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Questions and Answers
What are the three main subatomic particles found within an atom?
What are the three main subatomic particles found within an atom?
- Electrons, isotopes, ions
- Protons, isotopes, chemical bonds
- Protons, neutrons, electrons (correct)
- Neutrons, ions, covalent bonds
Which statement correctly describes a covalent bond?
Which statement correctly describes a covalent bond?
- Atoms lose or gain electrons
- Atoms are identical in charge
- Atoms share electrons (correct)
- Atoms are repelled by each other
How does the number of neutrons affect an atom?
How does the number of neutrons affect an atom?
- It transforms it into a molecule
- It changes its atomic number
- It creates different isotopes (correct)
- It determines its charge
What occurs in a redox reaction?
What occurs in a redox reaction?
What is the primary difference between an atom and an ion?
What is the primary difference between an atom and an ion?
What type of molecule is formed when electrons are not equally shared?
What type of molecule is formed when electrons are not equally shared?
What is defined as energy associated with motion?
What is defined as energy associated with motion?
In terms of chemical reactions, what is the first law of thermodynamics generally stating?
In terms of chemical reactions, what is the first law of thermodynamics generally stating?
What is the main difference between potential energy and kinetic energy?
What is the main difference between potential energy and kinetic energy?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be?
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be?
What occurs during an exergonic reaction?
What occurs during an exergonic reaction?
What is bond energy associated with?
What is bond energy associated with?
Which of the following statements is true regarding cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Which of the following statements is true regarding cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
In the reaction CH4 + 2O2 Ã CO2 + 2H2O, what type of reaction is this an example of?
In the reaction CH4 + 2O2 Ã CO2 + 2H2O, what type of reaction is this an example of?
What term describes a reaction where more energy is absorbed than released?
What term describes a reaction where more energy is absorbed than released?
What can be inferred about energy in chemical bonds?
What can be inferred about energy in chemical bonds?
Which axis runs from the front to the back of the body?
Which axis runs from the front to the back of the body?
What is the term for the movement away from the midline of the body?
What is the term for the movement away from the midline of the body?
Which of the following movements decreases the angle between two body parts?
Which of the following movements decreases the angle between two body parts?
What is the opposite of flexion in joint movement terms?
What is the opposite of flexion in joint movement terms?
Which term describes a circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction?
Which term describes a circular movement that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction?
Which axis runs lengthwise through the body?
Which axis runs lengthwise through the body?
Which term refers to movement toward the midline of the body?
Which term refers to movement toward the midline of the body?
What does hyperextension specifically refer to?
What does hyperextension specifically refer to?
What is the significance of the frontal axis in body movement?
What is the significance of the frontal axis in body movement?
What type of joint movement occurs during the rotation of the torso?
What type of joint movement occurs during the rotation of the torso?
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Study Notes
Directional Terminology
- Sagittal axis runs from front to back of the body.
- Frontal axis runs from one side of the body to the other.
- Longitudinal (vertical) axis runs lengthwise through the body.
Terms of Joint Movement
- Flexion: Decreases the angle between two body parts.
- Extension: Increases the angle between two body parts.
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
- Adduction: Movement toward the midline.
- Rotation: Movement around longitudinal axis.
- Circumduction: Combination of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction.
Anatomy of the Atom
- The atom is the smallest unit of matter.
- Protons: Positively charged, located in the nucleus, determine the element's atomic number.
- Electrons: Negatively charged, occupy the space around the nucleus.
- Neutrons: No charge, located in the nucleus, influence atomic mass.
Chemical Bonding - Molecular Formation
- Molecules: Formed by sharing electrons between atoms.
- Covalent bonds: Strong bonds formed by sharing electrons.
- Polar molecule: Electrons are unequally shared, creating charges on opposite sides of the molecule.
Atom vs. Ion and Redox Reactions
- Atom: Contains equal number of protons and electrons.
- Ion: Has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net charge.
- Redox reactions: Involve the transfer of electrons.
Energy
- Energy is the capacity to do work.
- Potential energy: Stored energy.
- Kinetic energy: Energy of motion.
Energy Types and Transformations
- First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only transformed.
Energy Flow in Chemical Reactions
- Bond energy: Energy associated with chemical bonds.
- Breaking chemical bonds requires energy.
- Forming chemical bonds releases energy.
Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions
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Exergonic reaction: Releases more energy than it absorbs.
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Endergonic reaction: Absorbs more energy than it releases.
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Cellular respiration: An example of an exergonic reaction.
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Photosynthesis: An example of an endergonic reaction.
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