Introduction To Biochemistry PDF

Introduction to Biochemistry By: Safa Yousif What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry = chemistry of life. Biochemists use chemical principles to explain biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. Basic principles of biochemistry are common to all living  Bi...

Introduction to Biochemistry By: Safa Yousif What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry = chemistry of life. Biochemists use chemical principles to explain biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. Basic principles of biochemistry are common to all living  Biochemistry Biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes. It has provided explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals and plants.  Biochemistry Biochemistry is defined as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life. The science concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells and with the reactions and processes they undergo. Study area converse cell biology, molecular biology and molecular medicine. Biochemistry is not an isolated science, it is overlapping with other science like physiology, immunology, pharmacology, pathology, microbiology, forensic medicine ……….. Understanding of the normal cellular process is essential to understand the abnormal pathological conditions. Biochemistry provides a scientific translation for many physiological process.  Biochemistry is essential in understanding the normal cellular process The Molecular Composition of Cells Cells are composed of water, inorganic ions, and carbon-containing (organic) molecules.  Water is the most abundant molecule in cells, accounting for 70% or more of total cell mass. The inorganic ions of the cell, including (Na+), (K+), (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), and phosphate, constitute 1% or less of the cell mass. the organic molecules that are the unique constituents of cells. Most of these organic compounds belong to one of four classes of molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids,(macromolecules) constitute 80 to 90% of the dry weight of most cells.  Principle Areas of Biochemistry Structure and function of biological macromolecules (Carbohydrates, lipids, protein,…) Metabolism (catabolism and anabolism). Molecular Genetics – How life is replicated. Biochemistry aid in understanding the nature of the disease  Relation of Biochemistry with Medicine  Cells Basic building blocks of life. Smallest living unit of an organism. Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment. Many cannot be seen with the naked eye. A cell may be an entire organism called Prokaryotic cell, such as microscopic amoeba and bacteria cells, or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism called Eukaryotic cell. * What is the difference between each of them?  Types of Cells (a) Eukaryotic cell (b) Prokaryotic cell Summary of differences! Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells small cells (< 5 mm) larger cells (> 10 mm) always unicellular often multicellular no nucleus or any membrane- always have nucleus and other bound organelles membrane-bound organelles DNA is circular, without proteins DNA is linear and associated with proteins to form chromatin ribosomes are small (70S) ribosomes are large (80S) no cytoskeleton always has a cytoskeleton cell division is by binary fission cell division is by mitosis or meiosis reproduction is always asexual reproduction is asexual or sexual General Cell structure:  3 principal parts:  Plasma (cell) membrane.  Cytoplasm & organelles.  Nucleus.  The cell has two major compartments: the nucleus & the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains the major cell organelles & a fluid called cytosol.  General Cell Structure & Function Function Structure Component Surrounds, holds cell together & gives its Membrane composed of double Plasma form; controls passage of materials into & layer of phospholipids in which (cell) out of cell proteins are embedded membrane Serves as matrix substance in which Fluid, jellylike substance between Cytoplasm chemical reactions occur. cell membrane & nucleus in which organelles are suspended Nucleus: Supports nucleus & controls passage of Double-layered membrane that - Nuclear materials b/w nucleus & cytoplasm surrounds nucleus, composed of protein & lipid molecules envelope Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes Dense nonmembranous mass - Nucleolus composed of protein & RNA molecules Contains genetic code that determines Fibrous strands composed of - Chromatin which proteins (including enzymes) will be protein & DNA manufactured by the cell Organelles  Subcellular structures within the cytoplasm that perform specific functions.  Generalized view of a eukaryotic cell showing organelles common to all cells (such as the Golgi complex) as well as specialized structures (e.g., cilia) found only in some cells. Cytoplasmic Organelles: Structure & Function Function Structure Component Agranular (smooth) ER metabolizes nonpolar System of Endoplasmic compounds & stores Ca2+ in striated muscle interconnected reticulum cells; granular (rough) ER assists in protein membrane-forming synthesis canals & tubules Granular particles Synthesize proteins composed of protein & Ribosomes RNA Synthesizes carbohydrates & packages Cluster of flattened molecules for secretion. Secretes lipids & membranous sacs Golgi complex glycoproteins Release energy from food molecules & Membranous sacs w transform energy into usable ATP folded inner partitions Mitochondria Digest foreign molecules & damaged organelles Membranous sacs Lysosomes Cytoplasmic Organelles: Structure & Function (continued) Function Structure Component Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful Spherical membranous Peroxisomes molecules & break down hydrogen peroxide vesicles Helps to organize spindle fibers & distribute Nonmembranous mass Centrosome chromosomes during mitosis of 2 rodlike centrioles Store & release various substances within the Membranous sacs Vacuoles cytoplasm Support cytoplasm & fx as cytoskeleton, Thin, hollow tubes Microfilament transport materials within the cytoplasm s& microtubules Move particles along cell surface, or move the Minute cytoplasmic Cilia & cell projections that extend flagella from the cell surface cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Organelles, Nucleoli(continued) Water Thank you for your attention