Language of Anatomy and Organ System Overview PowerPoint PDF

Part 1: Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position  Standard anatomical body position:  Body erect  Feet slightly apart  Palms facing forward *Why is this important??? Regional Terms *there are special anatomical terms for every region of your body; these are di...

Part 1: Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position  Standard anatomical body position:  Body erect  Feet slightly apart  Palms facing forward *Why is this important??? Regional Terms *there are special anatomical terms for every region of your body; these are different from the everyday terms *All mean “pertaining to” a specific body region Ex: Brachial: pertaining to the arm Learn to use these; for an anatomy student, your arm is no longer your arm… it’s your brachial region  Peroneal/ Fibular *Activity…  Work with your lab partner locating regions of the body *There is no quick fix to learning these; you just have to put in the time studying *Activity…  More practice… can you name the body regions shown here? Directional Terms  Superior vs. Inferior  Cranial vs. Caudal  Ventral vs. Dorsal  Anterior vs. Posterior  Superficial (external) vs. Deep (internal)  Medial vs. Lateral  *Why are these terms important??? Proximal vs. Distal  “Biped” Quadrup ed *Activity…  Fill-in-the-blank questions in lab manual (p.6)  More practice, try these…  Body Planes  Plane: Imaginary flat surface or line along which body or structure is cut (sectioned) for anatomical study *Why is it important that you know the planes of the body?  Sagittal plane  Divides body vertically into right and left parts  Produces a longitudinal section (l.s.)  Midsagittal (median) plane  Lies on midline  Parasagittal plane Mid-sagittal  Not on midline  Frontal (coronal) plane  Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts  Produces a longitudinal section (l.s.)  Transverse plane  Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts  Produces a cross section (c.s.) Mid-sagittal *Activity…  Make sure you understand the planes of the body!(pg. 7)  Practice…can you name the planes of the body in this image? D A B C Body Cavities *2 major body cavities :  Dorsal  Ventral *Both have subdivisions *Both are closed to the outside *Provide different degrees of protection to organs in them Which of the 2 provides more protection? *Dorsal cavity… protects nervous system Two subdivisions:  Cranial cavity  Encases brain  Vertebral cavity  Encases spinal cord *Ventral cavity… houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):  Thoracic cavity  Abdominopelvic cavity  Ventral Body Cavities  Thoracic cavity subdivisions:  Two pleural cavities  Each houses a lung  Mediastinum  Contains pericardial cavity  Surrounds thoracic organs  Pericardial cavity  Encloses heart  Ventral Body Cavities  Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:  Abdominal cavity  Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver  Pelvic cavity  Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum  Serous Membrane (Serosa)  Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid  Parietal serosa lines internal body walls  Visceral serosa covers the internal *Associated organs with ventral body cavity and its organs *Given specific names depending on structures they cover *Activity…  For additional practice labeling body cavities and serous membranes go to www.masteringaandp.com *you should be familiar with which organs are in which cavities  Abdominopelvic Regions *because the abdominopelvic cavity is so big, it is divided into smaller areas for study  Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists  Abdominopelvic Quadrants *because the abdominopelvic cavity is so big, it is divided into smaller areas for study  Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Other Body Cavities  Oral and digestive cavities  Nasal cavity  Orbital cavities  Middle ear cavities  Synovial cavities *In addition to the large, closed body cavities, there are several smaller body cavities… most are in the head and open to the body exterior *you should be familiar with what is in each cavity *Activity…  For additional practice labeling body cavities and serous membranes go to www.masteringaandp.com *you should be familiar with which organs are in which regions/quadrants Part 2: Organ System Overview Overview of Organ Systems *You should be able to…  Name all 11 organ systems  List major organs of each system  Be familiar with the basic functions of each system LAB MANUAL *Table 1 (p.18) *Images: p.19-24  Hair Skin Nails (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Figure 1.3a  Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Figure 1.3b  Skeletal muscles (c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat. Figure 1.3c  Brain Nerves Spinal cord (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Figure 1.3d  Pineal gland Pituitary Thyroid gland gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Figure 1.3e  Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. Figure 1.3f  Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Figure 1.3g Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Bronchus Trachea Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Figure 1.3h  Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Figure 1.3i  Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Figure 1.3j  Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Testis Ductus deferens Uterine Scrotum Uterus tube Vagina (k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Figure 1.3k-l Organ Systems Interrelationships  Allcells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs  Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions *To Look At:  Human Torso Model *Once you have examined the model, ask yourself…  If given a system, can I name some organs in it?  If given a list of organs, can I name the system to which they belong?  If given an organ system, can I name some of its functions?  If given a function, can I name the organ system being described? If not, you have some work to do  *Activity…  Practice… can you name the systems and organs shown here? Homework… Review Sheets  Language of Anatomy, Full Chapter  Organ Systems Overview, Review Questions *Due next lab*  Quiz #1, next Monday/Tuesday on Language of Anatomy & Organ Systems Overview…  Anything from this first lab is fair game!!!