KiTOI5-L2 - Chemistry I Lecture Notes PDF

Log into iClicker and join today’s session! LECTURE TWO CHEMISTRY I © Dr. Nicole M. Ventura, PhD. © All slides are property of Dr Ventura. Instructo...

Log into iClicker and join today’s session! LECTURE TWO CHEMISTRY I © Dr. Nicole M. Ventura, PhD. © All slides are property of Dr Ventura. Instructor Assistant Professor, Teaching Stream generated course materials are protected by law and may not be copied or distributed in any form or in any School of Kinesiology & Health Sciences medium without explicit permission of Dr Ventura and/or 3rd party (published texts) where applicable. Faculty of Health, York University  BUT FIRST … LET’S START WITH A LITTLE REVIEW! DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY: Body Axes/Axes of Movement Sagittal Axis Frontal Axis Longitudinal (Vertical) Axis Running from the front Running from one Running lengthwise through the body to the back of the body side of the body to the other erse ane nsv ) Pl Tr ntal a rizo (Ho nal) Sa git oro ta l (C e lP n a t lan lan Fro P e http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/tmpe02640_thumb.png  TERMS OF JOINT MOVEMENT Flexion: Movement to decrease the angle between two parts of the body Extension: Movements to increase the angle between two parts of the body Frontal Axis Sagittal Plane Elbow Spine EXTENSION FLEXION (hyperextension) Knee Sagittal Axis http://www.physio- Frontal Plane pedia.com/Cardinal_Planes_and_Axes_of_Movement Gilroy, Anatomy: An Essential Texbook, Copyright © 2013 by Thieme Lateral Flexion  TERMS OF JOINT MOVEMENT Abduction: Movement away from the midline Torso/Trunk Rotation Adduction: Movement toward the midline Medial/Internal Sagittal Axis & Frontal Plane Lateral/External Rotation Combination of flexion/extension, Longitudinal abduction/adduction Axis Circumduction Moore & Agur: Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition. Copyright © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins LET’S PRACTISE SOME EXAMPLES OF MOVEMENT! Using iClicker, type in your answers for each of the numbered images below and indicate the primary movement(s) conducted by the individuals. 1. 2. 3. 4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the components of an atom. Define and describe the importance of each subatomic particle. Define and discuss the difference forms of chemical bonding and molecular formation. Differentiate between an atom and ion and discuss the chemical bonding between ions. Define the process and terms associated with redox reactions. Name, identify and define the different types of chemical reactions. Define energy. Discuss the various types of energy and how energy can be transformed. Define kinetic and potential energy as well as the first law of thermodynamics. Define endergonic and exergonic reactions. Discuss energy flow in chemical reactions. ANATOMY OF THE ATOM – Smallest Unit of Matter! center of the atom, containing neutrons and protons Subatomic particles space where electrons are found within the atom Atomic # Atomic mass Protons: positive charge, # can not change, and is determined by the element number. Electrons: negatively charged, atomic charge depends on the # of electrons Neutrons: no charge, number of neutrons determines the atomic mass. Changes in # create different isotopes. CHEMICAL BONDING – MOLECULAR FORMATION Molecules are formed when electrons between atoms are shared. The way in which this happens creates different types of chemical bonds! COVALENT BONDS POLAR MOLECULE: When electrons are not equally shared creating charges on either side of the molecule! H2 O ATOM vs. ION and REDOX REACTIONS ATOM ION Equal # of e- to p+ Change in the # of e- creates charge Molecule formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) REDOX REACTION Ex. of an IONIC BOND Na is the reducing agent as it reduces the charge of Cl by donating an electron, thus becoming more positive) Cl is the oxidizing agent because it becomes more negative by accepting the electron from Na. CHEMICAL REACTIONS A chemical reaction occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken. PROTEIN FORMATION TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS SYNTHESIS Example DECOMPOSITION Example CHEMICAL REACTIONS EXCHANGE: When synthesis and decomposition occur in the same reaction Adenosine Adenosine tri-phosphate di-phosphate SINGLE DISPLACEMENT DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT CHEMICAL REACTIONS Energy Released for use EXERGONIC REACTION Energy releasing 6 6 6 C6H12O6 Important redox reaction that is important for all cells of living things, particularly in the body! ENDERGONIC REACTION Energy absorbing 6 6 6 C6H12O6 BREAKING DOWN CELLULAR RESPIRATION All hydrogens contain one electron Hydrogens are released from glucose and bind to oxygen (transfer of electrons!) Glucose is OXIDIZED (loses electrons, becomes more positive) Oxygen is REDUCED (gains electrons, become more negative) https://www.thesciencehive.co.uk/respiration-a-level CHEMICAL REACTIONS – LET’S PRACTISE THESE! Of the following chemical reactions listed below, which one demonstrates the process of DECOMPOSITION? a) Zn + CuSO4 à ZnSO4 + Cu b) 2H2O2 à 2H2O + O2 c) N2 + 3H2 à 2NH3 d) Na2CO3 + CaCl2 à 2NaCl + CaCO3 ENERGY The capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion. Energy is in all matter (including us!) and is a force that can drive or enable things to happen. There are 2 main categories of energy … POTENTIAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY https://byjus.com/jee/energy/ Energy that is stored Energy of movement ENERGY TYPES AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another. https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=jhKejoBqiYc https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/energy-transformation-example- illustration_7291054.htm?epik=dj0yJnU9TDNuSDExWmwyUERIaXZGbkJ3NU4zV1dhblhxWUszU2QmcD0wJm4 9dnhlOXRHazZ2UXQxRW9KbFhOYUNwUSZ0PUFBQUFBR2JkWjNV ENERGY FLOW IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS Energy associated with CHEMICAL BONDS is called BOND ENERGY. Energy is involved in the breaking of chemical bonds AND in the formation of chemical bonds. Energy is required to break bonds between elements/molecules reactants products Energy is released when bonds are formed between elements/molecules reactants products ENERGY FLOW IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS More energy is released than absorbed for this reaction to occur! Written chemical reaction: CH4 + 2O2 à CO2 + 2H2O https://slideplayer.com/slide/14498956/ -- image published by Reginald Walton ENERGY FLOW IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS EXERGONIC REACTION: ENDERGONIC REACTION: Energy releasing Energy absorbing (more energy is released!) (more energy is absorbed) Think … CELLULAR RESPIRATION vs. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Image from: https://www.chemistrylearner.com/chemical-reactions/exergonic-reaction