Computer Languages and Generations PDF

Human and Computer Language GEE 13 – Living in the IT Era GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Human Language Computer Language Context 01 01...

Human and Computer Language GEE 13 – Living in the IT Era GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Human Language Computer Language Context 01 01 Context Display emotions, express social cues, Program instructions, data, output, abstract concepts, story-telling, etc. memory location, etc. Structure 02 02 Structure Flexible grammar, pragmatics, phonetics, Rigid syntax and semantics, program vocabulary, language, accents, etc. statements, linking of program statements, etc. Forms 03 03 Forms Verbal, Non-Verbal, Written, Visual, 10001110 (Binary Strings), High-Level Gestures, etc. Language, Low-Level Language, etc. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Types of Computer Language Structure depends on the hardware of the computer system. 01 Low-Level Extremely fast execution, but hard to master and understand. Programming An example is Assembly and is mostly used in critical applications Language especially in healthcare and security. Focuses on readability, simplicity, and versatility. It abstracts the 02 High-Level concept of machine code and all hardware complexities. Programming Java and Python are an example, where these languages are written Language very close to human language and understanding. Interprets the automation of computing tasks and facilitates 03 Scripting interaction of different software components. Languages JavaScript and Ruby are examples, where they are programmed GEE 13 to execute a series of commands without the need for compilation. Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int x = 5; A computer language is made up of double y = 5.0; statements, where each statement corresponds to a particular instruction to be executed. String s = “Hello World”; print(x + y); GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int x = 5; Most programming languages, double y = 5.0; regardless of level or type, always has the syntax of how statements should be constructed. String s = “Hello World”; print(x + y); In this case of a high-level programming language, it is required that every statement should end in a specific symbol, ; GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int x = 5; double y = 5.0; Data Types refers to the type of data a variable String s = “Hello World”; holds. They influence how much memory a variable print(x + y); use. int → Integer numbers. Consumes 4 bytes. double → Decimal numbers (1.05, 1.23232323232). Consumes 8 bytes GEE 13 String → A sequence of characters. Consumption depends on length and characters. Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int x = 5; double y = 5.0; String s = “Hello World”; Variables are containers of data that are either print(x + y); processed or outputted. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int x = 5; double y = 5.0; String s = “Hello World”; This statement can be understood as outputting the result of adding print(x + y); the variables, x and y. It would result to: 10.0 GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int i = 0; while (i < 50) { if i % 2 == 0 { Control Block (Loop) print(“Is even”); Loops are control blocks where } a group of statements will be else { repeatedly executed until the print(“Is odd”); loop’s condition is not met. } i = i + 1; GEE 13 } Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int i = 0; while (i < 50) { if i % 2 == 0 { Loop Condition print(“Is even”); } else { print(“Is odd”); } i = i + 1; GEE 13 } Living in the IT Era Structure of a Computer Language NOTE: The language shown corresponds to a high-level programming language int i = 0; while (i < 50) { if i % 2 == 0 { Conditional Statements print(“Is even”); Blocks that are executed only if } the condition is met. else { print(“Is odd”); } i = i + 1; GEE 13 } Living in the IT Era Generation of Computers Understanding the Computer Language GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  The emergence of modern computers we use and see today is the product of continuous evolution and innovation; starting from the largest of computers taking hundreds of square meters capable only of simple operations, to a very small chip that could do a lot of complicated things in a millionth of a second. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  First Generation of Computers 1940s – 1950s The first computers were built using large vacuum tubes for logic circuitry. They were so large that a 1-bit circuitry would require at least 190 vacuum tubes to work, which is like 190 light bulbs (350 – 400 watts of power). GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Source: Veritasium (YT)  First Generation of Computers 1940s – 1950s Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) The first programmable, electronic, and general- GEE 13 purpose computer, completed in 1945. Living in the IT Era Second Generation of Computers Late 1950s – 1960s The second generation of computers were made up of transistors, a reliable and smaller version of vacuum tubes. With the improvement of hardware came the improvement of software. From low-level languages like Assembly, higher levels of programming languages were introduced. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Second Generation of Computers Late 1950s – 1960s IBM 1401 IBM 1401, a transistor based-computer. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Image Retrieved from: https://static.righto.com/images/1401-boot/1401.jpg  FORTRAN 1957 Formula Translation is a compiled and imperative high-level programming language used for scientific and engineering tasks. It simplified the coding structure of numerical algorithms, statistical calculations, and simulations needed by the scientific community. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Sample FORTRAN Code program hello implicit none real :: a, b, result When the program is compiled and !Add two numbers executed, this will result to: a = 12.0 The total is 27.0 b = 15.0 result = a + b print *, ‘The total is ‘, result end program hello GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  COBOL 1959 Common Business-Oriented Language was developed purposefully for business applications, where its English-like code were tailored for business tasks like payroll and accounting. This gave the business enterprises the initiative to adopt computing technology, (Singh, 2023). GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Sample COBOL Program IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. HELLO. When the program is compiled and PROCEDURE DIVISION. executed, this will result to: DISPLAY ‘Welcome to GEE13’. Welcome to GEE13 STOP RUN. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Third Generation of Computers 1960s – 1970s The third generation of computers utilized integrated circuits, which were composed of small transistors based on the second generation of computers. The minification of a computer’s components led to more hardware being integrated to the computer, leading to a better performance and more functionalities introduced. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Third Generation of Computers 1960s – 1970s IBM System/360 IBM System/360, an IC-based computer. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Image retrieved from: https://images.ctfassets.net/le3mxztn6yoo/3xizkAu6Gsu6ukwCCgUqSa/ab2af09166b2e09adfbcea9637293989/1_O8716r4hduFUkb6tjAOR5A.png Fourth Generation of Computers 1980s – 1990s The fourth generation of computers evolved similarly from the third generation. Hundreds (or more) integrated circuits were used to construct a single silicon chip called a microprocessor. This was only possible with the advancement of technology where engineers and scientists continuously improved how many integrated circuits could be assimilated at once. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Fourth Generation of Computers 1980s – 1990s A fourth-generation computer, made by Apple. GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Image Retrieved from: https://sergster2.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/apple_ii_tranparent_800.png  Fifth Generation of Computers 1990s - Present The fifth generation is based on the concept of utilizing the power of microprocessors in creating an artificial intelligence which could operate in similar terms of human capabilities. This is slowly being actualized in the current Era, with many AI prompters and AI content generators proliferating over the Internet as an example GEE 13 Living in the IT Era GEE 13 Living in the IT Era GEE 13 Living in the IT Era GEE 13 Living in the IT Era DOG GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Programming Languages Understanding the Computer Language GEE 13 Living in the IT Era PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Output START Processed Data Process Input Receive END Input GEE 13 Living in the IT Era FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 GEE 13 Living in the IT Era OBJECT ORIENTED PL A person object can be expressed in various ways: (1) Doctor, (2) Nurse, (3) Staff, (4) Patient GEE 13 Living in the IT Era  Name Address Historic Medical Specialization Records Symptoms Certifications Attending to Patient GEE 13 Living in the IT Era SCRIPTING PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES GEE 13 Living in the IT Era LOGICAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE x is prime x is not divisible by x % 2 != 0 other primes GEE 13 Living in the IT Era IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 GEE 13 Living in the IT Era THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! GEE 13 Living in the IT Era References Ayunar, G., Bonifacio, K. L., Casildo, N. J., Pasoc, R. I. (2024). Living in the IT Era, 2nd Edition. CMU Printing Press GEE 13 Living in the IT Era Image Sources https://www.simslifecycle.com/wp- content/uploads/sites/2/2022/01/Electronic-Numerical- Integrator-And-Computer.png GEE 13 Living in the IT Era