Jose Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings (PDF)

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ri~ W1~~~ 1 {~~ \t\aa, &italvl,,~ ~~ I 11 I I., J U,~~ 1 l'iflN '111 (. 12 07116 PROLOGUE Rimi and His Times To a.pprmatc and undentand the life of Dr. Jose Rizal, it is necessary to know the historical background of the wortd and of the Philippines during hi, times. The 19th century when ~c lived wu I century or rennent caused by the blowin1 winds r1f history. In Asia, Europe, and the Amencas, events surged 10,, r· ably like sea tides, ugnificantly affcctlng the lives and fortunes of ,mnltind TIN World o1 Rial's Tlaa On February 19, 1861 , four months before Rizal's birth In CaJamba, ll1c.libcral Cur Alcundcr ll (IIISS-1881}, 10 IPf>, tember 22, 183 frCW1g the Neg,o $lava On Jur,e I , 1861, just e1gbtccn daya before Rizal' btrtll, Benito Juarez, a full-blooded Zapotec lodian. was rleclcd Prea- ide111 ,of Mexico.' A yeu after his elecuon (in April 1862) &1pcror Napol:on Ill of the Seoond Fn:nd1 Empire, in his impr riawtic desuc ro secure a colonial ,we in Latin America, teGl Freach troof'6 whicb i,ovaded and QODqUetcd Melico. Prc:a,- idcnt Juarez.. owing to the ragmg Amencan Civil Wu, could not obtain military aid fl'OOI his friend , l'ruid, Napoleon Ill, installcd Ardldukc Muimilian of Austria puppet emperor of Mexico at Mexico aty on Juoc 12, 1864. Finllly, lfie:r the cod of the American Civil War, JuaRZ, witll U.S. wppon, defeated Me:rimllien' French fon:ca in the 81tll,e of Oueretaro (May 1S, 1867) and executed Emperor Maximilian officers.3 conquered Vietnam; annexed Cambodia (1~3) and on June 19, 1867 (Rlzal's sixth bin~y anniversary). Thus fizzled Laos (1893); and merged all th~e cuunlnc, ,ntu lcdc1JteJ out Emperor Napoleon Ill'& ambition to colonize Lalin America. colony under the name of French Indochina The Outd{ 1fter In Ri:r;al's limes two European nations (Italians and Ger- driving away the Portuguese and Spanmrds from the Ea~, Indies m the 17th century, colonized th1, vast and nch arch,pµlago a~·j mans) succeeded in unifying their own countries. The Italians under the leadership of Count Cavour and of Garibaldi and his named it the Netherlands East lndie~ lnn11, lndone~if.t,) Army of "Red Shins" drove out the Austnans and French armies Czarist Russia , unable to expand Wl's&w:H In the Second Op1uln War (18S6-1860),1 War ( 1894-9$) and grabbed Formosa ('fa'1wan) and Pc mlurc, she 01 , 6 am and forced the hel; lcss Maochu dynasty to cede And later in 1910 she annexed Korea / the Ko,.,loon Peninsula oppo,11e l!ong Kong. In 11!5!1, after , uppre,~ing the lndrnn R ·bclho~.tnd dhmalllhng the Mogul Germany ti should be recalled bfx:ame a "wcreigr ,utc m January 1871, and wa. late 1n the scra.mblc for colunic, ,n Asia Empire. she impoloni,I administration, (2) corrupt officialdom ro5c an1t olcn1 nots, demanding war agains1 Gennany. To aven (3) no Philippine reprcsfntation in the Spanish Cones, (4) human ae1ual d'511 of arms, Spain and Germany suhmiltcd the Carolina rag)\LS deDJCd to Filiptl¥)$, (S) no equality before the law, (6) Oues1100 to Pope Leo XIII for arbitration. m1ladmlnistre11on of justice, (7) racial discrimination (8) frailoc The Holy Fa1her, after careful study of the pertinent docu- racy, (9) forced labor. l10) haciendas owned by the friars, and ments submitted by both panics. issued his decision on October (11) the Guardia CiVil. \ 22, 1885 favoring Spain - recognizing Spain's sovereignty ove.r lmtabillty of Colonial Admlnlttradon. The Instability of lhc Caroline\ and Palaus, but granting two concessions to Ger- Spanish politics smce 1hc! turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII many - ( 1) the right to 1rade in the dispuled arc:hipclagoei and (1808-1833) marked the beginning of political chaos in Spain. (2) the right to cS1ablish a ooaling station in Yap for the German 1'hc Spanish government underwent frequent changes owing to navy Boll\ Spoin and Gcnnany accepted the Papal decision. so bluer struggles between the forces of despotism and liberalism 1ha1 lhc Hi!.pJno-Gcm,an War was aborted II i~ in1ercsl ing to and the explosions of the Carlast Wars. From 1834 to 1862, recall that during the critical days of the Hispano-German imbrog- Spain had adopted four constitutions, elected 28 parliaments, ho over the ~oline~, Rizal was an Barcelona v1Siting hrs friend and installed no less than 529 ministers with ponfobos; followed Muimo Viola Al the i.11me time he wrote an anicle on the ,n su~quent years by pany strifes, revolu1ion1, and other Carohna Quest ,o n which was published in L,i Pi,bfimplcx10ncd Sran11rds. To.. legal inequality wa, naturally roC",er. CIIII cull Uf1II hental'" in!lucna:, and n ~. Of c:ou=, 11 ii regrettable that nol alt Sr,amsh fn~ who came 1o 1hc Ptulip~ were sood men aad wonhy mumtcn _The frian pranically ruled the Philippines throuah a facade of God Among the bad lnara who wtrc recreant 10 thcu ,ubbmc o f civil ,ovemmem. The coloo1.1I authorities, from the aovcmor ailing and 10 1hc 6nnt tr.dt11on, of Jbc:rian p ~ r were 1encul drn.11 to the a lc1tldes mayorca, were uodcr the control Fray M1gucl Lucio Bustamante, Fray Jose Rodrif,llClt, Fray of 0c trian Al!nosl ~ IOWD Ill the ardupcl go. cscq,c 111 Junomo Picmaue1a, and other rcacgadc man """1,wcre P.": unpaafied Islamic Mindanao and Sulu and 1n the pa,an hinter, traycd by Ri,..al tn hu novcb aa P;1dre Damno and I aJre Salvi lands, was nalcd by a friar curete AJ.ide from his priesth dutiee, ud htlariottlly canca1urcd by Jacna IIS Froy Botd 'l'hcom ,n by tu mlstreu CS.---cnna l'leccfta) M h) nJ ' IJ111an. Laauna on May JI. 11118 Ile ,1udict.l I mu, ~nil 3 Nud.., (U!S2 1\llV) - h, r pcl n:uae wa, ~'"' an,1 Phtlo ~ I \nt,.... ol Fathct ~ hood. followina h,.p.rrenl, dea1h, he moYcd 10 (alamhJ ~nil ~%), a Khoo! tc..---J I - Ypoa '""' P' ,..,lS hardy and tndcpcndcnHninded man. who talked les., and she roamed Sil ~tro Ub.Joo, tcleaurh up,.r~11>< from w. ked more, ant.I was 11r0ng m body and v1han1 in sp,nt. He Manila 1 3  S. Lucia (18S7-1919) - She married Mariano Her- tritt and dated London, October 12, 1888, he spoke of his boa or ~lamba, who wu a nephew of Father ea.an... beloved older brother, as follows: ~He is much finer and mor~ Hcrnosa died of cholera in 1889 and wu denied Christian serious than I am; he is bigger and more slim; he is not so dart; bunaJ because he wu a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal. his nose is fine, beautiful and sharp; but he ls bow-legged.~, 6. Maria (l859-194S) - B.iang wu her nlclr.namc· RIDl's Ancemy, As a typical Filipino, Rizal was a product she married Ditniel Faustino Cruz of Billan, Laguna. of the mixture of races.6 In his veir,s flowed the blood of both East and West-Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, 7. JOSE _(1861:18?6) - !be grca1ea1 Filipino hero ~d pe~rlcss ge~1us; Im nickname was Pepe; during his exile and Spanish. Predominantly, he WII$ a Malayan and was a mag- 1n D1p11an he hved.with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from nificent specimen of Asia.n manhood Rwll's great-great.grand- Hong Kong; he ha~ so~ by her, but Ibis baby boy died father on his father's side was Domingo Lam~o. a Otlnese.few hours after birth; Rlzal named him ~Francisco after immigrant from the Fulcien city of Changchow, who arrived in h,s father and buried him in Dapltan. Manila ahout 1690. He be~me a Chnstian, manied a weU-10-do Chinese Christian girl of Manila named Ines de la Rosa, and 8. ConCcial cfulh, Leandro and I took.ome or 11 to the hou,e 1 1 Th 1 or his children (which I nc, er did at home nor would I thinking that he co Id il · e auer readily accepted u eu Y beat the Calamba bo b ' ever do it). and l rc1urned without saytog a word. I ale smaller and younger Y w o was with them and afterwards I etudlcd, I went 10 school at two The two boys wrestled furiousl 111. h and came out at five. I prayed a short while wirh '°me nice the glee of their cla~~motcs. Jo~ Y ~ e classroom, much to cousins and I returned home. I studied my lesson. I drew wrestling fmm his athletic 7:11 M ~vmg, learned the art of a little, and artcrwatds I 1001< my 1upp¢r conshtong uf on, For this feat he ·bee ' anue defeated the bigger boy ame popular among his classmnrcs · or' two dishes of rice with an ayungin. We prayed and 11 After the class in the afternoon · lhcrc was a moon, my nieces invited me 10 play in 1hc street Salandanan challenged hi a c1bsma1e named Andres 1ogcther whh othcn. Thank God that I never got ,ic~ away wen, lo.a sadcwan. or a : ,u an darm-wrestling match They from my parcnu Jose, ha,ing the wcalc ouse an wrestled with lhe1r arms, on the sidewalk er arm, lu,t " nd oedrly crack,;d his head lat Stlldenl bl Sdlool. In academic studies. Jo,.,, beat nil Bidan boys. He ~urpasscd them all in Spant~h, l..atin. and other In succeeding days h h 3 d 01 h. subjects. B1nan lie w , c er frghr, wllh the hoys of.. f l'_S nt)l quarrcl,ome 1-.v na1ure t>u1 he never ran Some of his older classmates were 1ealous of his ,n1ellcctual a\Jlay rom " f1gh1. · ' superiority. They wickedly squealed 10 lhe teacher whenever P1dnllng Lh ,us not fluently sonorous He wu beaten 10 187' "'ere n follow, by Spaniard..,ho, naturally, could speak. SpaJU>h wttb fluency and with "lhl acx,cn11Mt1on 1871-1873 Al the end or the lehool year (M arch 1875). Riz.al returned 10 Cal:amba for the summer vacation He binuclf was not impre- Anlhrvtic Laun I s~d by h" schol.utlc ,.ork. 'li-,,1.h I , Fo.,rtJ, Year In Ateao ( 1875-76). After a refreshing and Greek I. happy ,ummer vacauun, Rizal went back to Marula fo r lus fourth year course On June 16, 1875, t,., bcume an 1ntcmo ID the 111.l-1174 Atcneo. One of his profcsso11 th time was Fr Franasco de Laun 1..... -·· ·..... 1- tcellcnt PoulA Sanchez a great educator and scholar He inspucd the 'lpamJI 2 )Oung Riz.al to 1udy harder and 10 "'nte poetry He became an GtteL 2...... admirer and friend of the claS$m1&1cs in all WbJCCU and 117~117 won 6n mcdali at th- end of the 1o:hool term He returned 10 Rhc1onc A Poe.tr)'........ Exccllelll Calamba for hi. summer vacauon (March 1876) and proudly Fttn..-t, I. , offered his 6ve mcdab and eKeUcnt rauogs to has parents. He ~,n,cuy A Tn, pc,,nt11,,,_octrJ 32  ll76-lffl Aptm Saez, and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesu~ noted Filipino ICUlptor. Both art ro»tc" honored him ,.,th 1hc1r affec ::::~ya: Ph,lolophy I..........-Y 2 Ph ". ·............. ·.... E1ccllc111 ChemtStry....................... ····~··.. , o. --~·· ····· lion, for he was a talented pupil Furthennore, Rual, to develop hi, weal body. engaged 1n )'IICI Botany. ,. ,. Zoo..._................................. 1)'11\NStics and fencina. He thereby contmued the ph)"o;ical tnin· "'aJ U n ooo ina be began under has sporu-m,ndcd T,o Manuel. Sclllpbiial Wcwb la,. _ _ Rizal ,mprcss.:d h,, Jesuit pro- On Commencement Day March 23 1877. fessors in the Atcneo with his arusu.; I.kill One eta, he carved lhe de,rcc ~f Bacbclorr:7 16 }'Cllrl old received f h.' Rizal who1"as Aa Alma ~tcr, Ateneo Mun,c p,.1. an image of The Vir11n Mary on a pi«c ,,f t,,,l1lc:try and 1mpro\Cd the latters poetical an by o pcru111 S. t.,, &tr/JIM TnUttfol tl.t lo, &ya CMOUUJ.,. G,.,..,. bu mind 10 the ennchm11 ,nnuence o f the "'o rld's b teratu re. (The Tnumphal Entry of lbe Cathohc Monarclll iltCO Granada). This poem relates the victonous entry of Kina The fi r and. ~trcngthens I lc:r bnllu,m cokin all abour her sprays. So th.it hloom1ng no,.c,s all the eanh So uolllul noble 1 uch,na doth Wlfold f.mbruid.:t 1n the dayt of T- t18TT 18821 S11m11yow 11g IW'llmlHI Ullhappy Days at the UST. Rizal, Aleneu·s hc.,y wonder. l'l,rl 111 BirlK11 Morl4 found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas \uff~nt ing to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at 1h1s Dominican. In Pall:il Rizal was infatuated by a pn:cty girl colegiala. institution of higher learning because (1) the Domirucan profes- Vicenta Ybardolaza, who ~lulllully played the barp at the sors were hostile to him, (2) the Filipino students were meld Hy Regalado home From Palul. Riz:11 and hi~ party made a side discriminated against by the Spaniards, ,rnd (3) the method 1>f ttjp to the neighboring town of Pagi.anjan for two reawns it instruction was obsolete and repressive. was the native town of Leonor Valenzuela, one of Rizal's girl In his novel.£/ Filibuster,smo, he de,;cribed ho"' the FihpinCngers, C Cha1cau d If, · mpris the voyage towards Colombo, the capital of Ceylon. After a where Dantes. hero or The Count of Monie ri.rto, was 1 · few hours of saiJtng, she reached this cny on the same day. oned. He bad enjoyed reading this novel or Alexander Dumas Rizal was enamoured by Colombo bcc:rusc of its scenic beauty when he was a student at the Ateneo. He st~yed two and a half and elegant buildings. He delightfully scribbled on his diary: days in Marseilles, enJoying every day of his S0)Oum. wColomlx> is more beau11ful, smart and elegant than Singapore. 8urcclona. On the afternoon of June 15, _Rizal left Mar~e l~e. Point Galic. and Manila...,, by tra,n for the last lap of h ~ trip 10 Spain.. He eras.~ pl ~ renec~ and stopped for a day at the fronuer town o ? Fim Trip Tbniugh Suu Canal. From Colombo. the Djem- ~u Here he noticed the indifference accorded by. the Sparush nah conttnued the voy3gc crn!>l>ong the Indian Ocean 10 the Cape Immigration office" to tourists, in direct oon1ras1 with the cour- of Guardafui, Africa For the first lime , Riial sighted the barren te~y of the French immigrntion officers... roru.1 of Afnca. which be called an ~inhospitable land but fam- ous-.' After the passpon inspection_al Po~-B_ou, Rizal oon1mued hi~ trip hy rail finally reaching his dcstmat1on - Barcelona on At the next >1opovcr - m Aden - Rizal went ashore to June 16, 1~2. sec the sights. He found the city. holler than Manila He was amused to see the camels, for it was the first time he saw these Riial's first impr~ion of Barcelona, the greatest city or animal~. From Aden, the DJemnah proceeded to the city of Catalun,, and Spiun's second IJrgc I c,t y, wa\ unfavorat>lc IIL Sue?. the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal. Upon arnvaJ at thuJght that it wa:, ut ) w1111. the Universidad Central de Madnd (Central Un1vcr-ity of "1ad and adored; )CS, there i, real JOY ,n ,uUenng for her. rid) in 1wo courses - Medicine and Ph1lowphy ,,nd Ll'tters Child, "'~ lo,c l)IAly; adolescent, we forgel it. youth. Aside from his heavy studies in the un1vcr~itI. he ,tuJ1ed p~m111,~ we seek our Klcal; dtsillUSK>ned, we weep and go ,0 que\l and sculp1ure in the Academy of Fme Aru or San Fernan1p becau!>< of a prcttv girl to Spain to study and prepare himself for ,ervice 10 his fatherland. "l ~~ A,k M~ or Verx," In 11!82 \hortly artcr his Accordingly, he rigidly budgeted his money and time. Ho lived nrnval i~ Madnd. Rtzal Jomed the Circulo Hispano-Ftlipino frugally. spending h~ money on food clothing. lodging and ( I lti,p.rno-Philipp1ne Circle). a >0e1c1~ of Spaniards and Filipinos books- ne,..er wastang a peseta for gamNin~. wine ar,:1 women Upon the rc4ucs1 ,JI the mcmbcl"l of lhc; soocty, he 11,rotc a His only extravagana: was mvestmg a few pesetas for a lonery t1ckc1 ,n every draw of the Madrid Lottery. He ,pent his leisure poem cr-r11lcd \f, r,d,.,. v.-,1rn" (The) J\,k Me For Ver.cs) wluth he ·,noJlh d,~-1~ n.-d dunng the Ne,. Year's Eve recep- lime reading a nd wntmg at his hoarding house, attending the 11011 ul 1h, \laJnJ Fit11>1n1,, held tn 1h,· cverung or December reunions of Filipino students at the hou!>C of the Paterno hruthers 1 1 t.sl\.! 1-i ,h,.,ad p,111 I r0la11on pent. komaoee wi th Coosaelo Ortlga y Pttn, Rizal was not a \i~ ,tnJI $Cs), the Opera HoUM:. the l'luu: de Were left beneath the sunn~ ,kic,. I CollQOrde, the Arch of Triumph. the Bois de Boulogne (mag- Which u'e, that tlowery rcg,011 sh,nc· So pre,~ n11 more thut pica of 1hinc, nificent park). the Madelaine ChuR:h, the Cathedral of Notre Fat wngs of love from out a heart Dame, the Column of Vendome, the lnvalidcs (containmg the llm cnldl} lk\ a thing apart: tomb of Napoleon the Great), and the fabulou~ Vcrsa1ll1\~ Since now ,,.,th trtur'J ,nul r h.l\tt Unlike ordinary t6uri,ts, who-.e main mtcrest in isiting foreign llnrestmg o'er 1he dcscrt \loa\lt countries is to see the beautiful sights, to enjoy I hem,elve,, in And lofcless gon~ ,, II 1he ~rt night clubs and lheatres, and to shop for wurvcnir item,, Ri.t.al ~ilal a, Lover of Books. A favorite pastime ot 1{17a1 in improved his mind hy observing clo,;cJy th,· Frc-nch """Y of life M11dnd wa, read1'.1g. rn,tc.i,J or gambling ,111,J Otrtinv. w,1h "'omen. and spending many hours at the museums, notabl} the world-fam- a~ man) youn!( Ftlopmo, did in the Spani,h mctropoh,, he st~ycd ous Louvre; the botanical gardens, especially 1hc Luxembourg a1 home and read ,oraciou,ly until m,dmght Since early child- the libraries and art gallerit'!,, and the hosp11uls, ,ncludont the hood, he liked tu rc:id. Lacnnec Ho6pital, where he obi.erved Or. Ni.:atsc treating hi, patients and the Lariboisiere Hospital, wh re he observed the Rizal econom11ctl on h,~ hvcng y a cenam '>rJr)' H" collection of books included The Bible, by the Parisinns a a Japanese The pncei. of food. dnnks, thcalrc tickets, laundry, hotel accommodations, and tran~portation were 66 "  too high ror his slender purse so that he commented in a letter beauiy. Humaniiy cannot be redocmod wtule reason OJ n_ot to his family: Pari~ 1\ the co,liest capital in Europc." 11 free while faith would want to impose iuelf on facts, whole wh~ are laws, and while there arc nations who subjugate R11.al u Muon. In Spam Rizal CJUne m close contaet with othcn. For humanity to be able 10 111aln the lofty_ de.tiny prominent Spanish ht>cral and republican Spaniards. who were toward which God guide$ it, it is om I ary that Within its mostly Mason,, 111se arti~lic achicvem!f1,rv namps its seal on all that it create, and rroducc, Its children llf gemu\, the plcndor 11( the ~uiherfond carry it wherever chey go Analyz.e if not 1he1r character HC'fe i,. 1n fac.:t, the.: tt.t'-On \\ of prayer, with such viir:or illnrfll nf our M>uh11cal Ilk. mankonJ 1cru1cdness and enthusiasm that charactcriu their actions, sul>iectcd lo harsh tests. unredeemed mankmd; rc;l\on and offer 10 Luna ~ n crown, modest gift, small indeed for usrorillion an an OflCn struggle ,.,,h preoccura1ions. fana11 our enthusiasm. but the most spontaneous and the most Cl!\nt ,tn\l lnJU~fH.:c\, tlccau-.c.- scrmmcnh.md orinium. cut voluntary of all the gifts hitherto pre,,en1cd to him. pas.sage through the lhi1I\ t 111< area.I d,s,uM ol 1hr prt,fo~on unJ 1hc rrC'.,t 1nd1£n,1t Mn af hlooJ> no1, h~ the \tuJcnts of the Central l/mvc~uy. k1zal and the ,iu&nu On 1h11.i..v, h:eauw 1hr AJent ot lh, IJ"' 01hct I 1hpm11 11udcn11 par11c1p.t1c,J, toac1hcr w11h Cuhan Mex, ere lu,ng '"') much at me, and I do n. t l""" "h'" I can, Pcrmuin , and 'ipani~ students, 1n th, tu" ,,h Thn(i ,11.1.t,n1 had 1n d "£111\C ffl)>urln academic ~c " >n No~mbc:r :n. an ,.h,~1. 11,, proda1n1cd 'the 10 l!lc lfflurc lull 'The boulc-vard Ocl P,;HJ., ,...,. occupKJ freedom of -.·,ence and 1he 1eocher" Such a hht,raJ view wa, by the cavalry. cannons, and soldarr. On lh" 11,1\ ,.,. ,,.,,,. C'Ulldemned I>, 1hc Caiholic "1shoJ>" of Sp&on who promplh not 10 ,ctum to 1hts d1ffl",1tflrcJ 1 1nl\~nlt)' , -.htt\ol U.n1t,r ucommuno~lcd Dr Moray11 and 1ho~· who.ippl4udcd "" 1. ,mros,t'd on n b) fon,.,,., 1 1 ,,.at. and an h h "" :.tt , mpktr !.IIL'f 1u>11 ,11,J Anacred hy 1hc b1go1ry of the noted m 1hc 1o the pt,ys,aan; ,.ho wantrd to e~i,c:I ham la'1m 1h,· ,,,.,,,km\ ctty 61rect\, ,hou11ng "Viva Moray11! Down with Bl'hOfl\! " lof McJlCinc and Surgc.-yl for lacking ,n 11,gnal) nd >rds in Ibis coune follow: II 76 77  p.,,, to 8erli" ( 1885 1881) lane, to his parents on January I, 1886. "Wuh respe~t to the 11udy of the ailments of the eyes," he wrote , " I am do,ng well. I know now how to perform all the operation,; I only nccc.J to knnw what is going on inside the eye, which require~ much prnct,cc". 2 Chapter 7 Outside of hts working hours at Or. Wcckcrt \ chm,. R11,ll ,~loxed by visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo dt- I averas (Tnnidad, Feluc, and Paz), Juan Luna, and Felix Paris to Berlin (1885-87) Rc,urrcccion Hidalgo. Pa:t Pardo de Tavera wa, a_ preuy !!lrl. whn wa., engaged 10 Juan Luna On the album of th ~ g,rt Ru.ii drew a series of ~ketches on the story of "The Mon~cy anti the After completing his studie,, in Madrid, Rizal went to Pans I unlc" and Germany in order to spec,alt:ie in ophthalmology I le par- At the studio of Luna. RtL;tl ,pent many happy hour,. I k ticularly chose this branch of medicine because he wanted 10 di,cus.~ed w11h Luna, the great ma,tcr of the hru,h. ,a11m" cure his mother's eye ailment. He served as assistant 10 the problem~ on an and improved his own pamtm)( technique. I k famous oculists of Europe. lie also conunui.:d his travcb and helped Luna by posing as model ,n several pa1n11ng, In lus1.1, observations of European life and customs, government and laws canva.~ "The Death of Cleopatra," Rttal puscJ '" an Li:vin,.,11 in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Berlm. In Berhn, capital of priest In another or Luna\ great painti~~,. " The Bto,1el Cm11 then unified Germany. he met and bc-fnended several top Ger- pact." he posed as Sikatuna, with fnntdad Pardu ,k T;l\vr.i man ubficidad and made a crayon sketch of Don 27. J87R. he told Fnnquc I etc that he "k,1rncd the ,ollcj!1'11>. Miguel Morayta, owner of La Pub/1cidad and a statesman. He the piano. and voice culture 1n one month.,n_urong the dinner 1he con,cr\~IOon roaJ Padre Oam,-..l wa, m hJd mOd 10 m 1l1gn.in1 ch rntc1 11111 lhc lcMI toud\ tml.lllet II and bccau'IC he: got a bony ned, and a hard ,.,ng of the chK~cn " lrm 1n ,1 lhc Wrpcsl pains Thus, bow many llmc, 1/nola lie tned 10 d1!.ncJ11 11,,m,1', rcm,ook, "he" ID lhe midst of modcra ~IJOCb I..... Wished IO call lh« bcfote me, now 10 -pt.II)' a,c 1n MCmona, Aller J,n,., , lham lclt Cap11an T,.,. u house t n r, i. t - t con,p,arc lh« w,1h othu coun1,,..,, 111111 lh)' dou h" hc tcl On the wav, 1hc kind Locu1en.1n1 Gucv , 1old.h,m ,magc prc~n1,:d nwlf showinc ,ociat canur li e to 1hac the ,ad c,nry nf his f.ilhcr~ Jeath on S.rn O1c1,o [),,n Ra ,.. ,. other ho lather , wa. a rich and brave m,n II~ dc~ ·mkn ,.,th Mana C1ar.1, lh,ur.J c nt TI11s rc«pt11 n or dinner was given in honor o( Cnso,uomo Ibarra , 1n San l)1ego 10 ""' hrs ta1hcr\ 11ra c II w,,, All S,11111' l),oi a young and rich Fihp1no who had JUSI rc1umed a(ter seven At ihe crmelcrv, 1hc Jril c.Jiggcr told lharr., 1ha1 lhc corpse ycan of 5ludy in Europe. Ibarra was 1hc only son o( Don Ra(acl nt Don Rafael was rcmoHd b) orJc:r of 1h,· pan,.h l'"""t 1o Ibarra , fncnd of Capitan Tiago, and a fiancc of beautiful Maria be buncd ,n the Chrnci,c ccmctc,y. bu1 the corpse: wn, heavy Clara. sul'f)t>M:OJ1 (lf Padre Damaso's brother-in sermon, 10 which he expatiated on the evils of the times that law Lmares was a penniless and jobless, forrunc hunter who were caused by certain me11, who having tasted !lOmc education came to the Ph1hpp1ncs in search of a rich Fihp,no heiress. Both. spre.11d pernicious ideas among the people. ' Dona Victorina Jilli Par.Ire DamaS(> sponwrcd his wooing or After Padre Damaso's sermon, the Mass was continued by M,,ri.i C!,tra. hut lhc latter did not respond b.-cau,;e she loved Padre S~v,. ~has quietly moved to Ibarra, who was lmeehng lbdrra and. praying by Maria Oara 's side, and warned him to be careful A touch of comedy in the novel was the fight between two durlllg the ceremony of the laying of the cornerstone of the lud,aom ,c:norns - Dona Consolac,on, the vulgar mistress or schoolhouse because there was a plot to kill him. the Spanish alfercz, and Dona V1ctonnaJthc Oamboyantly dres- Elias suspected that the yellowish man who built the derrick sed wife of a henpecked Spanish quack doctor Both insulted was a paid stooge of lbarra's enemies. True to his suspicion' each other ,n gutter language. and, not satisfied with their verbal late_r in the day, when Ibarra, ln the presence of a big crowd' warfare, they squJTed off 10 come to blow, The timely arrival went down into the trench to cement the cornerstone the derrick of Padre Salv, stopped the fiitht, much to the rcl(rct of the curious oollapsed. Elias, quick as a flash, pushed him aside thereby Olllookers " 97  ,...;J... ,........ ,, The atory of Elia, lib tllat of S..., w a tale of pa~ 111d ~dy. He related it to Ibarra. Some 60 yc:an ago, bis i... , They dtceivcd the attackers by teling chem 1h11 the ma-. n..,, lermrnd wu Ibarra. So. l h at.........._n... mt at, l fa,kil , · J I he sraodfadier. who waa lhca a )'OWII bookkeeper in I Spanisll c:ommemal firm ill Manila, was wronaly ICCUled of bunun& the 1urvt>1n& at111d.cn ,.ere caught Ibarra wa, Mn med lnr I he finn'1 wardlo111e. He wu floaed 1n public and wu kh in the ca ta$rrophc lllrcct, cnpPled and almoct dead HiJ wife, who was prtan nt. Elin learning of th.am', arrCSI, b111ncd all lhc papJIIU too and the death of her hUlbend, 1he fled, with her two r.on,, to the mountams. 1un,pe,I mtn t-a11u h>3dod with ra, utt (,:r11u) lh,nra al rhc hou.c or Cop,t,m 11&£0 10 ~y 20arra rcturncJ "' WU dicu real father. M mla lhu~ lt>arra was able 10 escape. Elias and hiJ sister left Tayabas 10 hide their shame in Eh," SC'10uslv woundc:J, rc-.t,1agra. Finl , he and Viola Yisitcd great mtcllcc:ts arc mistaken or l)ing.~ Poudam. a city near Bertin, which Fredenck the great made famous. TM T_. Bep. Al dawn of May 11, 1687, RJZ.al and Viola two brown-skinned docton on a roanung spree, left Berln1 hy tntln It was an ,deal season for travel Sprina was in the au· and all over Eu.rope the flowers were blooonng, the meadows ""uc tunung green, and the v,llage..ere hwrumng with aCbvity. Accord.mg to Viol.1 , the luggage of Rizal included all the letten he had rcce,ved from his (Riul's) family and fnends. Thcu- destm.a.tion was D resden,..one of the best cities i.D Germany" o, dt~L IYzal and Viola tamed for some nme tn Dresden.. , Their vu.it comaded with the rcgie>nal floral expo51t1on. Rizal , ,..ho was interested in botany, studied the "numerous plant varieties of extraordinary beauty and size". They vblted Dr. A,hlpb B Meyer, ho was o cl)Oycd to see them !n the Museum of An. h.tch they Abo vuncd , Rizal was deeply unpre ucd by a painting or.. Prometheus Bound" and recalled seeing d reprcscntauon of the same idea tn an art gallery in Pans. UH 104  JCIN IIIZAL: UFI. WOIIQ MDWIIITINCII Atcet Grn Tour of fvrope WI"" Vida t 1 1> While stroUing a1 the scene of the Aoral Exposi11on they r table there was a lively discussion among the drinkers about ~:~ D{:t Jago~. U~/earing of their plan to vistt Lctt~critz die advisability of having the railroad paSlo through a neighboring for the ifiomer:ice, D hoslovaki~) in order to see Blurnen1ri11 town One of the men in the group was the burgomaster (town. l'!t t_une, r. Jagor advised them to wire Blurnenui11 mayor) of that town, Blumentntt knew the burgomastc1. w that of their con11 ng because the old professor was r he pproachcd the party and delightfully introduced his two d" ·· o a nervo~ ispos1non and he might suffer a shoc:k at their sudden vistt Hhpino friends. Rizal talked in fluent Gennan, for which reason the burgomaster and his friends were amazed. The burgomaster Tescheo (now Decin, Czechoslovakia) was their next stopover after leaving Dresden. Rizal and Viola sent. ~ked R.iial how long II took him hl learn German. And R,wl Blu-c 1 11 a wire 10 rrphed "Eleven months, 5ir~ The burgomaster was further "' n r, , as per suggestion of Dr Jagor 1mazed. and in great admiration, he lauded lhc.. privileged First Mee-ting with Blwnentriu. At 1:30 p.m. of M·iy 13 t11lent" of Rizal. Blumentritt embraced Rizal, telling lum that I~. !he train, with Rizal and Viola on board aroived 'at ,h. lrw Germans could~peak well their own language e~ R,wl could, w g' ra~~o;dd st11ti~n Leitm~ntz, Bohemia. Profes~~r Blume;1111 ,t a receive their wire, was a1 the station. He was car ·, n On another afternoon Rmil ancl Viola were invited 10 a a. penetl sketc.h of Rizal which the la lier had prr\lou,I'..en~ him,_ so tb?t he could identify his Filipino friend, He j,trml. meeting of lhe Tourists' Club of L.e1tmeritz. of which Blumen1ritt was the secretary. Rizal spoke e,rtcmporancously m llucnl Ger- man to the officers and members, praising A\c>lria', 1dylhc scenes received R12al and Viola. ' Y and its ho,'J)itable, nature-loving, and noble people. The audience For the first time, the two great scholars - Rizal and wildly applauded him, for they were enchanted bv hi, eloquence :t '" Blumentrill 1 - who came lo knw each othe r b Y corresponuence P.erson Th~y greeted each other ,n nucn1 German'., and nuency in German. Rizal, desiring to commemorate ht> happy hour, nt 1hc umentroll was a kind-hearted, old Austrian pmfcw:>r U s~em_g the talented Rizal for the first time. he immediately h,m mto heart. loving him 1,s 8 son. 1::~ Blumentritt home, painted a ponrait of th, kind pmfc"or and gave it to him. Blumentritt was pleased with the gift. It was during his vi.ade him to go hecau-.e Leonor's mother did not like him for a son-in-law. With a heavv Raa1Near midnight o_f Augu~t 5, the Haiphong arrived in Manila went ashore w11h a happy he rt f h heart, Rizal bowed 10 hts paren1's wish. He was caught w11l11n beloved native soil. He stayed in alhe o~t e ,once more t~od his the iron grip of the custom or his time that marriage, mu,t he visit h · f: ct Y ,or a short llme to ia:!rs. as u arranged by the parent:; of bo1h groom and bride. five ~ends. He found Manila the same when he ler1 the h 1,0. '!bere were lhe same old churches and buildtngs Storm onr the Noli. Meanwhile, as Rizal wa, peacefully me O es in the roads, the same boats on h p.. · living in Calamba. his enemies plolled his doom. Aside from and lhe same hcary walls surrounding the city. t e as1g River practismg medicine, ancnding 10 hb gymnU\oum. which he estab- lished, and taking pan in 1he town's civic affairs. he painted 11  la tum, lost no time in fou,uding it to the governor gc.nenl. several buutiful landscapes and trahsbtcd the German poema This report of the faculty memben of the Uuiversity of Santo of Von Wlklcrnath mlo Tagalog. Tomas stated that the Nou was "bm:tical. 1lllpOIIS. and aa,odaJ- 0\1$ lll the relig,ous order, and anti--patrlotic, subversive of public A rew eeks after bis arrival, a storm broke over bis novel. One day Riul received a lcuer from Governor General Emilio order, injunous to the government o( Spain and its functioa in Terrero (18&5-l!ll) req~ing him to come to Malacaiim Palace. the Philippine Islands in the political order". Somebody bad whispered to the governor's ear that the Noli Governor General Terrero was dissatis6ed with the report c:unta,ned St.ibvcr,,h,c idc-" , of the Dnmimcans, for be knew that the DomirucaDs -,,.ere pre1udi(S.,wareofThcm Wh) J pnc:st«holar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral, and a 3. Y-qw - d1u usll!d th lo pnte? (And Whal Can Yuu Taplog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas Tell Mc of Plague?) a Kempis. Father Oarc:ia, writ10g under the penname Ju,to rorqu, triunfon los 1mpu,s' (Wln Do the fmpmu, Desiderio Maplan,a, wrote defense of the Noli "'hich was Triumph') published in Sin1apore as an appendix to a pamphlet dared July S. Cru =d qu" de '"IJS 110 hoy purtatono.' tDo You 18, 1888. He blasted the arpments of Fr. Rodriguez ~ follows: Think There h Reau, !'.u Purg,uor) !I. 6 Hayo nolta1 u,fitm"' (I, Th~, or I, There N< lfcll I I Rizal caaoot be an "ignorant mlln·, u Fr Rodnguu alleged. because he - a graduate of SplllllSh un,-.n.111cs 1 Qut It partU o 1m,d d, ,sr l1h,fo.1' (Wh t l)o You and - a reciptenl of ,cholas, ,e honon. Thmk o f ~ Libel,>) 2 R.iw docs no! attack lhc Clllrrdl and Spain, as F1 8. Confa10,r o cvndma, n' (Co,,Jc"5ton or Damnat1on'!) Rodripu claimed. bcausc what Rizal auadted in tbc.Vo/1 were tbe bad Sparush o!fiaal> and no1 Spam nd tltc bad Copies of thes~ anu-Rual pamphlets v.riuen by Fra~ Rod and corrupl friars and not the Church. ngucz were '!Old daily in the church~ after \fa!>l>. Many Filipino, 3. Father Rodnguez said that those whn read lbc 'Vol, were fon:e~ to buy chem 1,. order not ,., di~plc....., tho frior, 00lllffll1 1 mortal sin, su1tt be (RodrigueLJ had rud the but they did not bcbeve what their author ,ait.l v.nh hy he afraid 10 die. He icited RtZal'~ hdp in g;uhcnng the facts and listing their gne- vanees against the hacienda management , so 1hat the central was compelled 10 leave Calamba for two reasons: (I) his pre,;ence government might institute certain agrarian reforms. in Calamba w :b jcoparJizmg the sa£et) Jnd happiness of his !Jn11ly anJ tncnJ, and (!) he could fighl bc t1er Ju, enemu:s and After a thorough study of the conditions in Calamba. Riul -..:r-c hi\ c,,u111ry·, cau-..: with j!rcater efficacy by writtng in wrote down his findings which tbc tenants and three or the foreign countrie offiaals of the hacienda signed on January 8, 1888. These find- in~, which were forrnaUy submitted 10 the government for A Poem for Lipa. Shortly before Ri1al left Calamba in 1888 actJon, were the following: ? hi> friend from Lipa requ~ted h,m 10 wntc a poem in commem- 120 121 ol"&Uon o f the town's ckutton to a '1111 (01y) by ~,nue of the nu., man u..c.,ho Simes and lth Bec:crra Law of 1888 GI..Jly, he wro1e a puem ded1et11cd 10 the Can !ind the.,.)' to feed h" bn,oJ industnous folks of l.1pa This wa~ 1he "Htmno Al Traf>o1a' (Hymn 10 Labor). He fin, hed u and sent 11 to Lipa before h,s BOYS: depanure from Calamba h runs lb foflo..,, 11 Teada m thee the budcsl ,..b For down thy trails we 1am our ~ct HYMN TO l.-\BOR That when our country calls 1omorr°"' Tby purposct "'< may complete ClfORUS: And may our ciders say who sec u, Seel How "'1>flhy of thctr s,rc~I For "'1 country 1n..u. No mcensc can clllt our dod one, F,>r our count') on puce ulr.r a brave..,,, who a.pores The F,hp1110 wtll he read) , Whole he h e and ,.hen he doe,..... ME"I As SOOD as the b>t IS IUlled 1"1lh loi.hl Forth lo lhc fickh to pl°"' the him' Snxz ,t ft: WOfk "h!lt '1.U(Um~ the man. The mochcrland lam~y and the hmc For motherland, our """c:s a!ld bahts, ,,...,. be UJy '°ltb 'llr ~ ,e WnES. Courageously set ou1 to work Your home \S Mfe v,,11h fa11hful v,,1fc lmplantin& in her ch,ldrcn, io.c f'or wudom, land 111d V1r'IIXJa> bfc. Whca mpnfaU brinp ui to our re.i. May '""1ing fommc suard our door, 8ut i.t cruel fate should harm her man. The wife would toil on as before GIRLS: Hall Had' Q,.c pn,ae to WOfk' The co.ntry's vtpr and her "'ulth , For work lift up )Our brow serene It II your blood, your life, your hc llh If any )'Olllh pr01cs11 his love His won shall prove ,f be be good Ill  Andrade, what would beoome of mel Without the sympatbi.es of the Governor General, the directors of the civil administ- ration and ciY11 government, I would now be In somc dun- geon Chapter 11 All the provincials and tile archbishop went daily to the Governor General to complain against me. The Syndic nf the Dominicans wrote denunciation to the alcalde chat In Hong Kong and Macao, at night they saw me bold secret meetings with men and women on top of a hlU. It is true I went wallang al dawn 1888 to a hill accompanied by many men, women, a.nd child,cn, for the purpose of enjoying the coolness of the morning. but always esconed by the lieutenant of the Guardia Civil who knows Tagaloa. Who ,s the coMpiratorof secret sessions H ounded by powerful enemies, R izal was forced to leave that will hold them in the open air among women.a nd his country for a second time in February 1888. He was then a children? I allowed the accusation to reach t.he Governor full-grown man of 27 yea.rs of age, a practising physi(ian, and Gener-al so he could sec what kind of enemies I have a recognized man-of-letters. The fim time he went abroad in My countrymen offered me money to leave the islands. June 1882, be was a mere lad of 21, a youthful student in search They asked me to do so not only for my own interest but of wisdom m the Old Wodd, a romantic idealist with bcauliful also theirs, bccau.e I have many friends l\Jld auiuamtamees dreams of emancipating his people from bondage by the magic whom they would have deported with me to Balabag or the power of his pen. Tm1es had changed. Rizal at 27 was an Marianas Islands. Thus. half skk, J bade a hasty farewell 10 my fomily. I am rt1um1ng to Europe by way of Japan embittered victim of human iniquities, a disillusioned dreamer, a frustrated reformer. and the United StatCIS-1, tea. etc. The l011gest meal in the world Macao is a Portupc.e colony near Hong Kong. ~The city 4. The Dominican Order was 1hc richest religious of Macao,tt wrote Rizal, in hls diary, "is small, low, and gloomy order in Hong Kong. It engaged actively in business II There are many junks, sampans, but few steamers. It looks sad owned more than 700 houses for rent and many shares an and is ·almost dead."3 foreign banu h had millions of dollar,. dcpo,itcd in the In Macao, Rizal and 811$& stayed at the home of Don Juan banks which earned fabulous mterests. Francisco Lecaros, a Filipino gentleman married to a Ponuguei;e 5. Of the Hong Kong cemetencs belonging to the lady. He was rich and spent his days.;ultivating plants and Protestants, Catholics, and Muslims, that of \he Pro1cs1>an1s Dowen, many of which came from the Philippines. was the most beautiful because o r its wcll groorncd pl n ~ and dean pathways. The Cathohc cemetery was most pomp During his hi,o-day sojoW'lll in Macao. Ri7al visited the ous. with ,ts oma1e and expensive mausoleums and cx1ravag theatre, casino, cathedral and churches, pagodas, botanical gar antly carved scpulchcn1. The Muslim ceme1ery wa\ lhc den, and bazaars. be also saw the famous Grotto of Camoens, simplest. containing only a hnle mosque and tombstones Ponugal's national poet. ln the evening of February 19, he w1th Arabic 1nscriptioM. witnessed a Catholic procession. in which the devotees were Dtparturt From Hong Kong. On February 22. 1888, Rizal dressed in blue and purple dresses and were canying unlighted candles. left Hong Kong on board the Octanic, an American s1c11mcr His destination was Japan. He did not like the meals on board , On February 20, Rizal and Basa returned to Hong Kong, but he liked the ship because 11 was clean and efficiently managed. again on board the ferry steamer Kiu Kiang. His cabinmatc wa, a British Protc~tant mis."onary who hnd laved in China for 27 years and knew the Chinese language very well. Experie- ta Hoag Koag. During his two-week visit in Rizal called him ""a good man".' Hong Kong, Rizal studied Olinese life, language, drama, and customs. He wrote down in his own diary the following experi Other passengers , with whom Rizal cunversed in their own ences: languages, were two Ponugucse. two Chinese. several Bmi,h , and an American woman Protestant missionary. I. Noisy celebration of the O,incsc New Year which lasted from Febfl)ary 11th (Saturday) 10 13th (Monday). Continuo1U explcxions of firecrackers. The richer the Chinese. the more 6reaackers he exploded. Rtul himself fired many firecrackers at the window or his hotel. 2. Boisterous Cluncsc theatre. with noity audience and noisier music. ln the Chinese dramatic art. Rizal observed the following: (I) a man astride a slick means a man ridinc on horseback, (2) n actor raising his leg means he is entering a house. (3) a red dress indicates a wedding, ( 4) a girl about 10 be married coyly covers her fau with a fan even in the presence of her fiana:. and (S) a man raiS1ng a whip signifies he is about 10 ride a horse. 126 121  reasons: (1) he could economize bis living expenses by myin1 at the legation and (2) he bad nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Sparush authorities. On March 7, ruzat checlted out of Tokyo Ho tel and lived at the Spamsh Legation He and Perez Caballero became good Chapter 12 fnends. In a letter to Blumentrin, be described the Spanish diplomat as Ma young, fine, and excellent wnter" and ffan able Romantic Interlude in Japan diplom:at who had tra,eled muchff 2 During h,s first f Rizal saw in lovely O-Sei-San the qualilic, of his ,deal nckshaws drawn by men. Hi'I o;ensitivc wul recoiled at seeing womanhood - beauty, charm , mooard, docked at San Franc1scb on Saturday momin&, April 28. 11181l All p;oiSengen were not allowed to land. TilC Amencan hcahh au1bon11c1 placed lhc slup under quaranune on the ground that 11 came fro m the fur Ens! where u cholera epidemic was alleged to be ra1t1ng Rizal was surprised because he knew there was no chokra epidemic at that 11me in the Far East. He JOll-1 the other pa,wngers in protesting the un1us1iliablc action of the health au1hon11c1 i The Amencan consul in Japan had given the ship I clean bill of health, and the Bntish Governor of Hon.g Kong ccrttfied to the ahsc~ of cholera cases in China 1 lie soon d1"1Covcred that lhc pbcing o f the ship under quarantine wa, mot:r ated by politics. The hip WI\ carry,na 643 Chmc~e coohe, 1 At 1hat time pubhc optmon on the Pacific coast wa, agnins1 cheap coolie labor bcCJtusc the coohc, from Chma 11;erc d1Splac1ng while lallOre!"l 1n railr,rnd construction camps. To win 1hc votes of the wb1tcS in Cahfomia (for election was near), 1hc administration ,mpeclcd 1he entry of Chinese coolies 136 137 - IIIZAL.: LIi'., WOIIICI - W - Rizal noticed that contrary to quarantine regulations 700 dclcrts ,ritbout planls nor trees. Unpopulated. Lonely place. Bare mountains. Saods. A big extension of whale land. like bales of valuable Chinese silk were landed without fumigation, that the wp doctor went ashore without protest on the pan of ctwt. Far from this desert cao be seen ,omc blue mo11ntoin, II was a fine day. It was warm, and there was stiU snow on the heahh officers, and the customs employees ate several times the top o( 10me mouni.,ns. on board the supposedly cholera-infested ship. Tuesday, May 8. 1lus is a beauhful morning. We slorses, oxen. and trees. Some small ho!UCS are :se1k1p ~a t>uong baha}. One m:c « >rn hlb up all the house. -The hght. The nee-com ,.,,h the busk IS ycllowuh. I Pronrt.ial Saylnp Mlllapang ako sa dalawa, duwagakosa i.sa. I m bra,e apm\l Malakas ang bulong sa stga11,. Low "orck arc ,trong Jala ko ,iyu, He earn,< m-,, 1 CjIT) h,m make, one fat. Tbe shoes fbang hari ibang ugah. New king new !ash,on lsang halong malahm puno ng patal,m , A deep well llllcd wnh steel blades. - Tbe mou1h Nagpuputol ang kapus, ang labis ay nasduru~tong What i, shon cut~ off a piece f'Olll itself. what is long adds RollUlDC10 with Gtttrude 11«.kttt. RtLal had a romantK mtc:r anothet on (the poor gel poorer the nch rn:hcr) iude with the oldest of the three Beckett sister, - Cicrtrutl,· Ciet Ang na~b, ng tap. I le "h finishc, tie, as she was affectionately called. was a hu~om Engli,h gnl., ,th his words fiods hunself want mg t)ro..n hair, blue eyes, and rosy ~ks. She fell in lo~e.,_,,h R=l On cold winter mom,ng, she had a ,unny sm,k !or him d1.1ttc11ni Nangangako ha bang napapako. Man promises while ,n ncctl gaily like a humming bird Dunng the family I'"""' ,lk- '"" v r Ang naglalabd ng muahan, matllllk ma'y mababa" He who ticularly very happy because Rizal was wuh them and ,he g.avc: him walks slowly, though he may put tu, ruo1 on a thorn, will all her attenuon. And m rainy days when Rizal tcad (al,11 J hhp1111,1 Fihplnoe - Capit.tn Justo Tnnldad former gobemadorcillo or where sometimes I take tc11 Santa Ana, Manila, and a refugee from Spanish tyr.anny, and In another letter to his family, wn11,·n on 'kp1, mt, , 1 I Jos. Albert, a young student from Mam la. 1 1889, he said: "We Pihpinos ga ther four time, a '"''-'~.11111 we sing the kundiman , we eat sotanghon. odobo. ct.:. Un Wed- Lire ia Pvis. Although tire in Pans was gay, w,th sparkling nesdays in the house or Dono Tula on Thursd.,y~ 111 thl' h,h,..: me~me~L and jo~us social parties, Rizal continued 10 be busy of tfidalgo , on Fridays m the huu,e of M.idam Bou,tc.id 1>11 m bis senous purswts. Hours were 100 precious for him 10 waste. Saturdays in the house of Luna. on Sundays m the ht)u,c ot He spent them frugally and fruitfully. He used mvst of his time Ooi\a Juliana " 4 in_ the reading room o( the Bibliotheque Nationalc (National ~1br_al1'.) _check.mg up his, ~tOriCJll annotations on Morga ·s book. RJzal and Paris Expos.itlon of 1889. Like any ordinal) Fihp,no in his livmg quarters wnung letters to his family and rncnd,, in tourist in a foreign land , Rizal was fa,cinatcLI hy the Un,-cr,:il the gymnasium for his daily physical exercises, and vis11ing his Eltposition of Pans which opened on Mny 6. 1AA9 The g1c.1lc,1 friends. attraction of this el(position was the Eiffel To,.,,cr. 9114 feet high which was built by Alexander Eiffel, cclehrntcd I rcnch cngmcor In his spare hours, Rizal used to dine at the homes of his friends, such as the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas, the Bous- Rizal and his friends attended the opcnmg ccrcmunic, and teads, the Lunas, etc, He was a good friend of the three Pardo saw the cutting of the ribbon by President Sad, c.,rn,,1 ,,r 1hc de T~veras - Or. Trinidad H. Pardo de Taver11, physician by Third French Republic. Paris was jammed w11h tho11,.ind, ol vocation and philologist by avocation. Or. Felix Pardo de Tavera, tourists coming Crom all part~ of the world. Dail) 1hc I 'I''"" ,on also physician by vocauon and an artist and sculptor by avocation. drew a vast crowd of 200.000 persons or more and Paz Pardo de Tavera, wife of Juan lun;, These Pardo One of the features of the r.xpositinn "'"' the 1111crn:i1111nal de Ta_v eras were the children of Don Joaquin Pardo de Tavera. art competition, in which Felix R.. Hidalgo, Juan Luna, Felix an exile of 11!72 who escaped from the Mananas and lived in Pardo de Tavera, and Rtzal participated. Hidalgo\ p;,11111111,? was France awarded second prize, the paintings of Juan Luna nncl F. P,11 do On June 2~. 1889, 11 baby girl was born to Juan.Luna and de Tavera each obtained the third prize, ";bile Riz.11', cnlly (,1 Paz Pardo de Tavera. She was their se1:011d child, the first was bust which he modelled got no prize. 5 This bust wa, 4u1tL gnod a boy named Andres, whose pet name was Luling. H er baptismal to qualify for the exhibition, but not good enough to ,qn an godfather (ninong) was Rizal, who chose her name "Maria de intcrnetionul prize. la Paz, Blanca , Laureana, Hermenegilda Juana Luna y Pardo Kldlat Club. On March 19. 11189. the s:imc cl;i1 when h,· de Tavera. "2 arrived in Paris from London, Rizal org,tn i1cd hi~ 1,,11,11110,. In his letter.to ?is family in Calamba, Rizal gave an interest- (compatriots) inlo a society called Kidlat Club. Amoni; rite mg accounl of h,s life in Paris. One or these letters (dated May members were Antonio uml Juctn luna. Grcgnno '\iivikr,1 1.6, 1889) r eloted:3 Fernando Canon. Laum Dimn)uga. Juh\, Llor,nk out ten cop1c; that 1 can send de la Fam1l1a Rizal dt Calamba (HLStory of the Rizal family of to the Philippine~ hy the first mail lhat is going there ~u Calamba), no d.1te and l,os PutbloJ drl Arrh,pitlalJO lnd1co The three letters cited above - from Blumentnn, B. Roxas. (The Peoples of the Indian Archtpelago). no date. and M. Ponce- are incontrovertible proofs that Morga's Sucesos by R,23.1 actually came off lhe press in 1889. Otherwise, how The Philippines Within a Cnitary. In this article Rizal could lhc~ three friends of Rizal read 1he book before 1890? expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in the Philippines and predicted with amazing accuracy the tragic end of Spain's Rizal as Historian. Rizal's research studies in the British soscrcignty m Asia I le portrayed at the hcginning of h,~ an1cle Museum (London) and m the Bibliotheque Nationate (Paris) the glorious pnst of the Filipin.., people, then described their cnnched his historical knowledge. His splendid annotations to economic stagnation and unhappiness under the harsh and bungl- Morga·, book showed his familiarity with the basic principles of ing Spanish rule. Toward the last paragr.iphs of the article, he h,~toriography As he once told Isa be lo de los Reyes· · A peered into the future and warned Spain of what would happen historian o ught to be rigorously imparted... I never assert to her colonial empire in Asia if i.he would not adopt a more anything on my own authonty. I cite texts and when I do, 1 liberal and enlightened policy toward the Philippines. hove them before me." 1 s Significant passages in this historical essay are as foUows: '" Hi~ km1wlcdge of foreign languages enabled Rizal to read historical documents and books in the languages in which they To recapitulate: the Philil)l'ines will remain Spanish if were originally wntten. :For instance, he read P1gafct1a's famous they enter upon the life or law and civUimlton, u thc righl of thcu- inhabitants are respected, if the Olher rights due First Voyage Arou11d 1hr World m ltnlian; the historical works them arc gianted, If the liberal pohcy of the government is of Marsden, Raffles. Lord Stanley, and Wallace in English; the carried our without tncltcry or meanness, without subtcr· writings of Blumentritt. Jagor, and Virchow m German; the futC$ or false interprctitions. ll>O 161 JOII IIIZ"1. Ll,-E, WOIIIIS AAD WIIITINCIS s.conc1 $o1owtft In Peril And The: U..lwnal EirJ>O'lt,on Qt 1889 Otbe""-.se, ,r an ancmpc is made 10 sec In lhc: Islands con quest of the country brought about a decline tn econunuc a lode to be cxploued, a resource to sallSfy amb,11ont, activities because the Filipinos bad abandoned their pre-SpJn"h shutting 11.S cors 10 all cries of =son, lhc:n, hD"-cver ercar industries and worked less than their ancestors Such dccl111c 1n may be the loyalty of the Flhp,M$, 11 will be impossible to economic: life was due to certain causes: (I) the nati,c r~vult< hinder the opcnuons of tbe =xorable laws or hostOI') , and other internal disorders which follo..,ed the es1.:.t,h~hmen1 Colonies cstabbsbcd to subscrve the policy and commerce of 1he.overeign country, all c,entually become 1ndepen- of Spanish rule, (2) the wars whtch the Fihpmos fought for Sp.1111 dcn1 against the Dutch, Ponuguese. English. and ~ther enem1e, : (;\) the frightful raids on the coastal towns and vtllage of Cbml oa n Ir tbc Ph1hpp111C$ secure their independence after herooc and stubborn confuct, they can rest assured that nci !her Philippines by the Muslim pirates of Mindan3o and Sulu: t-1) England nor Germany, nor France, and sllll less Holland the forced labor whtch compelled thousands of Filipino lat"""" will dare 10 take up what Spain hus been unable 10 hold to work in shipyards, roads, bridges, and other public wurh, resulting in the abandonment of mduSU)', comm~rce, and ag11e ul- Perhal>' the great Amencan Repubfic, wh°"' in1erc,1s lUle; (S) lack of sumulus to worl harder bcxau.'ie 1hc pcopk lie in the Pacific and who had no hand in the spol,ation of Afnca may some day dream of foreign pt>'->C~oon This d could not enjoy 1he fruirs of their labor: (6) govcmmen1 ncfk 1 not imro«ible, for the ~ample ,~ contagious, cO\elousncss and indiffereooe to agriculture. industry. and commerce; (7) 1h,· and a mbirion arc among 1hc mongcsl ,,ccs.. bad example shown by the Spaniards in d«:l>ptsing manual lul>, the Phohppuaes will defend wilh mexpress.- poor man to enter heaven than for a nch man, hence the hhpmn , blc ,alor th< libcrt, -.cured at the price or w much blooJ and sacnfice With the new men that "ill spring from !heir prefer not to work and be poor so that they could ea.,1ly enter so,I and w11h 1hc reoollcctin or their past. they...u p,,rhaJ" heaven after they die, (9) encouragemen1 and l'"'l' j.\alo n I in,e I en1er rrccly upon thc wide road of progress. and gambling by the Spanindon 1 When and (2) 10 see Gertrude 'Beckett for the last time. he told them that the reason for his leaving Paris wa, economic because his money was dwindling, Ventura generously invited By the middle of JIIJluary 1890, he wa~ back in r,iri,. lie oomplained of a terrible headache. At that time an epidemic of him to live with him in Pans without paying rent. He could not accept Ve ntura's invitation. for ho had a high scn,;e or J1gnity ~ucnz.a was raging in Europe. Fortunately, he v.as nol stricken with flu. and would not accept charity from any man. Life in Brussek. R izal was accompanied by Jo e Alben when he moved 10 Brussels. They lived in a modesl boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, which wa~ run b) two Jacchy sisters (Suzanne a nd Marie). Later Albert left the city, and was replaced by Jose Alejandro, an enginecnng student In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing his second novel which was a continuation of the Noli. H e was never idle even for an ho ur. Aside from writing its chapters, he wro1e articles for / ,u Solidaridad and letters to his family and friends. Being a physi clan, be spent pan of his lime in the medical clinic. For recreation, he had gynioasucs at the gymnasium and target practice and fencing at the armory. Thus he wrote 10 Antonio Luna : " I go to the clinic, I read, I write, I go to the gymnasium and to the armory. Speaking of shooting, I am sending you a targe, contain- ing ten bullet holes; it was seven and a half meters from me. al twenty-five meters I can put all my shots into a twenty-cen timeter target."' "' 167 - - IIIZAL LIFI. -.. MO ,nunHca. Speaking of Raars frugality Jose Alejandro, h1S roommate 7. "O1ferenaas" (Dilference1), Sepcembcr 15, 1889. in Bru!i.Scls, said: "In Brus,-ch ,.e took our meals in a house A reply 10 a hi-d aniclc entitled "Old Troths" pul>lishcd and Rizal on one occasion sugRested that we eat pamit We m I.A PalTiD on August. 14, 1889, which ridiculed those "'.ere spending so mucli a day and so we spent one day's approp- F1hp1nos.,.ho asked for refonns na11on for 1hc purchase of the n.:cessary ingredients. It seems, 8 "lnconllan bunal tn Man no I lerll\N on Cal,1mha b cau,c h( wa, a brother,,n A~ early as 1n September, 1886, when he was in Leipzig, '"" ot Ril.il Hert>osa , huand of 1.u:,a, died or chnlcra R i1al adopted the Fibpinizcd Tagalog orthography in his Tagalog on Ma) Z.l IHI,~. translations of Schiller's Wi/1,elm Tell and Andersen's Fairy Tales 5. Verdad~-s Nuevas (1'cw Truths). Jul} 31. 1889.,nd again he u~cd 11 1n his first novel Nolt Me Tangut (Berhn, A rcrli to V,trntr Bello.. San 1s of the FLlipmo community and 10 detcnnine the ednonal policy hke one: ,r tho>e enchanted pnnce"scs ,n 1hc Germi,n IC!Jends. oC Lo Sohdarrdod Del Pilar opposed the proposition that the who i, a captive of a hornd dragon. unul she ,s freed by a periodical be placed under the control of the Responsable on valiant kmght ". 1 ' the ground that II w~ a private cnterpnsc, however, he was w,lhng to pubh,h aniclcs that would exprc~ the aspira11011~ and Thee.: month later, Blumcntnn sent another comforting demands or the Filipino people lcucr \J)Utg. I am grie,ed with all my heart that }OU have lost the girl to.,. horn you were engaged, bu1 1f she was able 10 Owing to Del Pilar·s opposition. the proposition to place renounce a Rizal , she did not possess the nobility or your spirit. L.a Solutandad under the control of the Responsable was aban She 1s hke a child who cast away a dianiond to seize a pebble doned. The meeting proceeded to the business of elecung the. In other word,, she is not the woman for RIZal". 13 Responsable. h was agreed that the Rcsponsable should be elected by a tv.'0-lhirds vote of the Filipmo community Riul-Dd Pilar Rlvalry. Toward the closing days of 1890 there arose an unfonunate nvalty between Rizal and M. H. del. R b.al Abdlcaus His Ludership. The elechon 1001: place Pilar for ,upremacy Rizal, the most talented Filipino or his dunng the first week or February, 1891 The Filipinos were. time, was until then the undisputed leader of lhe Filipinos in , d1vtded 1010 two hostile camps - the Rizalistas and the Ptlanstas. 181 JOA lltlAL, Ltoe. WOIIO AHD WlltTtNOI Passion ran high, mfiam ing animosity and disunity in lhc ranks of the compatriou. From the very beginning, on lhe first day of the vohng, Ri:ial was winning, but he could not obtain the required two-thirds vote 10 be proclaimed Responsable On the second day of balloting, the result was again indecisive - Rizal won but the votes cast for him did not rct,ch the required two-thirds. Chapter 18 The situation was becoming explosive and criucal On the third day, Mariano Ponce appealed to his countrymen with Biarritz Vacation and stirring eloquence 10 vote for Rizal. Some Pilans1as, ev,denily, ),ceded his pica. For the voting that day resulted in R1ial's Romance with Nelly Boustead victory. Having obtained the necessary two-thirds vote, he became the R&Jponsoblt. (1891) But Rizal graciously dechnctl the coveted position. I-le was a man of honor and dignity, with a high >ensc of deltcadein, which many politicians in all countnes and in all ages. seldom To seek. solace for his disappointments in Madrid. Rizal possess, so that he did not relish bemg a leader of a divided took a vaca1ion in the resort city of Biarrill on the lahuluus people. Ile knew that some or his compa tnots who ,upponed French Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Rou~u::,d fom, lv ,ti Del Pilar despised or disliked him. So he preferred 10 abdicate its winter residence - Villa Eliada. He had befriended Mr his ieadership rather tham be the cause of disun11y and hiuemess Eduardo Boustead1 nnd hts wife and tw 05C mamagc to her happy fairy I.lie finale Ri,al's mam:ig,· prt po~I failed for two As early as on February 4 , 1891, M. H dcl Pilar teased him reasons ( I) he rctu,cd IO give: up h" Catholic faith and be about changing the "o" m Nol, to an "e", which means Noh to converted to l'rotestanmm, a, Nelly demanded, and (2) Nelly's Nelly l Five days later. Toma1 Arciola tld Rizal·" mot her did not ltke Rt2.1I.s a son m· law In your !tiler you talk rcrca1edly of Bouucad who can Nl'II~ ttnu,tead blta.ble and friendly Bow,teads I am. Though such an amount LS su.ffiacnt 10 live oo rn an, (parents and daughters) on March :JO, L891 and proceeded to pw:e in Europe. 11 1S not enough for one "ho '"''""' to Paris by train. He stayed at the home of hrs friend, Valentin 11CCOmpli$h somethins and lo carry oul 1be plans 1hat he Ventura, on 4 Rue de Chateaudum. may cherish. From Paris, he wrote to Ins friend, Jose Ma. Basa. ,n Hong Consequently. I have asked Fnend Basa to furnr ult Day in and day out. he was husy revising and poli\hing the my shares in IS days, while he rigorously limucd himself 11lJlnuscript of El Fllibusterismo so that II could be ready for the to his daily ra11on. press. He had begun writing 11 in October, 1887, while practising The Prlntlng or El t"Wbusterismo. Shortly after lus arrival medicine in Calamba I The following year (1888). in London , in Ghent, Rizal searched for a printing shop that could g,vc him he made some changes in the plot and corrected some chapters the lowest quo1ation for the publication of hi\ novel At lasl. already wrillcn. 2He wrote more chapters in Paris and Madrid, he did find a publisher - F. MEYER-VAN LOO PRESS. No. and finished the manubcript in Biurnt, on March 29. H!nlcr tel pJy the down Privations In Ghent. On July 5, 1891, Rizal left Brus&cls for payment and the early partial paymen1s durin!( the printing of Ghent, a famous universi1y city in Belgium. His reasons for I.be novel. moving lo Gben1 were ( I) the cost of pnnling in Ghent was Meanwhile, as the printing was going on. 1{1zal hccamc cheaper lhan in Brussels ond (2) 10 csca~ from the enticing desperate because his funds were running ,low and the money attraction of Petite Suzanne. fn Ghent, be mel two compatriots, he expected from his friends did not arrive. He hud received Jose AleJandro (from Pampanga) and Edilberto Evangelisu some money from Basa and P2()0 from Rodriguez Aria, for 1hc (from Manila), both studying en&tnccnng in the world famed copies of Morga·s S11ett.ws sold in Ma11ilt1 Bui 1hc,c fund, were University of Ghent. also used up, and much more were needed to pay the printer Owing 10 his limited funds, Riul lived in a cheJp boarding Writing 10 Basa from Ghent on July 1891. Rizal \aid ·1 house, with Jose Alejandro as room-mate. Theirs wa.~ a very have already pawned all my jewels, I live in a small room, I frugal life, subsisting on the barest necessities. To economize eat m the cheapest restaurant ,n order to econom1Lc a11d be able further, they prepared their own daily brealver in 11 more or less known phy>1ogn()mics. El FrlibUStl'rismo in Rizal's own handwriting is now preserved True 10 his purpose or exposing the disease. of the patient, in the Filipiana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, and, ill order not to divert himself nor dt>en the reader. Manila. It had been acquired by the Plulippinc Government wbllst he narrates only real facts h1ch happened recently from Valentin Ventura for PI0,000. It consists of 279 pages of and arc absolmcly authcnuc 1n subnanee, he ha.s d1Sfiiured long sheets of paper. his characters so that they may 001 tum to he the typ,cal p,ctures some readers found in his first book. Man passe,; The author's corrections are seen throughout the manuscript htS vices remain, and to 1CCCntuate or ,how their effecu, Only a few pages have not been revised by Rizal..he pea or the writer aspires Two features m the manu.script do not appear in the prin:cd book, namely; the FOREWORD and the WARNING These '-'rip(ion oa Tide Pqe. The title page of Fl Fi/1bty a lack of preparation, then in some mysterious Other characters in £/ Filil>ustemmo Jrc T.indam· 'id,> way. Let us bow to His will and render htm thanks!" grandfather of Juli and Cabesang Tales· tac her , Mr Am~nc.111 impressario who owned the side,how at chc fcrt:t (f,ur ) 111 (J111.q,11 Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear conscience and exhibiting an Egyptian mummy: Sandoval..i Span"h ,1ud,·nt at peace with God, Padre Florentino murmurs: who supports the cause of the Filipino studcnc, 1,, propaµ.,tn of the Liga Fihpina. wh!ch und ··u ""' not l·ry pa1rt('>11c to go off and cul11vatl' torc,gn soil" was printed in Hung Kong, 1892. To deceive the ~pant~h ~uthoritie~. the printed copies carried the false 1nformattC1n !hat che printing was done by the LONDON PRINTIN~ ~RESS, Writings in Hoog Kuna. Ntwith~tanding the pressure of No 25, Khulug Street, London The idea ~f ~stabl1>hm11 the his medical practice and h,s Borneo coloni1at10n project. Rizal ct>ntinucd his writing,. Liga Filipino (Philippine League), an assoc1a1ton_ of patnouc Filipinos for civic purposes. was originally_concc,v~d by Jose He wrote ~ Ang Mga Karapatar, Nang Tao," which is a Ma. Basa. but ,1 wa~ Rizal wrho wrote 11s c:on~t,11.mo_n ~nd Tagalog translatic,n of "The Rights of Man" proclaimed hy the realized iu cstahlishment Copies of the printed _Liga con1t11~11on French Revoluhon in 1789. About the same time (1891), IJe were 'lent by Rizal to "Domingo Franco, his fnend ,n Manila. wrote "A la Nadon Espanola'' (To the Spanish Nation). which Otcl5ion to Return to Manila. In May, 1892. Rizal made is on appeal to Spam to right the wrongs done to the Calamba up tus mind to return to Manila. This dcc,s100 was spurred by tenants. Another proclamation, entitled ··so Mga Kababayo11'" the following: (I) to conrer with Governor I?espujol. rcgu~d~ng (To my Countrymen), was wrillen 1n December, 1891 explaining hil Borneo coloniiauon project; (2) to estabhsh the L1ga Fihpma the Calamba agru, an situation. in Manila; and (3) to prove that Eduardo de i:,e1c was wrong Rizal contributed articles to the Bnush daily news-paper, in attacking him in Madrid that he (Rizal), being comfortable The Ho11g Ko11g TC'legroph, whose cduor, Mr. Frazier Smith, and safo in Hoog Kong, had abandoned the country 's ~use. was his friend: ~opies of this newspaper entered the Philippines Lete's attack. which was printed in l...o Solidaridad on A~nl 15, so that the F1hpmo people were able Lo read Rt.:al's articles. 1892, portrayed Rizal as cowardly, egoistic, opponunu11c :-- a The vigilant Spanish censors soon dtscoverc to ~1cc1 them in the army; AmbrOSI0 F)ores (Mu.ro ), retired heutcnan1 of pe:rso~ally nd discussed the problem~ affcctin1 their people. infantry; Agustin de la Rosa. bookkeeper and Mason: Moises Salvador (Araw), contractor and -Mason: Luis Villareal. tailor S ~ 1 returned b} tram 10 Manila on the next day June 28 at o c1oclt ,n the afternoon. Whether he k and Mason; Faustino Villarruel (flaw) pharmacist and Mason, was shadowed b. ne.., 11 or not. he Mariano Crisostomo, landlord; Numeriano Adriano (/pi(), notary y go,ernment spies who watched carefull> his every movement. The ~Omei he had v1SJu:d were raided by the public and Mason; Estaruslao Legaspi, artisan and Mason: Teo- Guar~a C1v1I which sc12ed some copies of the Nolt and F:t d doro Plata, court clerk and Mason; Andres Bonifacio, warehouse some sub e"1ve pamphlets , , an employee; Apolinario Mablru (Kotabay). lawyer and Ma~n: and J1&&11 Zulucta, playwriJbt, poet, and &0"ernmcnl employee · Clntuvlew, "'Ith OnP'1Joi Af friendOther. ,s v1;i1. ter Rizal. 10 his G 5 !'bentt:al Luzon. he had other interviews with Go,enor _enera cspu1ol. These interviews were vividly recorded h Rizal explained the objectives of the Liga Filipma, a civic leacuc of Filipinos, which he desired to establish and its role ,n diary, as follows: 7 ' " ,~ the socio-economic life of the people. He presented the Comtitu- tion of the Lip which he bad written in Hong Kong and discussed its provisions. The patriots were favorably impressed and glad!) On Wednesday (June Z9 - Z) at 7.30 I -..w th, ExcellellC)'. I dtd not sucaed lo have the penalty of ex,le approved the e!tablisbrnc:nt of the Llga. hlled,. bul he & me h""" ·r· Wllh gard ~ lo my $ISie~. As The officen of the new league were elc!Ctcd, as folio,.,,: was lhc atoded ,._ fcaS1 of St Peacr and S1 Paul o ur in1cr.1cw Ambrosio Salvador. president: Deodato Arellano. as highly Rhal's Encounttt wlth the friar's Spy. During the early dayg of November 1893 Rizal was living peacefully and happily at his c:onfidential Rimi, who was surpri!,ed at th~ turn of e\rnts, house in Talisay , a kilometer away from Dapitan. H is mother, si11- requested for a copy of the proceedmgs of the im·cstigatioo P P"'I upheld Rizal taught his boys reading. writing languages (Spanish by rocks vr bnck piers 10 the distribution reservoir and English). geography, bisto,y, mathem~t cs (arithmetic and geometry), industrial work, nature study, morals. and gymnas Community Projects for Oapitan. When Ri.z.al arrived m tics. 21 He tra1Ded them how 10 collect $pecimens of plants and Dap11an , h~ ,!.:tided to improve 11, 10 the bcl.1 of hil> Cod-given ammals, to love work, and to "behave like men'' tz talenl, and to uwaken the civic con-.ciou\11c" of i1s people lie wrote to Fr Pastclb- · I want to do all that I can for this town " 19 Formal classes were conducted between 2:00 p.m and 4:00 p_m_ Rizal, lite 1encher. sat on n hammock, while the pupils !>JI Aside tron, constructing the town's fim water sy~tem, he on u long bamboo bench. On one day the lessons were Cnductcd sp.:nt many months drarnmg the marshes in order to itet nd of in Spani)stem. !'his lighting ~) ,1, 111 n>nsbt, d of.-o,·onut otl l,,mf" pl.iced in th,· dark ,1n:ets soil. 01 D;1p11an Lk,·tnc lrghlln!!, wa, unknown then in the Ph,hppmcs. Outside the class hours, Rizal encouraged them to play 11 "'" m>t unul IK'14 when Mdntla -..,w the ftN clcctnc hght,. games in order to sltengthen their bodies. They had gymnastics, boxing, wrc,lling, ,1onc-throw1Dg, ,w,mmmg, urms (nauve fenc- Anoll1c1 ""nmuntt} p1u1c,1 ol R,ul wa, the beauu(ication ing), and bo.ating. t>f D,1p1lan \\ ,th lhc hl'I p ,>I hi, t.11 mer Jc,u,t tca ~-omc I will Coulan, Italian, Chinese Japanese, Portuguc~e. Swedish, aftd build a big hou~c we can all hve m"/H Liter he.1c,1u11ctl more Russi.in lands until h1~ 101al holdin~ reached 70 hectares, containing Artistic Works in Dapitan. Rizal continued his artistic pur- 6,000 hemp plants. 1,000 coconut trees, and numcrot.K fruit trees. ,mb in Dapitan. He contributed his painting sktll to the Sisters ,ugMcanc. com. coffee and cacao of Charity who were preparing lite sanctuary or the Holy Virgin On tu~ fairm~, Ru.al introduced modern me1hotb of jgncul in their private chapel. For the ~ke of economy, the head of 1ure "hich he had ob,;crvcd in Europe and America H,., pupil~ the image was "procured from abroad".U The vestments conce- helped him in 1he daily farm labor. He encouraged 1he Dap1tan aling all the rest or the figure excep1 the feet, which rested upon farmer.. to diM:ard their primitive system of 1ulagc and adopt a globe encircled hy a 5nake m whose mouth is an apple, were 1hc modern ngriculturol methods. He impo11~tl agricultural made by lhe sisters. Rizal modeled the right fool o{ the image, madiincry from the Uni1ed States. the apple, and the serpent's head. He also designed the cxquishe cunain, which w~ painted in oil by an ar11s1 Sister under his Riz:il llrcamed ol c~iabli~hing an agricultural colns and thing5 thal attracted be illcal ·10 raise cacao, coffee, C()(;Onutb, and callle He invited him in Dapitan. He drew, for instance. lhe three rare species his rcla1ives and friends. especially those in Calamba. to come of anlllllll hfc - the dragon, the frog, and the beetle - which to his proJCcted agricuhural colony. "We will establish a new he had disc:overed He had sketches of 1hc numerous fishes he Kalamba," he wrntc 10 Hidalgo, his hrothcr-in-lnw. 39 Unfortu caught in Dapitan wa1ers n:itd)' 1hi< colony did not materialize, like his previous Borneo One day m 1894 some of his pupils secretly went co Dapitan colon,w11on. 'because be could not get the suppon of the govern 111.iboat from Tal1say; a puppy of Syria (Rizal's dog) tried 10 lllC:tlt.)U follow and was devoured by a crocod,lc. Rizal reprimanded Raul as 0u~in~ssman. Aside from fanning, Rizal engaged them. telling lhem lha1 had they not disobeyed his advice not in huIUl' uml j(rccn 0~mes Oil o,cr the deer, A buuerfly seeking the Oowers and 1he light, Uut LJlm n:,go, \.\JLh the morning's light, Of other lands dreaming of vaster extent; An4 l ,,'km tlh: hold fishcttn;1n \'.'om~, ,nco saght. Scarce a youth, from home and love I look Oighl, An,I lu, t>.,rk rushes on and the waves sink to