Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which piece of equipment is primarily used to hold specimens in place during dissection?
Which piece of equipment is primarily used to hold specimens in place during dissection?
What is the main purpose of using gloves during dissection?
What is the main purpose of using gloves during dissection?
Which tool would be inappropriate to use for measuring the concentration of solutes in a solution?
Which tool would be inappropriate to use for measuring the concentration of solutes in a solution?
What should be done with microbiological waste?
What should be done with microbiological waste?
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What is the primary function of a pipette in a laboratory setting?
What is the primary function of a pipette in a laboratory setting?
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In the context of personal protective equipment (PPE), which of the following is not considered appropriate when handling biological materials?
In the context of personal protective equipment (PPE), which of the following is not considered appropriate when handling biological materials?
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Which method is used for measuring the pH of a solution?
Which method is used for measuring the pH of a solution?
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Which of the following tools is primarily used for cutting small bones?
Which of the following tools is primarily used for cutting small bones?
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What is a primary source of biological hazards for healthcare workers?
What is a primary source of biological hazards for healthcare workers?
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Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?
Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic disease?
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Which piece of equipment is primarily used to cover a specimen on a glass slide during examination?
Which piece of equipment is primarily used to cover a specimen on a glass slide during examination?
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What can contribute to exposure to molds and yeasts in the workplace?
What can contribute to exposure to molds and yeasts in the workplace?
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Which safety item is essential when transferring small liquid quantities during lab investigations?
Which safety item is essential when transferring small liquid quantities during lab investigations?
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What is a significant risk when working with animals or animal products?
What is a significant risk when working with animals or animal products?
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What is the primary purpose of using immersion oil in microscopy?
What is the primary purpose of using immersion oil in microscopy?
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Which waste material poses a biological hazard and should be disposed of properly?
Which waste material poses a biological hazard and should be disposed of properly?
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What should you do immediately after an injury, fire, explosion, or spill in the laboratory?
What should you do immediately after an injury, fire, explosion, or spill in the laboratory?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended clothing guideline in the laboratory?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended clothing guideline in the laboratory?
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What should you do with used materials in the laboratory?
What should you do with used materials in the laboratory?
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What defines biological hazards?
What defines biological hazards?
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When handling toxic substances, which of the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is MOST important?
When handling toxic substances, which of the following Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is MOST important?
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Which of the following actions should you NOT take if a piece of equipment fails?
Which of the following actions should you NOT take if a piece of equipment fails?
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Why is it important to keep the work area clear of unnecessary materials?
Why is it important to keep the work area clear of unnecessary materials?
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What is the BEST practice if you need to leave the lab unattended?
What is the BEST practice if you need to leave the lab unattended?
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Study Notes
Biology (1) Lab Manual
- This manual coordinates laboratory exercises with a human biology textbook.
- The primary functions of the textbook are to understand human body function and to show how humans relate to other living things.
- The manual may also be used with other biology textbooks.
- Some labs will be performed by students, others as demonstrations.
- The time needed for each experiment is considered in the planning of demonstrations.
- Most labs have related videos demonstrating either observation or experimental procedures.
Laboratory 1: Lab Safety, Equipment, and Light Microscopy
- All students must review lab safety rules and emergency procedures before the first lab session.
- Personal lab safety is the responsibility of the student.
- Students must follow written and verbal safety instructions throughout the academic term.
- Students should arrive on time for each lab session.
- Lab accidents are rare with careful practices.
- Labs contain potential hazards, including equipment and substances.
- Working unsupervised in labs with hazardous substances or equipment is not permitted without prior approval.
- At least two people working with hazardous equipment is normally required.
1.1.1. Emergency Response
- Students are responsible for reading safety and fire alarm posters, as well as following instructions in an emergency.
- Students must know the location of fire extinguishers, eye washes, and safety showers, and how to use them.
- Notify the instructor promptly after any injury, fire, explosion, or spill.
- Students must be familiar with the building evacuation procedures.
1.1.2. Personal and General Laboratory Safety
- Eating, drinking, and smoking are prohibited in labs.
- Read labels on all equipment and chemicals carefully.
- Only trained personnel are permitted to operate laboratory equipment.
- Wear appropriate clothing, including lab coats, gloves, and safety glasses or shields.
- Long hair and loose clothing should be tied back or confined.
- Keep work areas clear of unnecessary materials to avoid overheating and safety hazards.
- Dispose of used materials properly in designated containers.
- Report equipment failure immediately to the lab assistant or tutor.
- Turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors when leaving the lab unattended.
1.1.3. Biological Hazards
- Biological hazards are organic substances that threaten the health of living organisms, including pathogens, viruses, toxins, spores, fungi, and biological vectors.
- Healthcare professionals or individuals handling live animals or animal products are especially susceptible to risk.
- Exposure can occur in labs, workshops, during construction, or when working with biological materials like cell cultures, soil, and plant materials, food, rubbish, wastewater, and sewerage.
1.1.4. Microscopes and Accessories
- Compound microscope, dissecting microscope, glass slides, coverslips, slide boxes, immersion oil bottles, droppers, and lens paper are essential lab equipment.
1.1.5. Dissecting Materials
- Gloves, dissecting pans, dissecting pins, probes, scissors, scalpels, bone cutters, forceps, microbiological loops, and petri dishes are typical dissecting materials.
1.1.6. Microbial and Cell Culture Tools
- Essential tools include microbiological loops and petri dishes.
1.1.7. Other Equipment
- Essential equipment includes pipettes, balances, hot plates, stopwatches, water baths, spectrophotometers, pH meters, and centrifuges.
Activity 1.1: Lab Safety and Equipment
- Students must answer true/false questions on lab safety procedures.
- The students need to identify the parts of a compound microscope.
Laboratory 2: Cell Structure
- The objectives of this lab are to identify prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell components and focusing on eukaryotic animal cells.
- The lab involves observing models, electron micrographs, and watching introductory video material on cell structures.
2.1. Comparison between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
- Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotic cells have a DNA region (nucleoid) without a nuclear envelope, and no membrane-bound organelles.
- Examples of prokaryotic cells are Bacteria (Eubacteria and Archaea).
- Examples of eukaryotic cells are Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals.
2.2. Examples of Eukaryotic Cells
- Animal cells lack cell walls and chloroplasts, but contain centrioles
- Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, and lack centrioles
2.3. Tonicity and Osmosis
- Osmosis refers to water movement across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Tonicity refers to the relative solute concentrations of two solutions and can change a cell's size.
- Hypotonic solution: Has more water, less solute. Cell swells (could burst).
- Isotonic solution: Equal water and solute concentrations. Cell size remains constant.
- Hypertonic solution: Has less water, more solute. Cell shrinks.
Experiment 2.1: Osmotic Changes in Potatoes
- Observing diffusion and osmosis in potato cells is the focus of this experiment.
- Students cut potatoes, place some in a salt solution, and observe the results.
Activity 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3: Cell Structure, Tonicity and Osmosis
- There are activities involving observing cell structure
- Students are to answer questions about the effect of osmosis on red blood cells,
- Some questions involve the effects of salt concentrations on plant cells.
Laboratory 3: Cell Division (Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis and Gametogenesis)
- Cells are created from pre-existing cells using mitosis or meiosis.
- The Cell Cycle describes stages cells pass through: namely Interphase (consisting of three phases—G1, S, and G2) and Cell division (containing four stages—Mitosis or M-Phase and Cytokinesis.)
- Mitosis involves four sequential steps: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
- These are followed by cytokinesis. (cytoplasmic division)
- Meiosis is a two-part cellular division in which the DNA is copied once before two divisions. This reduces the chromosome number.
- The result of meiosis is four haploid cells.
- Meiosis occurs in the gonads (testis and ovaries) to produces gametes (sperm and eggs) for sexual reproduction and known as gametogenesis.
- Testis in males produce sperm while ovaries produce eggs.
3.1 and 3.2. Cell Cycle and Chromosomes
- Details about the cell cycle, duplication of DNA, and formation of sister chromatids, as well as the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell, is covered.
- Chromosomes are composed of two sister chromatids held by a centromere. During cell division, these are separated into two unduplicated chromosomes.
3.3. Karyotype
- A karyotype is the visual representation of chromosomes in an organism.
- They are ordered from largest to smallest based on size, position of centromeres, and banding patterns.
3.4. Different Stages of the Cell Cycle
- Observing the various stages of the cell cycle is described (Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase).
- Video examples of mitosis are provided.
3.5. Meiosis and Gametogenesis
- Meiosis consists of two cellular division and reduces the number of chromosomes per cell.
- This process, known as gametogenesis, produces sperm and eggs.
Activity 3.1. and 3.2: Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis and Gametogenesis
- Students identify specific cell division stages from images.
- Activities contain questions on mitosis, meiosis, and different cell phases.
- Video presentations on cell cycle and mitosis are observed and used.
Laboratory 4: Genetics
- Genetics studies DNA and genes, and inheritance.
- A gene is the unit of heredity, encoding for specific proteins. Alleles are different versions of a gene.
- Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles.
- Homozygous individuals have identical alleles (AA/aa).
- Heterozygous individuals have different alleles (Aa).
- Genotype describes the genetic makeup.
- Phenotype describes the physical traits.
5.1. Mendelian Genetics of Corn
- Illustrates Mendelian inheritance patterns using corn kernels.
- Students examine the characteristics of kernel color and shape.
- These examples are summarized, with phenotypes and genotypes.
5.2. Human Genetics
- Human genetic traits demonstrate inheritance patterns (complete dominance, codominance, and sex-linkage).
- Describes some monogenic human traits, their inheritance patterns, and the influence of alleles on these characteristics.
Activity 4.1 and 4.3: Genetics
- The activity provides a table that students need to fill in for various human traits.
- Some examples of human genetic traits are included.
- Students will practice determining genotypes and phenotypes.
4.3. Multiple Alleles: Human Blood Types
- ABO blood groups (IA, IB, and i) are a multiple allele example.
- Red blood cells (RBCs) have different surface molecules (antigens) controlled by the alleles.
- The presence or absence of specific antigens in the blood stream is a key concept.
- Rh factor is also considered, determined by the "D" and "d" alleles in a monogenic manner (dominant and recessive respectively.)
- Tables summarizing the different blood types and Rh factor genotypes and phenotypes are provided.
Activity 4.2 and Experiment 5.1: Human Blood Types, Determining Blood Type
- Blood samples are tested to determine the blood type.
- Students will examine samples for agglutination.
- The activity contains questions from the provided figures for students to answer.
Laboratory 5: Basic Types of Tissues in Human Body (Histology) Part 1
- The body is composed of cells grouped into tissues with specialized functions.
- Tissues form organs that together perform larger functions.
- The four major tissue types studied are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
5.1, Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial tissues function in covering body surfaces, lining cavities, and forming glands.
- Specific types described include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and stratified squamous tissues.
Activity 5.1 and 5.2, Epithelial Tissues
- Students draw the specimens and document their written descriptions.
- There are questions regarding common epithelial tissues, providing specific examples for the student to answer.
Laboratory 6: Basic Types of Tissues in Human Body (Histology) Part 2
- Connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue are described.
- The activities in this section involve identifying and drawing various connective tissue types through observation and identifying and drawing of the different specialized types.
6.1, Connective Tissue
- Connective tissues connect parts of the body, and there are 2 main main types of connective tissues: Proper connective tissue and Specialized types.
6.2. Muscle Tissue
- Describes the three types of muscle tissues, skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues.
- Students are to identify, understand the characteristics, locations, and functions of each type of tissue.
6.3. Nervous Tissue
- Nervous tissues generate and transmit impulses.
- Neurons have three major parts.
- Students are to identify and draw the components of the different types.
Activity 6.1 and 6.2, Tissue Types
- Questions that require students to identify specific connective tissue and muscle tissue from figures, videos, and by writing descriptions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on essential laboratory equipment and safety procedures in biology. This quiz covers various tools used in dissections, the importance of personal protective equipment, and methods for measuring substances. Perfect for biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of lab practices.
