Final Exam Review Chapters 10-14 PDF

Final Exam review Chapters 10-14  Chapter 10 Religion, Science, and Education 3  (B) Religion Varying definitions of religion Worldwide religious patterns – at least 22 major world religions – largest  Christianity, Islam, Hinduism Canadian religious patter...

Final Exam review Chapters 10-14  Chapter 10 Religion, Science, and Education 3  (B) Religion Varying definitions of religion Worldwide religious patterns – at least 22 major world religions – largest  Christianity, Islam, Hinduism Canadian religious patterns – declining religious affiliation and religious attendance 4 Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census) (Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick) Canada N.L. P.E.I. N.S. N.B. number Total population 29,639,035 508,080 133,385 897,570 719,710 Catholic 12,936,905 187,440 63,265 328,700 386,050 Protestant 8,654,850 303,195 57,080 438,150 263,075 Christian Orthodox 479,620 365 245 3,580 635 Christian not included elsewhere 780,450 2,480 3,205 10,105 8,120 Muslim 579,640 630 195 3,545 1,275 Jewish 329,995 140 55 2,120 670 Buddhist 300,345 185 140 1,730 545 Hindu 297,200 405 30 1,235 475 Sikh 278,410 135 0 270 90 Eastern religions 37,550 110 105 565 330 Other religions 63,975 135 100 1,155 790 No religious affiliation 4,900,090 12,865 8,950 106,405 57,665 Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population. Last modified: 2005-01-25. 5  Implications of Religion for Individuals Positive outcomes for adults and youth Religion is a source of – social capital bridging capital bonding capital 6  Conflict Views on Religion Marx  opium of the people Contemporary conflict views: – agent of social control – inequalities within religion – contributes to social inequalities 7  Interactionist Views on Religion Weber  Protestant doctrine enabled capitalism – economic activity as a vocation – predestination Contemporary interactionists – interactions, rituals, and symbols within religion – source of people’s understanding of society – identity formation 8  Scientific Knowledge as Objective Truth Sociologists study norms governing science, communities of scientists, competition, etc. Robert Merton  normative structure of science – Communism – Universalism – Disinterestedness – organized skepticism 9  Chapter 11 Social Control, Deviance, and Crime  Deviance as “Subjective” Deviance is socially constructed Something is deviant “if enough important people say so” High-consensus deviance vs. low- consensus deviance 11  (C) Crime Criminal behaviour is a specific form of deviance, studied by criminologists Crime = any behaviour that violates criminal law – which behaviours those are varies over time 12  Legal Ingredients of a Crime Several elements must occur for an act to qualify as a crime: – The law must define the act or behaviour as criminal. – In order for the state to prove that a crime occurred and the accused is responsible, the prosecution must show that the accused engaged in the guilty act (actus reas) and had the intent (mens rea) to commit the act. LO4  Crime Statistics Standard definitions of crime enable measurement Uniform Crime Reporting System (UCR) Gap between perceptions and reality – media  violent crime, out of control – reality  most crimes are property crimes  crime has declined since 1991 14  Crime Control Through Punishment Punishment as retribution Punishment as deterrence – people are rational decision makers – punishment must be prompt, severe, and certain Punishment to protect society Punishment to rehabilitate 15  Social Control Theories What restrains people from deviance? Hirschi (1969)  social bonds – Attachment – Commitment – Involvement – belief These young people, participating in a Habitat for Humanity “home build,” exemplify the positive values and socially embedded behaviours social control theorists say help to prevent16 criminal involvement.  Labelling Edwin Lemert (1951)  labelling theory Primary Deviance (insignificant event) Social penalty – label attached Secondary Deviance (more significant event) Formal penalty Continued deviance with increased severity Community stigmatization and formal penalties Acceptance of deviant or criminal role, strengthening of deviant or criminal conduct 17  Labeling Theory Derivatives Non-intervention – Lack of positive outcome? Diversion/Extrajudicial Sanctions/Conditional discharge – Removing official label pre- or post- conviction – Some labeling might still remain Restorative Justice – Restoring conflict through active participation by victim, offender, community Harm reduction – Health centered approach – Meet users “where they are at” – Continuum of responses (e.g. needle deposit box, safe injection sites, ‘wet’ halfway houses, ‘abstinence’ halfway houses) Merton’s Mode’s of Adaptation  Chapter 12 Health and Illness  Health in the past Early 20th century – Increasing life expectancy, infant mortality down – Infectious epidemics decline – Improved sanitation and food security – Public health and medicine improves Present time – High life expectancy (65+ years) – Degenerative diseases take over mortality cause – Infectious epidemics down, some eradicated – Public health and medicine breakthroughs – New diseases linked to social forces 21  Variations in Contemporary Patterns Top 10 causes of death vary by sex and age Sex – women  cancer, heart disease, stroke – men  cancer, heart disease, accidents Age – degenerative diseases increase with age – ages 1–44  accidents, suicide 22 (C)Personal Determinants of Health: Tobacco Use Leading cause of preventable death in the world Increasing in low- and middle-income countries Decreasing in higher income countries Impact of advertising and movies on youth – www.scenesmoking.org 23  (D) Social Inequality as a “Fundamental” Cause Social determinants affect health, even after controlling for personal health behaviours Social determinants  socioeconomic status and ethnic inequality 24  Socioeconomic Status Affects access to material resources – Water Affects mental health as well – social selection and social causation hypotheses Affects personal determinants of health Is intertwined with ethnic inequality 25  (F) Theories of Health and Illness: Functionalist View Components of the sick role (Parsons, 1951): – temporary exemption from normal social roles – not responsible for the condition – responsibility to try to get well – responsibility to seek competent medical help 26  Chapter 13 Social Change: Collective behaviour and social movements  (A) Collective Behaviour Group behaviour that is relatively spontaneous, unstructured, and unconventional May occur in localized crowds, or in more dispersed forms 28 Are casual crowds a form of collective behaviour? 29 Are conventional crowds a form of collective behaviour? 30 Are acting crowds a form of collective behaviour? 31  Explaining Crowd Behaviour: Contagion Theory Crowd behaviour as irrational LeBon  anonymity + contagion + suggestibility Blumer  milling + collective excitement + social contagion e.g., Vancouver Stanley Cup riots (2011) 32  Explaining Crowd Behaviour: Convergence Theory Crowd behaviour as rational Prior predispositions bring people together e.g., anarchists converge to participate in a riot 33  Fashions Longer lasting, popular social patterns usually involving clothing and accessories Changing fashions, 1830–1950: – http://www.marquise.de/en/themes/timel ine/index.shtml 34  Rumours Unsubstantiated stories about people or events Distortion over time: – information is levelled – information is sharpened – assimilation occurs 35  Urban Legends Abstract stories containing an underlying message that persists over time e.g., gum containing spider eggs, murderous hitchhikers, flashing headlights after dark www.urbanlegendsonline.com 36  Panic Widespread panic e.g. War of the Worlds radio broadcast Moral panic – “folk devils” – moral entrepreneurs – mass media – disproportionality 37  (B) Social Movements Efforts to change or resist change in major aspects of society Organized, planned, enduring Engage in claims making 38  Dimensions of Social Change Type of change Degree of change Intended recipient Means utilized Social Movement Organizations 39 40  Explaining Social Movements: Resource Mobilization Theory Social movements develop as a function of how resources are utilized by leaders Frequently combined with political process theory  political entities aim to create social change 41  Chapter 14 Environmental Sociology  Human Overpopulation Ecological overshoot  the ecological footprint for humanity is 1.5 planets Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) – population checks must prevent the population from exceeding the human carrying capacity 43 Industrialization 44  Overconsumption of Resources Resources are used at a rate that exceeds sustainability As a disposable society, Canada creates 34 million tonnes of solid waste annually – 2.2 kilograms per person per day 45  Greenwashing Marketers claim that products are “environmentally friendly” or “green” Provides a justification for consumers to consume at their existing pace 2010  95% of “green” products committed one of the seven sins of greenwashing 46