Liver Anatomy PDF

THE LIVER The largest gland in the body. Weighs approximately 1500 g (approximately 2.5% of adult body weight). Lies mainly in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium and extends into the left hypochondrium. (Right upper quadrant of the abdomen) Protected by the thoracic cage and diaphragm, its grea...

THE LIVER The largest gland in the body. Weighs approximately 1500 g (approximately 2.5% of adult body weight). Lies mainly in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium and extends into the left hypochondrium. (Right upper quadrant of the abdomen) Protected by the thoracic cage and diaphragm, its greater part lies deep to ribs 7-11 on the right side and crosses the midline toward the left below the nipple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER Production and Secretion of bile Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Filtration of the venous blood from the intestinal tract. Synthesis of heparin. Detoxication to removal toxic. Production of bile pigments from hemoglobin. Storage for some vitamins like K and B 12. Relations of the Liver Anterior Relations Posterior Relations Diaphragm Diaphragm lower right & left pleura right kidney and lower margins of hepatic flexure of the both lungs colon right and left costal duodenum margins gallbladder xiphoid process inferior vena cava anterior abdominal wall esophagus in the subcostal angle. fundus of the stomach  PERITONEAL REFLECTION The liver is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and completely covered by peritoneum (except the bare areas). The bare area of the liver is triangular area on the posterior surface of right lobe where there is no intervening peritoneum between the liver and the diaphragm. Other bare areas include : porta hepatis fossa for gall bladder groove for IVC Boundaries of Bare area: Anterior: superior layer of coronary ligament. Posterior: inferior layer of coronary ligament. Laterally: right and left triangular ligaments. LIGAMENTS Falciform Ligament Ligamentum venosum It is a two-layered fold of the peritoneum. it is the fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus venosus It connects the liver with the diaphragm and (oblitrated ductus venosus) anterior abdominal wall &umblicus. Its sickle-shaped free margin contains the ligamentum teres (round Ligament) of liver, the remains of the which shunted blood from the umbilical vein (1) to the left umbilical vein (oblitrated umbilical vein) , which branch of portal vein (2) and to the IVC (4). carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. 4 3 2 1  SURFACES OF THE LIVER Convex diaphragmatic Concave visceral surface surface (Antero-superior) (postero-inferior) The convex upper surface is It is the posteroinferior smooth and molded to the surface, related to abdominal undersurface of the domes viscera. of the diaphragm which It is covered with separates it from the peritoneum, except at the pleurae, lungs, fossa for the gallbladder, pericardium, and heart. Covered with visceral SURFACES OF THE LIVER the porta hepatis and IVC peritoneum, except groove. posteriorly in the bare area It bears multiple fissures and of the liver, where it lies in impressions for contact with direct contact with the other organs. diaphragm. RELATIONS: 1. stomach 2. Esophagus 3. lesser omentum 4. Gallbladder 5. Right colic flexure 6. Right kidney and right suprarenal gland 7. Duodenum 6 1 2 7 3 6 4 5  FISSURES OF THE LIVER Two sagittally oriented fissures, linked centrally by the transverse porta hepatis, form the letter H on the visceral surface. is a continuous groove formed Anteriorly by the fissure for the round ligament (lig.teres) LEFT FISSURE is a continuous groove formed Posteriorly by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum FISSURES is formed Anteriorly by the fossa for the gallbladder RIGHT FISSURE is formed Posteriorly by the groove for the inferior vena cava. PORTA HEPATIS (HILUM OF THE LIVER) A transverse fissure found on the posteroinferior surface and lies between the caudate and Quadrate lobes. The upper part of the lesser omentum is attached to its margins. Structures passing through the porta hepatis include: Right and left hepatic ducts Right and left branches of the hepatic artery Right and left branches of the portal vein Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers A few hepatic lymph nodes lie here; they drain the liver and gallbladder and send their efferent vessels to the celiac lymph nodes.  LOBES OF THE LIVER ANATOMICAL DIVISION FUNCTIONAL DIVISION The functional anatomy divides the liver into left and right lobes based on their relation to The liver is divided into a large right lobe and the division of common hepatic duct, portal a small left lobe by the attachment of the & vein, and hepatic artery proper into right falciform ligament. left branches, so the areas of the liver supplied by these branches constitute the functional left or right lobes LARGE RIGHT LOBE SMALL LEFT LOBE RIGHT LOBE LEFT LOBE The right lobe is The left lobe is smaller further divided by the and more flattened presence of the than the right. It is gallbladder, the situated in the fissure for the epigastric, and left ligamentum teres, hypochondriac regions the inferior vena of the abdomen. Its cava and the fissure upper surface is for the ligamentum slightly convex and is venosum into: moulded on to the 1.Caudate lobe. diaphragm 2.Quadrate lobe The caudate lobe is connected to the right The Quadrate and caudate lobes are lobe by the caudate proces functionally related to the left lobe of liver.