Khan 291-300, Social Science PDF

§ **2. Feeling of Deserving better** § **3. Conventional means are useless --a** belief conventional methods are useless to get help. § Criticisms: people who don't feel deprived join social movement even if they don't suffer themselves. And too risky for oppressed to join a movement due to lac...

§ **2. Feeling of Deserving better** § **3. Conventional means are useless --a** belief conventional methods are useless to get help. § Criticisms: people who don't feel deprived join social movement even if they don't suffer themselves. And too risky for oppressed to join a movement due to lack of resources to participate (can't take time off work\...but there is exceptions to this). Also, when all 3 are present, no social movement created. o 3. **Resource Mobilization Theory** -- looks at social movements from different angle. Instead of looking at deprivation of people, *focuses on factors that* *help/hinder a social movement like access to resources.* Gathering together people of a shared idea is not allowed everywhere. Also, for a social movement you need money, materials, political influence, media, and strong organizational base to recruit members -- charismatic figure needed (unite people/members/oppressed on a single idea) Ex. Martin Luther King Jr. in Civil Rights Movement (beacon to oppressed black population and gained support he needed. o 4. **Rational Choice Theory** -- people compare pros and cons of different courses of actions and choose the one they think is best for themselves. These choices shape pattern of behavior in society. § Have to assume a lot for this to be true: 1. all actions can be listed in order of preference and all preferences are transient. \[Ex: I like Apples better than pears and pears better than bananas, so I like apples better than bananas\] 2. Also assumes person has full knowledge of outcomes due to action and 3. people have ability to weigh different actions. Rarely all true.  Social movements can affect people not involved in them.  Social movements can cause widespread panics (unreasoning fear -- such as anti-vaccine movement), crazes (fads, ex music, dieting).  Social movement Stages: o 1. begins with shared idea shared by a few, o 2. **incipient stage** - public takes notice of the situation that they consider to be a problem o 3. People begin to organize in a group and raise up o 4. They will either succeed in changing the society or have to adapt. In the end, they become part of bureaucracy they try to change. If they are successful, they become absorbed into institutions once desired changes have been achieved. If failed = they are not active anymore but leave a mark on society/culture. § Our culture and society is formed from past social movements. Even failed social movements leave a mark. \[Ex: Martin Luther movement against Catholic Church resulted in Protestant Church, Martin Luther King 292 Jr. social movement against segregation that led to civil rights movement, and Nazism left a lasting mark on world politics\]. § In their time: social movements seem radical, farfetched and extreme but now we except their goals. (Ex: every person now has rights to freedom and equality) Overview of Demographics  **Urbanization**: movement of people from farms to cities. o Functionalist perspective: cities are good and bad for a society. They are centers of culture/diversity and crime o Conflict theory: sources of inequality where the elite use the poor for their resources to enrich their own lives. Cultural diversity leads to conflict between different beliefs and values. o Symbolic Interactionism: cities of hubs of cultures with strong norms and values o Reasons to move to a city: Jobs, better utilities, easier access to hospital/schools, o People moving: affects people who live there. You need to join small communities to make friends/connections. Some people need to move away from cities (but not to a rural environment) -- so people move to outskirts of city (suburbs) where people can form communities with their neighbors while maintaining individuality. o **Exurbs**: beyond suburbs who are very prosperous. o Drive to city for work can be tiresome so some suburbs create their own economic centers. o Some people rebuild areas of city called urban renewal which can lead to gentrification (former lower income residence forced out) o Rural rebound: some people desire to get away from urban areas and move back to rural areas.  **Population Dynamics**: How population grows and shrinks over time. Looks at fertility, migration, and mortality rates. We look at years' worth of population change at a time. o Fertility: Rate people are born into a population. Increase population o Migration: two factors -- emigration (moves out, lowers population) and immigration (move in, adds to population) § Reasons for migration: Refuge, work, live in a different countries. o Mortality: rate at which people are dying. Deaths decrease population § o Look at population pyramid to look at population of a country. § X axis -- gender and y-axis age. Looks at \# of people of each age group there are.  Expansive pyramids: lots of deaths and lots of births. Lots of young people not many old people  Stationary pyramid: Birth rates and death rates are low. Lots of everybody 293  Constrictive pyramid: low birth and death rates. More old people than younger pyramid. (in very developed countries) o Growth Rate = Initial Population + births + immigrants -- emigrants -- deaths = New population § If new population \> old population = growth. Growth rate positive § If old population \> new population = negative growth. Growth rate negative § Most countries growing but Bulgaria and Czech republic are shrinking § Fertility and immigration increase population while death and emigration decrease the population.  Demographic Transition: model of changes in countries population. High birth and death rates transition to low birth and death rates o 5 stages: § 1. High birth and death rates. Stable population. High Stationary Pyramid § 2. High birth rate and declining death rates (better sanitation and food supply). Increase in population. Population of older people increases. Early Expanding Pyramid § 3. Lower birth rates (contraceptives, and social values changing) and sometimes continued decline in death rates. Population stops growing as quickly. Late expansive pyramid § 4. Birth rates and death rates balance. Population stabilizes. Lots of people because of all the growth in 1-3. Low-Stationary Pyramid § 5. Speculative Stage; population could remain stable, increase, or decrease (decrease=constrictive pyramid). Less births and more deaths. o Models changing population of country or the world  Globalization: Sharing of ideas, cultures, services, and products across national borders due to progress of technology, interdependence of countries, and advancement in communication technology o People migrating to different countries or working in different countries bring their customers and cultures with them o **World Systems Theory**: World is a single social unit divided into three regions -- Core countries: independent of outside control, industrialized \| periphery countries: influenced by core nations and transnational corporations, dependent on one type of economy \| semi-periphery countries: middle ground between core and periphery consisting of declining core country or rising periphery countries. o **Modernization Theory:** every country has similar path in development from traditional to modern and todays third world countries can reach same development as todays first world countries with help over time o **Dependency Theory:** Reaction to modernization theory and states that third world countries have their own unique structures and are poor and remain so because of their poor and unfavorable economic position in world economy o **Other theories: look at culture, social networking, economies, goods** 294 o **Hyper-globalists:** individual countries become less important as countries become interdepend and global society takes presence. o **Skeptics** believe that world is becoming regionalized not globalized. (transnational corps are still tied to their home countries) o **Transformationalists:** national governments importance changing, and world order design changing as well. o Transnational Corps: looking across borders for cheaper materials and labor. Some make more cash in a year than some countries. o Countries become less self-dependent and interconnected and there are both positive and negative effects of globalization. § Negative: countries competing to provide cheapest labor to Transnational corps § Benefits as well o Globalization affects culture and economies of every country with foreign ties.  Social Movements o Active: change something about society o Regressive/reactionary social movements: resist social change o *Group of people with shared idea who have resources and strong eadership to* *reach a shared goal and make an impact on society.* o Social movements -- ex. environmental movement o Have impact on their society o Social movements seen differently over time § Early 20th century: ppl join movement to seek meaning in lives. § Social movements are now an instrumental part of evolution of a society § Relative Deprivation Theory: Deprivation/inequality will band together to change the inequality § Resource mobilization theory: you need to have the resources to fund the movement to publicize, recruit members, and have an impact § Rational Choice Theory: patterns and behaviors in society depend on people who weigh different actions and choose the one that benefits them the most o Social movements can cause panics or crazes. o Two options: fail and fade away or succeed and become integrated in society. 295 Culture Culture and Society  **Culture** is way of life shared by group of individuals -- the knowledge, beliefs and values that bind a society together. Very diverse, can include artwork, language, and literature. o Ways of of thinking, behaving, and feeling connected to a shared knowledge of a society and allow members of the society to gain meaning from object and ideas around them.  **Society** is the way people organize themselves -- bunch of people who live together in a specific geographic area, and interact more with each other than outsiders. Share a common culture over time.  Culture = rules that guide way people live, and society = structure that provides organization for people. o Society includes **institutions**, ex. family, education, politics, which all meet basic human needs. Society provides structure. Groups of people. § Analogy: The hardware on a phone, the actual phone/phone case o Culture provides guidelines for living. Culture is learned, reshaped from generation to generation. Culture makes a society run. Rules and input that allow society to run. Way of life of people. § Analogy: software or apps on a phone (can't physically be touched) and are constantly being updated. o Need *human ideas* from culture to allow a society to work. § Analogy: need apps to allow a phone be useful o Culture and society need to both exist to function Overview of Culture  Society is a group of people and culture talks about rules and instructions within a society that teach them how to live.  Culture: idea/things passed on between generations in society - Knowledge, beliefs, values, language, and customs. Varies as we travel around the globe. o Differences in culture around the globe: § Ex: America toothpaste/toothbrush and other cultures use twigs from trees (African cultures) § People sleep in beds while others sleep on animal skins or mats § English -- 500M speakers, Chinese- 1B speakers, Hindi -- 480M speakers. 400M Spanish speakers around the world (official language of 20 countries) § Many like meat and vegetables, while others eat tofu and grasshoppers. § Ways of greeting differ, ex. In Japan they bow, and depth of bow is defined by relative status. And in Europe men and women kiss on both cheeks. 296 § Each social unit has a unique way of life due to differences in culture o Culture provides guidelines for actions and interactions within a society.  **4 main points of culture** o 1. **People share culture in society**: All people share culture with others in their society, provides rules and expectations for carrying out daily rituals and interactions. o 2. **Culture is adaptive** -- it evolves over time and adaptive. § Normal in hunter/gathers (cooperativity encouraged) different than today's information/technology age (individualism/competition). o 3. **Culture builds on itself** -- creation of culture is ongoing and cumulative, and societies build on existing cultures to adapt to new challenges and opportunities. § Normal values are shaped by your culture. Ex. Putting a baby in a crib is strange in other parts of the world. Culture differs around the world. o 4**. Culture is transmitted** -- from one generation to the next. We teach a way of life to the next generation. Humans are only mammals with culture to adapt to environments (to survive on equator and artic)  **High culture** refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society. This tends to be associated with wealth and formality.  **Normative culture** refers to values and behaviors that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crime).  **Popular culture** refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society - like attending a game or watching a parade. Subculture vs. Counterculture  Culture -- ideas of a society, values beliefs and rules that make up a society.  **A subculture** is culture (ideas) of a meso-level (medium) sub-community (small community) that distinguishes itself from the larger dominant culture of larger society/community. o Subculture smaller than a nation but unlike a **micro-culture**, it is large enough to support people throughout their entire lifespan. § Subcultures affect your life on a longer period than a micro-culture o **Meso-level** = population size falls between micro and macro levels. They are medium sized groups such as communities, organizations, cities, states, clans, and tribes. o It is a sub-community = smaller community in larger one. § Subcultures are unique to the larger society but still share some of the culture of the dominant society.  A **micro-culture** can't support people throughout their lifespan, refers to groups/organizations only affecting limited period of one's life. Ex. Girl scouts, college sororities, boarding school. 297  Subcultures include ethnic groups like Mexicans or orthodox Jews, or groups like the elite upper class. Subculture can cause tension with **dominant group**-which have the power to determine the cultural expectations of society.  When laws of dominant society is violated (conflict with larger culture becomes serious), a **counterculture results**. **Counterculture:** group with expectations and values that strongly disagree with the main values from the larger society. **It refers to a subculture** **that rejects some of the larger culture's norms and values, and usually develop their** **own set of norms to live by.** o Ex. Mormons believe in polygamy. **Polygamy =** more than one spouse (broader definition), **polygyny** = more than one wife, **polyandry --** woman has multiple husbands o Ex. Old Order Amish (PA/OH) reject mainstream ideas and have their own ideas/values, reject technology and consumerism and replace with religious principles (simple lifestyle) Jim Goes to College Subculture  National Society is a population of people usually living within a specific geographic area. Connected by common ideas and work towards common goals.  Within a nation many smaller groups -- ethnic, regional, tribal subcultures made of people who identify closely with each other. So a **subculture** is culture of a smaller community that distinguishes itself from larger society.  Different cities, states, regions in US may have their own unique subcultures.  Ex. Jim, grew up in Florida his whole life, but got into university in Washington DC. Notices a lot of differences between the two. Ex. Has to Parallel Park, watch for pedestrians, and has to pay for parking. Driving in DC not same as in Florida, much more traffic. Jim learns it is a better option to ride the metro in DC. Culture Lag and Culture Shock  **Culture lag** is the fact culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems. Common in societies because material culture changes rapidly, while non-material culture tends to resists change. o **Material culture** refers to physical and technological aspects of our daily lives, like food and houses, and phones and **non-material culture** (**symbolic culture**) doesn't include physical objects, like ideas/beliefs/values, which tend to resist change. o Examples: § Many Technology (material culture) outpace cultural adaptation examples § Cars first invented no laws to govern driving (no speed limits, no guidelines, lanes, stop signs, stop lights, etc). Very dangerous when cars first started entering roads but laws soon written to fix problem. 298 § Computer and emails invented, and businesses took time to use technology.  **Culture Shock** -- feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, or even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices. Ex. Moving countries, move social environments, or travels to another type of life (urban to rural). o In foreign places, weather, language, landscape, food, values and customers, way business conducted differently, stores open/close at different times, food can be completely different. Everything you are used to is no longer in place. o As a result of culture shock may feel sad, lonely, homesick, confused, etc, and have questioned your decision to move to this new place. o Ex. of culture shock: When people from Islamic countries (like Algeria) visit countries in Western Europe (Spain/Italy). Individuals from Islamic countries might experience culture shock when unmarried couples are kissing/holding hands in public and women are wearing what they consider revealing clothing. This would be a culture shock because they are experiencing things different from (in this case frowned upon) in own cultures Diffusion  **Diffusion** is the spread of an invention or discovery or ideas from one place to another. Spread of ideas such as Capitalism, democracy and religious beliefs have brought change in human relationships around the world. o Spread of music, phone technology, computer hardware/software have made a difference in how people connect with others across the globe.  Involves expansion of ideas across the globe  Can occur in many ways. o Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, internet.  Ex of Diffusion: Food in America seen all around the world -- McDonalds in Asia. Nike in Japan or Australia. Spanish is one of fastest growing languages. Or the ALS ice bucket challenge.  Diffusion between cultures has occurred throughout history but today it can happen faster because of social media/internet.  Culture Assimilation: **Cultural assimilation** is interpenetration and fusion of ethnic minorities into the dominant **culture**. Mass Media  **Mass media** = dissemination of information, and how information is transmitted within a culture. Includes print media (books, music, newspaper and magazines) and digital media (TV, media, radio, and the internet). How it's consumed changes across cultures in each group. (Ex. Older people might get their info via TV and newspaper while younger people can get it via the internet).  Can look at the role media plays through society through different sociological perspectives. 299  According to the **functionalist perspective**, its main role is to provide **entertainment**. Occupy our leisure time. Also says it can act as an **agent of socialization** (ex. **Collective** **experience** of watching Olympics on TV, and **community building** -- entire internet communities) and act as an **enforcer of social norms.** o Also tells us what society expects of us through rewards and punishment, ex. Seeing criminals. But can also glorify behaviours that are wrong in society, like intense physical violence. o Also functions as a promoter of **consumer culture**. At the turn of century average US child saw 20000 commercials a year on TV. Only increased from there, and not clear what impact this may have on next generation.  The **conflict perspective** focuses on how the media portrays and reflects and exacerbate **divisions** that exist in society, ex. Race/ethnicity/gender/social class. o Uses term **gatekeeping** to describe the process by which a small number of people and corporations control what information is presented on the media, and describes information (things that appear in newspaper, stories made into movies, what TV shows are turned into pilot) and how the information moves through a series of gates before they reach the public. In some countries this is decided by the government, in others decided by large media corporations. o Gatekeeping has more effect on some media than others, ex. Lots of control on big-budget movies, but little overhead control on what's posted online. o Also describes how mass media reflects the dominant ideology. Giving time, space or privileging certain political, economic, and social interests at the same time limiting other views. People who make the choice of what media is produced-- the **gatekeepers** are predominantly white, male, and wealthy. o Portrayal of racial minority groups/LGBT groups, working class people, women (minorities in general), etc. can be underrepresented or stereotyped -- unrealistic generalizations of certain groups of people. § There have been some attempts to fix underrepresentation/stereotyping § But these attempts have sometimes wrongly resulted in **tokenism** instead of diversity. \[One minority character is added to a movie as a stand in for the entire group\]  **Feminist Theories** is similar to conflict theory, in that mass media stereotypes/misrepresents society towards the dominant ideology. Specifically, message about men and women are represented in the media. Depictions of men and women often stereotyped, emphasizing traditional sex roles/gender roles. o men are considered normal and women are considered the "other". Ex. ("pens" and "pens for her" or "razors" and "razors for women"). o Women are depicted as victims, men as aggressors o Women are depicted as shallow or being obsessed with looks. Makes it more likely they will be sexualized/objectified.  **Interactionist perspective** looks at mass media on micro-level to see how it shapes day to day behavior. How mass media blurs line between solidary and group activities -- ex. watching a movie (can be watching with other people but because of societal 300 norms/theater rules you can't talk about it with those who you are watching with). Looks at how we connect with others using media changes over time (email/text message instead of phone, or online dating increase). Evolution and Human Culture  Culture is the *customs, knowledge, and behaviours* that are learned and socially transmitted. Includes *ideas, values and objects* meaningful to a group of people. o Culture is typically learned through **observation**, **interactions**, and the **biological** component (shaped through **evolution**)  Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution -- both **physical traits** and **behaviours** can be selected for if they contribute to success of the species. o Ex. In BIOLOGY: **Physical traits can be selected for**. Interaction between organism and their environment cause finches with long/short beaks on different environments. Animals best suited for their environment have best likelihood to survive in that environment and passing on their genes. Drought causes flowers with seeds that produce only long flowers -- birds with long/thin beaks are preferred in their environment over their counterparts and they survive to an age they can produce. If environmental conditions continue -- long/thin birds selection over time § Ex. **Behaviors can be selected for:** if they contribute to fitness of a species. How do we know which behavior is selected for? Well because there are cultural universals which exist throughout the world for certain things/behaviors which might have been selected for as human species evolved. § **Cultural Universals** -- Ex. all cultures have ways of dealing with illness/medicine/healing Or wedding/funeral ceremonies. Language (ability to communicate within a group).  Evolution can shape culture (above universal cultural examples), but can also think of how culture can shape human evolution. o Ex. Hunter-gatherer society vs. farming society, people moved less, and populations grew. Because of this people were more exposed to outbreaks of disease. Since only those that survived were the ones not killed by diseases, our culture/these communities helped shape our immune systems. o Or lactose intolerance, first year of life most humans get nutrition from milk, but genes to digest this milk are switched after children are weaned. But Northern Europeans which reared cattle, don't have this effect -- their lactase gene doesn't turn off. So those able to digest milk more likely to survive. More surviving digesting-milk people so more digesting-milk (lactose tolerant) offspring. They can drink milk/eat dairy products because of ancestors' culture directing evolution. 301