BIOL 104 Lab Manual 2024-2025 PDF

BIOL-104 Biology (1) Lab Manual Academic Year 1445/1446 (2024/2025) NAME: ………………………………………………. ID #: …………………………………………………… GROUP: ……………………………………………... Biology (1) BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual PREFACE The laboratory exercises in this manual are coordi...

BIOL-104 Biology (1) Lab Manual Academic Year 1445/1446 (2024/2025) NAME: ………………………………………………. ID #: …………………………………………………… GROUP: ……………………………………………... Biology (1) BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual PREFACE The laboratory exercises in this manual are coordinated with human biology, a text that has two primary functions: (1) achieve an understanding of how the human body works. (2) show the relationship of humans to other living things in the biosphere. This manual may also be used in coordination with other biology texts. Some of the laboratory exercises may be performed as demonstrations while others will be performed by the students, depending on the time needed for the experiment(s) required to cover a particular concept. Most of the laboratories have related videos demonstrating either an observation or experimental procedure to achieve a learning outcome and to help the students to complete the activities of each laboratory session. 2 Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LIST OF CONTENTS Page TITLE 1 PREFACE 2 LIST OF CONTENTS 3 LABORATORY 1: LAB SAFETY , EQUIPMENT AND LIGHT MICROSCOPY 6 1.1.1. Emergency response 7 1.1.2. Personal and general laboratory safety 8 1.1.3. Biological hazards 9 1.1.4. Microscopes and accessories 10 1.1.5. Dissecting materials 11 1.1.6. Microbial and cell culture 11 1.1.7. Other equipment 12 ACTIVITY 1.1: Lab safety and equipment 13 1.2 Light microscopy 16 Exercise 1.2: Identify parts of the compound microscope and mention the function of each part. 17 1.2.1. Parts of microscope and their functions 20 1.2.2. How to use the compound microscope? 24 ACTIVITY 1.2: Compound microscope 26 LABORATORY 2: CELL STRUCTURE 27 2.1. Comparison between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells 28 Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 3 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 2.2. Examples of eukaryotic cells 30 ACTIVITY 2.1: Cell structure 38 2.3. Tonicity and osmosis 39 Experiment 2.1: Osmotic changes in potatoes 40 ACTIVITY 2.2: Tonicity and osmosis 41 ACTIVITY 2.3: Tonicity and osmosis 42 LABORATORY 3: CELL DIVISION (CELLCYCLE, MITOSIS, MEIOSIS AND GAMETOGENESIS) 43 3.1. Cell cycle 43 3.2. Chromosomes 44 3.3 Karyotype 45 3.4 Different stages of the cell cycle 46 ACTIVITY 3.1 51 3.5. Meiosis and Gametogenesis 52 ACTIVITY 3.2 57 4 Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LABORATORY 4: GENETICS 58 4.1. Mendelian Genetics of Corn 59 4.2. Human Genetics 60 ACTIVITY 4.1 61 4.3. Multiple Alleles: Human Blood Types 62 Experiment 4.1: Determining blood type 64 ACTIVITY 4.2 66 ACTIVITY 4.3 67 LABORATORY 5: BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN HUMAN BODY (Histology Part 1) (Epithelial Tissues) 68 5.1 Epithelial tissue 69 ACTIVITY 5.1 73 ACTIVITY 5.2 74 LABORATORY 6: BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN HUMAN BODY Histology Part 2 - (Connective, Muscle, & Nerve tissues) 75 6.1 Connective tissue 75 6.2 Muscle tissue 79 6.3 Nerve tissue 81 ACTIVITY 6.1 83 ACTIVITY 6.2 84 5 Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LABORATORY 1 1.1 LAB SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT All students must read and understand the information in this document with regard to laboratory safety and emergency procedures prior to the first laboratory session. Your personal laboratory safety depends mostly on YOU. Effort has been made to address situations that may pose a hazard in the lab, but the information and instructions provided cannot be considered all-inclusive. Students must adhere to written and verbal safety instructions throughout the academic term. Since additional instructions may be given at the beginning of laboratory sessions, it is important that all students arrive at each session on time. With good judgment, the chance of an accident in this course is very small. Nevertheless, research and teaching workplaces (labs, shops, etc.) are full of potential hazards that can cause serious injury and/or damage to the equipment. Working alone and unsupervised in laboratories is forbidden if you are working with hazardous substances or equipment. With prior approval, at least two people should be present so that one can shut down equipment and call for help in the event of an emergency. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 6 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.1.1. EMERGENCY RESPONSE It is your responsibility to read safety and fire alarm posters and follow the instructions during an emergency Know the location of the fire extinguisher, eye wash, and safety shower in your lab and know how to use them. Notify your instructor immediately after any injury, fire or explosion, or spill. Know the building evacuation procedures Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 7 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.1.2. PERSONAL AND GENERAL LABORATORY SAFETY 1. Never eat, drink, or smoke in the laboratory. 2. Read labels carefully. 3. Only trained and approved persons can use laboratory equipment. 4. Clothing– Wear laboratory coats. When handling dangerous and toxic substances, wear gloves, and safety shield or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab. Coats should be hung in the hall or placed in a locker. 5. Long hair and loose clothes must be tied back or confined. 6. Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work. Don’t block air flow from equipment to prevent overheating. 7. Disposal– Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used materials in the appropriate containers. 8. Equipment Failure– If a piece of equipment fails, report it immediately to your lab assistant or tutor. Never try to fix the problem yourself. 9. If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 8 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.1.3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS Biological hazards are organic substances that pose a threat to the health of humans and other living organisms. They include pathogenic micro-organisms, viruses, toxins (from biological sources), spores, fungi, bio-active substances and biological vectors or transmitters of diseases. Workers in health care professions are exposed to biological hazards via contact with human bodily matter, such as blood, tissues, saliva, mucous, urine and feces, because these substances have a high risk of containing viral or bacterial diseases. Likewise, people who work with live animals or animal products (blood, tissue, milk, eggs) are exposed to animal diseases and infections, some of which (zoonoses) have the potential to infect humans (e.g. Q-fever, avian flu or Hendra virus) or cause serious allergy via sensitization. Exposure to biological hazards can also occur when people are in contact with laboratory cell cultures, soil, clay and plant materials, organic dusts, food, rubbish, wastewater and sewerage. Exposure to molds and yeasts is common in some industrial processes, in workplaces with air conditioning systems and high humidity, and in the construction industry. Exposure to biological hazards is therefore widespread and the risk of exposure is not always obvious. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 9 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.1.4. MICROSCOPES AND ACCESSORIES Compound microscope - Dissecting microscope - Glass slide – Coverslip – Slide box – Bottle of immersion oil - Dropper and dropper bottles - Lens paper Glass slide mount specimens Compound microscope Dissecting microscope for examination under a magnify small specimens magnify small dissected microscope (whole mount, or stained specimens sections) Bottle of immersion oil Coverslip Slide box Store immersion oil cover the specimen on a store and needed for examination with power 100X glass slide organize slides Dropper and dropper bottle Lens paper transfer small quantities of liquid clean microscope lenses (few drops) Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 10 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.1.5. DISSECTING MATERIALS Gloves - Dissecting pan - Dissecting pin – Probe – Scissors - Scalpel - Bone cutter – Forceps - Microbiological loop - Petri dish Dissecting pin Gloves Dissecting pan fix the specimen in place containment of specimen inside the dissecting pan. protection during dissection. Probe Scissors Bone cutter hold back organs to view cut specimens. cut small bones part of the specimen.. Scalpel Forceps cut specimens. hold part of specimen 1.1.6. MICROBIAL AND CELL CULTURE TOOLS Microbiological loop, petri dish. Microbiological loop microbial culture Petri dish Cell culture Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 11 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.1.7. OTHER EQUIPMENT Pipette- Balance (scale) – Hot plate – Stopwatch – water bath – spectrophotometer – pH meter - Centrifuge Pipette Digital Balance (scale) Hot plate measure definite weighing heating volume of liquids Spectrophotometer measure concentration of solutes by measuring the amount of light absorbed by the solution Centrifuge pH meter separation of fluids, particles, based measuring the pH on density by spinning Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 12 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. GROUP: ……………………………... ACTIVITY 1.1. LAB SAFETY AND EQUIPMENT 1- True or false: a. It is prohibited to pipette any liquids by mouth. b. You should wear a lab coat all the time when working in the lab. c. Experienced students can work in the laboratory without supervision. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 13 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. GROUP: ……………………………... 2- Identify/name the following: a………………….. b………………….. c…………………….. d………………….. e………………….. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 14 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. GROUP: ……………………………... 3- Write the function of each of the following: a………………….. b………………….. c………………….. d………………….. e………………….. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 15 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.2 LIGHT MICROSCOPY A microscope is a scientific instrument that magnifies small things to be seen better and examined correctly. There are many different types of microscopes. The most common are compound light microscope and electron microscope. In a compound light microscope, the object is illuminated: light is thrown on it. A compound microscope uses multiple lenses to create an enlarged image that is easier for a human eye to see. Materials: The compound microscope (ZEISS, OLYMPUS,… ) and microscope accessories. Methods: Students should work individually using compound microscopes and figures 2.1, 2.2 & 2.3 to learn the parts of the microscope, the function of each part and how to use it. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 16 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Exercise 1.2.: Identify parts of the compound microscope and mention the function of each part. 17. Eyepiece (Ocular lens) 16. Binocular tube 2. Arm 15. Revolving nosepiece 14. Objective lens 12. Coarse focus control 10. Specimen holder 13. Fine focus control 9. Stage 6. Condenser assembly 8. Iris diaphragm 11. Specimen holder control 3. Light source 4. On-Off Switch 1. Base 5. Light source control Figure 1.1. Parts of compound microscope Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 17 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 18. Pointer 14. Objective lenses Red: 4X Yellow: 10X Blue: 40X White: 100X 8. Iris diaphragm 7. Condenser adjustment control 6. Condenser assembly Figure 1.2. Parts of compound microscope: Objective lenses (14), Pointer (18), and Condenser assembly (6) Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 18 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 17. Eyepiece lens 15. Revolving nosepiece 10. specimen holder Using oil with objective lens 100X 14. Iris diaphragm 7. Condenser adjustment control 6. Condenser Figure 1.3. Use of different parts of compound microscope Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 19 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.2.1. Parts of microscope and their functions 1. Base:the bottom of the microscope that has the light source. 2. Arm: the part that is connected to the base and helps to carry the microscope easily. One can hold the arm with one hand and put the other hand under the base of the microscope. 3. Light source:a small bulb, at the base of the microscope. 4. On-Off Switch: is an electrical power switch at the right side of the microscope base. It turns the illuminator on or off. 5. Light source control: adjusting this control increases or decreases the amount of light traveling form the light source at base up to the stage. It has six settings, but it is usually set at 3 for use in our lab. 6. Condenser assembly: found under the stage and contains condenser lens that collects the light from the light source and focuses it on the specimen. 7. Condenser adjustment control: is a small knob on the left under the stage. The condenser can be raised or lowered by this knob to allow for optimum illumination of the specimen. 8. Iris diaphragm: part of the condenser assembly used to control the amount of light reaching the specimen. In a student scope it is opened and closed by a rotating disk situated around the condenser. Rotating the disk clockwise increases the amount of light that goes through the condenser lens and rotating it anticlockwise reduces the amount of light passing through it. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 20 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 9. Stage: is a flat surface where the slide with the specimen is placed. It has a central hole. Slightest movement using focus control knobs can affect the results. 10. Specimen holder: it holds the slide in place at the top of the stage. 11. Specimen holder control: attached to the specimen holder are two knobs. On the OLYMPUS microscope, these knobs are on the right side of the stage. Turn each knob and see how the specimen holder moves. The upper large knob moves the specimen forward and backward while the lower small knob moves it from right to left or left to right. 12. Coarse focus controls: are pair of large knobs found on both sides of the microscope present on the lower region of the arm. The main function of this knob is to move the stage with the specimen up or down to adjust specimen slide in order to bring it to focus and show the best image possible. It should be only used with the scanning objective (4X). 13. Fine focus controls: a sub part of the coarse adjustment knob. It moves the stage slightly to bring the specimen into sharp focus. It can be used with all objectives. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 21 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 14. Objective lenses: usually there are four objective lenses in a standard microscope. Scanning Objective (4X): this shortest objective is useful for getting an overview of the slide. It is always safe to use as it cannot be lowered to the point of contacting and possibly breaking a slide. Low Power Objective (10X): this next shortest objective is probably the most useful lens for viewing slides. Almost any feature you need to observe in this course can be located with this objective lens. High Power Objective (40x): sometimes called the "high-dry" objective. It is useful for observing fine details such as the striations in skeletal muscle, the arrangement of Haversian systems in compact bone, types of nerve cells in the retina, etc. Oil Immersion Objective (100X): this longest objective is used for observing the details of individual cells such as white blood cells, the cells involved in spermatogenesis, etc. It must be used with a specially formulated oil that creates a bridge between the tip of the objective and the cover slip. Since the refractive indices of air and this lens are different, the lens will not work without this special oil. **Coarse focus control knob is safe to be used with objective lens 4X while fine focus control is used with other objective lenses. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 22 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 15. Revolving nosepiece: the part of the microscope which holds the objective lenses. By turning clockwise or anticlockwise, the nosepiece revolves to switch the objective lenses in order to view the same specimen in various dimensions. 16. Binocular tube: is placed at the base of ocular lenses. Light passing through the objective lens is divided into two beams here. One beam goes to each eyepiece lens. 17. Eyepiece or ocular lens: this is where you position your eyes to observe the magnified image of the sample. It has a magnification of 10X. 18. Pointer: is located inside the eyepiece. It looks like a black line. Look through one eyepiece at a time and find the pointer. Total magnification: is calculated by multiplying the magnification of ocular lens (eyepiece lens) by magnification of objective lens. Table: Total magnification: *Complete the table. Objective lens Ocular lens Objective lens Total magnification magnification magnification Scanning power 4X 10 X 40 X Low power.…. X …. X ….. X High power ….. X …. X ….. X Oil immersion …… X …. X ….. X Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 23 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 1.2.2. How to use the compound microscope? Before using, clean the lenses (eyepiece, objective and condenser lens) with the lens paper. Using objective lenses 4X, 10X and 40X. 1. Turn the revolving turret so that the lowest power objective lens (4x) is clicked into position over the hole in the stage. 2. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the specimen holder. Be sure the coverslip is facing upwards. 3. Adjust the condenser and light source to medium intensity. 4. Look at the objective lens 4X and the stage from the side and turn the focus knob so the stage moves upward. Move it up as far as it will go. 5. Look through the eyepiece and move the microscope slide around using specimen holder control until the sample is in the centre of the field of view. 6. Move the coarse focus knob until the image comes into focus. 7. Use the fine focus knob to place the sample into focus and readjust the condenser and light intensity for the clearest image (with low power objectives you might need to reduce the light intensity or shut the condenser). 8. When you have a clear image of your sample with the lowest power objective, you can change to the next objective lenses 10X or 40 X. You might need to readjust the sample into focus by using fine focus control and/or readjust the condenser and light intensity. Do not let the objective lens touch the slide! Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 24 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Using objective lens 100X (oil immersion lens): 1. To use the objective lens 100X (oil immersion), first make sure the specimen is in focus under the high power (40X) objective. 2. Move the high power objective out of position, place a small drop of oil on top of the cover slip above the specimen to be viewed and move the oil immersion lens into place as in Figure 1.3. 3. Use the fine focus adjustment knob to bring the specimen into focus. 4. When you are finished, click the low power lens (4X) into position and remove the slide. 5. Make sure to clean the lens and slide with lens paper. **It is extremely important that the oil does not contact any of the other objectives. If this happens, clean the lenses immediately. 6. Switch off the light and cover the microscope. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 25 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. GROUP: ……………………………... ACTIVITY 1.2: COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 1. What adjustment focus control knob is used with 40X lens? 2. Which part(s) of microscope controls the amount of light? 3. What are ocular lenses? 4. Which objective you should be used to get 40X total magnification? 5. True or false: a. Immersion oil must be used with the 10X objective lens. b. The stage is where the slide with the specimen is placed. c. The ocular lens is where you position your eyes to observe the specimen. It has no effect on magnification. 6. Write the name of the labeled parts of this microscope: D A E B F C Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 26 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LABORATORY 2 CELL STRUCTURE The aim of this lab is to identify the components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells particularly eukaryotic animal cells. Materials: Cell models of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic Cells. Electron micrographs of the components of prokaryotic (bacterial) cell and eukaryotic (plant and animal) cells. Video presentation 2.1 of cell structure and function. Methods: 1. Observe the models and electron micrographs of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and identify the different cell structures. 2. Watch the video presentation on the cell structure and function. 2.1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8 3. After your observations, complete activity 2.1. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 27 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 2.1. Comparison between eukaryotes and prokaryotes Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Have true nucleus; DNA is surrounded Have DNA region (nucleoid) by nuclear envelope. without nuclear envelope. Have membrane bound organelles. No membrane bound organelles. Ex: Protists, Fungi, Plants and Ex: Bacteria (Eubacteria and Animals Archaea bacteria) Figure 2.1. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 28 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Cell wall Capsule Ribosome Plasma membrane Flagellum Cytoplasm Nucleoid Pilus (DNA) Plasma membrane Cell wall Nucleoid (DNA region) Cytoplasm with ribosomes Figure 2.2. Prokaryotic (bacterial) cell Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 29 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 2.2. Examples of Eukaryotic Cells Animal cell Plant cell No cell wall Has cell wall No chloroplasts (plastids) Contains chloroplasts No central large vacuole Has central large vacuole(s) Centriole is present Centriole is absent Some organelles of eukaryotic cells Membrane bound Non-membrane organelles bound structures Nucleolus Have double Have single Ribosomes membranes membrane Centrioles Cytoskeleton (Microtubules & Nucleus Microfilaments). Mitochondria Chloroplasts Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi bodies Vesicles - Lysosomes - Peroxisomes Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 30 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Central vacuole Cell wall Chloroplasts nucleus Figure 2.3. Eukaryotic (plant) cell Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 31 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual nucleus Figure 2.4. Eukaryotic (animal) cell Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 32 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores chromatin nucleolus rough ER Chromatin Nucleolus Ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Reticulum (RER) Figure 2.5. Nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 33 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Cisterna Vesicle Figure 2.6. Golgi apparatus Outer Matrix Crista inner membrane membrane Figure 2.7. Mitochondrion Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 34 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Components of the cytoskeleton of the cell (microtubules and microfilaments) Nuclei (blue) Actin microfilaments (red) Microtubules (green) Figure 2.8. Cytoskeleton of the cell Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 35 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Cilia of Paramecium Flagellum of sperm Cilia of the respiratory tract doublet “9+2” array Flagellum of cilia and flagella Sperm Cilia Figure 2.9. Cilia and flagella Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 36 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Flagellum Plasma membrane Basal body triplet “9+0” array of centriole and basal body Basal body anchors flagellum Figure 2.10. Centriole and basal body Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 37 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. ACTIVITY 2.1 GROUP: ……………………………... CELL STRUCTURE Mention the names of these organelles/structures D A B C E F G H Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 38 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 2.3. TONICITY AND OSMOSIS The cell membrane selectively permits some materials to cross. Under normal conditions, water constantly passes in and out of this membrane. Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. The selectively permeable membrane does not allow salt ions to pass into the cell. Water diffuses from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration by osmosis until the transfer reaches equilibrium. Tonicity: the relative solute concentrations of two solutions – Hypotonic solution: a solution with greater water molecules and less solute molecules. – Isotonic solution: solutions with the same concentrations of water and solute molecules. – Hypertonic solution: a solution with less water molecules and more solute molecules If the cell is placed in hypotonic solution, water will move into the cell, the cell size increases, and it may burst. If the cell is placed in an isotonic solution, water will move into and out of the cell at the same rate and no change in cell size occurs. If the cell is placed in hypertonic solution, water will move from inside the cell to outside the cell. The cell shrinks as the cell loses water. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 39 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Osmotic burst of blood cells (video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYoaLzobQmk S wollen RBCs (Hypotonic solution) Figure 2.12. Red blood cells in different solutions Experiment 2.1: Osmotic changes in potatoes In this experiment you will test the effects of diffusion and osmosis in potato cells. Procedure: Cut out two potato pieces ( ~ 1.5 x 1.5 inch). Using a scalpel (or vegetable peeler), make a cavity in the middle by scooping the soft tissue. Blot the cavity with tissue paper. Fill the cavity of one piece with salt. Leave the other piece empty. Record your observation in ~ 15 min. Explain your observation. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 40 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ACTIVITY 2.2 ID #: …………………………………. TONICITY AND OSMOSIS GROUP: ……………………………... Answer the following questions regarding the effect of osmosis on red blood cells: A B C 1- What is the type of solution the above cells are immersed in? Solution A is:…………….……, explain why? …………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………….. Solution B is:……………….…, explain why? …………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………….. Solution C is:…………………., explain why? …………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………….. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 41 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. GROUP: ……………………………... ACTIVITY 2.3 TONICITY AND OSMOSIS Answer the following questions: What will happen to a plant cell that has a 0.8% salt concentration when it is placed into a solution containing a 10% salt concentration? Choose the correct answer: A) Water will move out of the plant cell, causing it to shrivel. B) Water will move in the plant cell, causing it to shrivel. C) Water will move in the plant cell, causing it to swell and burst. D) Water will move out of the plant cell, causing it to swell and burst. 2. Sally wants to get rid of some unwanted weeds, she decided to pour salt water on the ground where the weeds grow? Will this help Sally in removing the weeds? Why? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 42 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LABORATORY 3 CELL CYCLE, MITOSIS, MEIOSIS AND GAMETOGENESIS Cells are produced from pre-existing cells by cell division. Cell divisions involves two types of nuclear divisions: mitosis or meiosis which are followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). 4.1 Cell Cycle: It is a cycle of stages that new cells pass through to allow them to divide and produce new cells. The Cell Cycle consists of: 1. Interphase: (non dividing period). It consists of: G1, S, and G2. 2. Cell division: Mitosis or M-phase (Nuclear division). Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Two daughter cells Figure 3.1 The Cell Cycle Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 43 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 3.2. Chromosomes: Before cell division, DNA molecules replicate themselves. At the beginning of division, DNA appear as duplicated chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids held together at centromere. During cell division, the two sister chromatids separate into two unduplicated chromosomes. Each human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes. Two sister chromatids Centromere Replication Division One One Two unduplicated chromosome duplicated chromosome unduplicated chromosomes Figure 3.2 Chromosomes Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 44 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 3.3 Karyotype The image of all pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologues) of an organism arranged depending on their size (from the largest to smallest), centromere position, gene locations and banding pattern Materials: Image of human male and human female karyotype (Fig. 3.3). Methods: Observe the images of human male and female karyotypes. sister chromatids centromere Two homologous chromosomes Sex chromosomes in male Human male Karyotype XY Sex chromosomes in female X X Human female Karyotype Figure 3.3. Human Karyotype Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 45 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 3.4 Different stages of the cell cycle Interphase: The non dividing period between divisions. DNA molecules are in the form of chromatin are duplicated in preparation for cell division. Mitosis: It is a nuclear division that maintains the diploid chromosome number (2n). It proceeds through four sequential stages: - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase which is followed by cytokinesis Materials: Models and microscopic slides of different stages of the cell cycle - Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis Video of the cell cycle & mitosis. Mitosis video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHSs7HQs3d4 Methods: 1. Observe the images, models and microscopic slides of different stages of the cell cycle. 2. Watch the video presentation on the cell cycle and mitosis. 3. After your observations, complete the activity 3.1. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 46 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Nuclear envelope fragments Mitotic spindle Centrioles Chromatin condenses Duplicated chromosomes to chromosomes 2. Metaphase 1. Prophase Two daughter nuclei Unduplicated chromosomes Cleavage furrow 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase Figure 3.4. Stages of Mitosis Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 47 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Animal cell model Plant cell Interphase: DNA is in the form of chromatin. Chromosomes are not visible. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus are present. Prophase: Chromosomes condense Centrioles migrate to opposite poles. Nuclear envelope disappears. Spindle fibers form. Early Late Metaphase: All duplicated chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator. Figure 3.5. Stages of the cell cycle (Interphase, Prophase, and Metaphase) Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 48 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Mitosis model: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsP9llFT4ZQ Animal cell model Plant cell Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite spindle poles. Telophase: Chromosomes (unduplicated) decondense, nuclear envelope reforms, spindles disappear. Daughter cells Late telophase and cytokinesis Cleavage furrow Cell plate Figure 3.6. Stages of the cell cycle (Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis) Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 49 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Examine the microscopic slides and models. Draw the different stages of the cell cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis and two daughter cells Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 50 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Activity 3.1 Identify the following stages of the cell life cycle? Stage: ………………..…….. Stage: ……………………….. Stage: ………………………. Name: ………………………. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 51 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 3.5 Meiosis and Gametogenesis It involves two nuclear divisions (meiosis I & meiosis II) that reduces the chromosome number of the parent diploid cell (2n) to half (n). Results in four haploid cells. No replication of DNA occurs during a period called interkinesis between meiosis I and II. Each division proceeds through four stages: ❑Meiosis I: Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I ❑Meiosis II: Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II Meiosis takes place in the gonads (testis and ovaries) to produce gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction. The process of producing gametes in known as gametogenesis. Testis in males produce sperm while ovaries in females produce eggs/ova. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 52 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Materials: Microscopic slides of testis. Microscopic slides and a model of human sperm. Microscopic slides of ovary. Video presentations on spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Video links: Spermatogenesis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mK9_6HQbxtU Oogenesis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63hFfJOJg9w Methods: 1. Observe the microscopic slides and watch the video presentations on gametogenesis. 2. After your observations, complete the activity 3.2. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 53 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Spermatogenesis: Production of sperm in male testes. Epididymis Testis Coiled seminiferous tubules Spermatid Vas deferens Human testis Mature sperm Tail Midpiece Head Seminiferous tubule Interstitial cells sperm Human sperm T. S. of testis Figure 3.7. Human Testis and Sperm 54 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Oogenesis: Production of oocytes in female ovaries. Secondary oocyte Ovaries Oviduct Secondary oocyte Follicles Mature follicle Corprus luteum Uterus T. S. of ovary Female reproductive system Figure 3.8. Human Ovary and Secondary Oocytes 55 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Examine the microscopic slides and models. Draw sperm, sections of testis and ovary. T. S. of testis Human sperm T. S. of Ovary Mature follicle with secondary oocyte Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 56 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Activity 3.2 Answer the following questions: 1. Name the phase of mitosis during which separation of sister chromatids occurs. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Where in humans would you expect to find meiosis taking place? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. What term refers to the division of the cytoplasm of a cell? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Name the phase of mitosis in which duplicated chromosomes first appear. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. What term refers to the production of sperm? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. During which stage of mitosis are homologous chromosomes lined up at the spindle equator? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Which type of division is required to produce a secondary oocyte? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 57 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LABORATORY 4 GENETICS Genetics is the study of DNA and genes and their transmission from one generation to the next. A gene is the unit of heredity. Genes encode for specific proteins, and each gene has a specific location on a particular chromosome. Alleles are alternative versions of a gene. Most traits are controlled by two alleles in one individual. That said, not all alleles we inherit are shown. Some alleles, the dominant ones, mask the expression of the recessive alleles. Dominant alleles are designated by uppercase letters (A for example) while recessive alleles are designated by lowercase letters (a for example). Homozygous: having identical alleles of a particular gene (AA/DD/aa/dd). Heterozygous: having different alleles of a particular gene (Aa/Dd). Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual (AA, Aa, Dd, dd, …) Phenotype: the observable physical and functional traits of an organism such as attached earlobe, brown eyes, purple flowers,… Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 58 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 5.1. Mendelian Genetics of Corn Gregor Mendel, known as the father of genetics, conducted all his experiments on the pea plant and founded the laws of Mendelian inheritance. In our lab though, we will be illustrating some of these laws using corn ears (cob) rather than pea plants. The characters we will be examining today are kernel (seed) color and kernel shape. They are summarized below and example images are provided for further clarification. Dominant allele and Recessive allele and Character phenotype phenotype Kernel color A: purple-colored kernels a: yellow-colored kernels Kernel shape B: smooth kernels b: wrinkled kernels a. b. c. d. Fig 4.1 a. Monohybrid cross of kernel shape (smooth and wrinkled). b. Monohybrid cross of kernel color (purple and yellow). c. Dihybrid cross. d. Examples of kernel color and shape. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 59 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 5.2. Human Genetics Human genetic traits can be used to illustrate several inheritance patterns. Examples include complete dominance, codominance, and sex-linkage. In some instances, a single gene determines some traits like tongue rolling and dimples (monogenic). Other traits, like skin color and height, are more complex and result from the action of many genes (polygenic). The following table shows the inheritance pattern of some monogenic human characteristics. All traits being examined are autosomal traits, meaning they are determined by alleles on autosomal chromosomes and not sex chromosomes and they are controlled by two alleles. Fig 4.2: Human traits that follow a monogenic inheritance. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 60 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Activity 4.1 For each of the traits listed in the following table, fill out your phenotype and your possible genotype(s). Remember, if you show a dominant trait, you may be homozygous or heterozygous for that trait. Table 1. Student Traits Trait Phenotype Genotype(s) Earlobes (E, e) Tongue rolling (T, t) Widow’s Peak (W, w) Dimples (D, d) Interlocking fingers (L,l) Double-jointed thumb (H, h) Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 61 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 4.3. Multiple Alleles: Human Blood Types Human blood groups (ABO blood groups) are an example of multiple alleles. There are three alleles that govern blood groups in humans (IA, IB, and i). Red blood cells (RBC) in humans have surface molecules called antigens. The IA allele causes RBCs to carry an A antigen, the IB allele causes RBCs to carry a B antigen, and the recessive i allele does not produce any antigen. Although there are three alleles in the human population, an individual will only have two of these alleles, one on each of the homologous chromosomes. Furthermore, both alleles can be expressed equally at the same time, an example of codominance. For example, if an individual has IA and IB, they will have type AB blood. Another antigen found on RBCs is the Rh factor. If you have the Rh antigen present on your RBCs, you are Rh+. If it is absent, you are Rh-. Rh factor alleles are inherited independent of the ABO blood type alleles. The Rh antigen is inherited in a monogenic autosomal dominant manner. This means, for a person to be Rh+ he must inherit at least one copy of the dominant “D” allele. For a person to be Rh-, he must inherit two recessive “d” alleles. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 62 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual The tables below summarize the different possible genotypes and phenotypes for blood groups and Rh factor. Human Blood Groups Genotype Phenotype Antigen present on RBCs IAIA A A IAi A A IBIB B B IBi B B IAIB AB A&B ii O None Human Rh factor Genotype Phenotype Antigen present on RBCs DD Rh+ Rh Dd Rh+ Rh dd Rh- None Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 63 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Experiment 5.1: Determining blood type Four different Synthetic blood samples will be tested using antisera to the A, B, and Rh (D) antigens that exist on human red blood cells Materials: ABO-Rh Blood typing with synthetic blood classroom kit (Carolina, 700160A) Method Working in groups of 8, carry out the following procedure: 1. Obtain a sample of synthetic blood and record the sample number of your group. 2. Using the dropper vial, place a drop of the synthetic blood sample in each well of blood typing slide. Close the cap on the dropper vial. To prevent cross contamination, always close the cap on one vial before opening the next vial. 3. Add a drop of synthetic anti-A serum (blue) to well A. Close the cap. 4. Add a drop of synthetic anti-B serum (yellow) to well B. Close the cap. 5. Add a drop of synthetic anti-Rh serum (clear) to well Rh. Close the cap. 6. Using a different-colored mixing stick for each well, gently stir the synthetic blood and antiserum for 30 seconds. Remember to use a new mixing stick for each sample to avoid contamination of your samples. 7. Examine the resulting films of liquid mixture in the well. If a film is uniform in appearance, there is no agglutination. If the sample is granular, agglutination has occurred. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 64 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 8. Fill in the column for your sample in the Blood Groups Data Table (found in Activity 4.2), answering with yes or no as to whether agglutination occurred with each antiserum. 9. Exchange blood typing slides with other groups and collect data for the remaining 3samples. 10. Thoroughly rinse the blood typing slide and set aside to dry. Fig 4.3: Demonstration of blood type readings. *NOTE: D is anti-Rh Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 65 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Activity 4.2 Blood Groups Data Table Possible Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh Blood type Genotypes Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Blood Typing Problems 1. If a child has type AB blood and the father has type B blood, what are the possible genotypes of the mother? _______________________________________ 2. If a mother and father both have type AB blood, they cannot be the parents of a child who has what blood type? __________________________ 3. What blood types are possible among the children of parents IAi × IAIB? (Draw a Punnett square using the possible gametes for each parent.) 4. A married couple with type B and AB blood have a child with blood type A. What is the genotype of each person? (use the correct alleles: I A, IB, i) Father: ___________________ Mother: ___________________ Child: ___________________ Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 66 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Activity 4.3 1. For the following crosses, write: Type of the cross (monohybrid or Type of the cross (monohybrid or dihybrid):________ dihybrid):________ Phenotype of kernel A: _______ Phenotype of kernel B: _______ Genotype(s) of kernel A: ________ Genotype(s) of kernel B: ________ 2. If the following is the result of blood type test, what is the examined blood type? 67 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LABORATORY 5 BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN HUMAN BODY (HISTOLOGY) PART I The cells in our body are usually specialized in structure and function. These specialized cells congregate together in a tissue. Tissue: is a group of cells that perform a common function. Organ: an organized group of tissues that perform a specific function. There are four main types of tissues: 1. Epithelial tissue: covers the body surfaces, lines the cavities and form the glands. 2. Connective tissue: binds and supports body parts, store fats and form the blood. 3. Muscular tissue: moves the body parts. 4. Nervous tissue: receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 68 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 5.1 Epithelial Tissue Group of closely packed cells of different shapes organized in one layer or many layers and rest on a basement membrane. Materials: Permanent mounts of the following epithelial tissues: 1. Simple squamous epithelium: single layer of flat cells. Rest on the basement membrane. Flat sheet Wall of alveoli of the lung 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium: single layer of cub-shaped cells. Rest on the basement membrane. Wall of kidney tubules. Ex: collecting duct Wall of thyroid gland follicles 3. Simple columnar epithelium: single layer of column-shaped cells. Rest on basement membrane. Lining of the digestive tract. Ex: small intestine. 4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: appear to be multiple layers but all cells touch the basement membrane as simple epithelium. Lining of the respiratory tract. Ex: trachea and bronchi. 4. Stratified squamous epithelium: many layers of flattened cells; the basal layer rest on the basement membrane. Epidermis of the skin/scalp. Methods: Identify and draw specific epithelial tissue types (demonstrated slides). Add a written description to support your drawing. After your observations, complete the activities. Adjust the slide/s on your bench under the microscope as directed by the instructor. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 69 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Simple squamous epithelium (surface view) Alveoli T. S. of the lung Simple squamous epithelium L. S. T. S. Collecting ducts of the kidney Simple cuboidal epithelium Colloid Thyroid follicles T. S. of thyroid gland Figure 5.1 Epithelial tissues 70 Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual villus Goblet cells Simple columnar epithelium T.S. of villi within the small intestine Stratified squamous epithelial tissue, keratinized T. S. of skin Goblet cells Pseudostratified columnar T. S. of trachea epithelial tissue, ciliated Figure 5.2. Epithelial tissues Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 71 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Draw the different epithelial tissue mounts. Identify the specific tissue type (e.g simple cuboidal epithelium). Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… …………………………..…… …………………………..…… Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… …………………………..…… …………………………..…… Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… …………………………..…… …………………………..…… Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 72 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. ACTIVITY 5.1 GROUP: ……………………………... Watch the videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otoiSr7lb88 (animal tissues) Video of connective tissue Then identify the specific tissue type? 2 1 Name:………………….……… Name:……………………… 3 4 Name:……………………… Name:……………………..…… 5 6 Name:……………………… Name:……………………… Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 73 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. GROUP: ……………………………... ACTIVITY 5.2 Answer the following questions: 1. Which type of epithelium that has multiple layers of flattened cells? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Name an organ that has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium tissue: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. What type of tissue lines the follicles of thyroid gland? ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 74 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual LABORATORY 6 BASIC TYPES OF TISSUES IN HUMAN BODY (HISTOLOGY) PART II 6.1 Connective Tissue Connective tissue joins different parts of the body together. It may be connective tissue proper (ex: loose fibrous, dense fibrous, elastic and reticular connective tissues) or specialized types (Ex: cartilage, bone, blood and adipose tissue). Most types of connective tissue consist of cells surrounded by a matrix that usually contains fibers. Materials: Permanent mounts of connective tissue types: 1. Loose (areolar) connective tissue 2. Specialized connective tissue Hyaline cartilage of trachea/bronchus Elastic cartilage T. S. of compact bone Blood smear Adipose (fat) tissue Methods: Identify and draw specific connective tissue types. Add a written description to support your drawing. After your observations, complete the activities. Adjust the slide/s on your bench under the microscope as directed by the instructor. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 75 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Elastic fibers Collagen fibers Fibroblast nuclei Loose (areolar) connective tissue is found around blood vessels and directly beneath most epithelia. T. S. of trachea Hyaline matrix Chondrocyte in lacuna Hyaline cartilage Chondrocyte in lacuna Elastic fibers in the matrix Elastic cartilage found in ear Figure 6.1 Connective tissues Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 76 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Spongy Osteon bone Compact bone Canaliculi osteocyte Central (Haversian) in lacuna canal Compact bone is found in the outer layer of long bones T. S. of compact bone Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells (thrombocytes) (leukocytes) (erythrocytes) Blood: Fluid connective tissue Blood smear Adipocytes (fat cells) nuclei Cytoplasmic membrane Adipose connective tissue Figure 6.2. Connective tissues Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 77 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Draw the different connective tissue mounts. Identify the specific tissue types: Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… …………………………..…… …………………………..…… Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… …………………………..…… …………………………..…… Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… …………………………..…… …………………………..…… Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 78 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 6.2. Muscle tissue Three types of muscle tissues Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth (visceral) Cardiac muscle tissue muscle tissue has striated cells cells have no has striated cells Unbranched, has striations. branched, cylindrical cylindrical cells, each Unbranched, has cells, each with a single with multiple nuclei. spindle-shaped cells, nucleus; with intercalated each with a single discs between cells nucleus. functions involuntarily. functions voluntarily. found in muscles functions involuntarily. found in the wall of the attached to bones of the found in internal organs heart. skeleton such as those like blood vessel walls functions in the pumping found in arms and legs. and walls of the of blood. functions in the digestive tract. movement of body functions in the parts such as arms and movement of legs substances in lumens of body. Materials: Permanent mounts of muscle tissue types: 1. Skeletal muscle tissue 2. Smooth muscle tissue 3. Cardiac muscle tissue Methods: Identify and draw specific muscle tissue types. Add a written description to support your drawing. After your observations, complete the activities. Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 79 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue 250x striation nucleus 400x 250x smooth muscle cell nucleus intercalated disc nucleus Skeletal muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue Cardiac muscle tissue Figure 6.3. Muscle tissues Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 80 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual 6.3 Nervous tissue Specialized nervous system tissue that generate and transmit electrical impulses. It consists of two types of cells; neurons and glial cells (neuroglia) Neurons generate and transmit electrical impulses. Typically a neuron has three basic parts: 1. Cell body: where nucleus and organelles are located. 2. Dendrites: numerous cytoplasmic extensions that extend from the cell body and receive signals. 3. Axon: long extension that transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.. Materials: Permanent mounts of nervous tissue. Methods: Identify and draw specific connective tissue types. Add a written description to support your drawing. After your observations, complete the activities. Glial cells Dendrites Cell body Nucleus Neuron Nervous tissue found in brain and spinal cord Figure 6.4. Nervous tissue 81 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual Identify the muscle tissue types and nervous tissue. Draw the different muscle tissues and nervous tissue. Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… Name: ……………………… Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 82 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. ACTIVITY 6.1 GROUP: ……………………………... Watch the videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otoiSr7lb88 (animal tissues) Video of connective tissue Then identify the specific tissue type? 1 2 Name:……………………… Name:………………….……… 3 4 Name:……………………… Name:……………………..…… 5 6 Name:……………………… Name:……………………… Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 83 Human Biology BIOL-104 Laboratory Manual NAME: ………………………………. ID #: …………………………………. GROUP: ……………………………... ACTIVITY 6.2 Answer the following questions: 1. Which tissue has cells with large central, fat-filled vacuoles? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. What type of muscular tissues is unstriated? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Name the striated muscular tissue that is not under voluntary control? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Where is the nucleus located in a nerve cell? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. This type of tissue includes ligaments, tendons, and cartilage -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Tissue that receives and conducts electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Blood is an example of what type of tissue? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Biology Unit, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 84