitochondria folded inner partitions transform energy into usable ATP Digest foreign molecules & damaged Lysosomes Membranous sacs organelles  Generalized view of a eukaryotic cell showing organelles common to all cells (such as the Golgi complex) as well as specialized structures (e.g., cilia) found only in some cells. Cytoplasmic Organelles: Structure & Function (continued) cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Organelles, Nucleoli (continued) Component Structure Function Peroxisomes Spherical membranous Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful vesicles molecules & break down hydrogen peroxide Centrosome Nonmembranous mass Helps to organize spindle fibers & distribute of 2 rodlike centrioles chromosomes during mitosis Vacuoles Membranous sacs Store & release various substances within the cytoplasm Microfilament Thin, hollow tubes Support cytoplasm & fx as cytoskeleton, s& transport materials within the cytoplasm microtubules Cilia & Minute cytoplasmic Move particles along cell surface, or move the flagella projections that extend cell from the cell surface Water Thank you for your attention