Khan p 291-300
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Questions and Answers

What is culture shock primarily characterized by?

  • Feelings of disorientation and uncertainty (correct)
  • Adapting quickly to new environments
  • Rapid acceptance of cultural differences
  • Familiarity with local customs

Which of the following is an example of diffusion?

  • The resistance to adopting foreign ideas
  • The adoption of local customs by immigrants
  • The spread of McDonald's in Asia (correct)
  • The invention of new technology

Which aspect can lead to culture shock when moving to a new country?

  • Weather differences (correct)
  • Availability of familiar foods
  • Shared linguistic origins
  • Similar legal systems

What is culture primarily concerned with within a society?

<p>The customs and practices that influence social behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural assimilations typically occur?

<p>Through interpenetration and fusion with the dominant culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes society?

<p>An organization of people living in proximity with shared culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a historical example of diffusion?

<p>The spread of democracy and capitalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not facilitate diffusion?

<p>Cultural isolation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does culture change over time?

<p>It is learned and can be reshaped with each generation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analogy is used to describe the relationship between culture and society?

<p>Culture is the software, society is the hardware. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might cause an individual from an Islamic country to experience culture shock in Western Europe?

<p>Different public displays of affection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Modernization Theory suggest about the development of countries?

<p>Countries can develop similarly with enough time and assistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Dependency Theory differ from Modernization Theory?

<p>It states that third world countries have unique structures influencing their poverty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culture?

<p>Culture can only be defined by physical objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common feelings associated with culture shock?

<p>Sadness and confusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of society meets basic human needs?

<p>Social institutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key belief of Hyper-globalists regarding national governments?

<p>National governments' importance is diminishing due to global interdependence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do different cultures exist around the globe?

<p>Diversity in ways of living and sharing knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Skeptics believe about the current state of globalization?

<p>Regionalization is more prevalent than globalization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when culture is described as adaptive?

<p>It evolves and adjusts according to circumstances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of culture within a society?

<p>To provide guidelines for actions and interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the importance of having resources to support social movements?

<p>Resource Mobilization Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of high culture?

<p>It is associated with wealth and formality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of Regressive or Reactionary social movements?

<p>They resist social change to maintain traditional values. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Rational Choice Theory suggest regarding societal behaviors?

<p>Decisions are made by weighing various actions for the best benefit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do subcultures differ from micro-cultures?

<p>Subcultures are larger and can support people throughout their lifespan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible outcomes for social movements as they evolve over time?

<p>They can either fail and fade away or succeed and integrate into society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of normative culture?

<p>Observing laws and avoiding crime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept of cumulative culture?

<p>Culture builds upon existing ideas and evolves over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of counterculture?

<p>It promotes ideas that oppose mainstream societal values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is culture transmitted from one generation to the next?

<p>By direct teaching and shared experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to refer to mainstream cultural practices?

<p>Normative culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the functionalist perspective assign to mass media in society?

<p>To provide entertainment and socialization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gatekeeping in the context of mass media primarily refer to?

<p>The selection process deciding what information is presented (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the conflict perspective view the function of mass media?

<p>As a tool for perpetuating existing social divisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what effect does media have on consumer culture?

<p>It enhances the promotional reach of consumer products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential negative consequence of mass media as highlighted in the functionalist perspective?

<p>Glorification of socially unacceptable behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is identified as predominantly making choices within the realm of media production?

<p>Wealthy, white, male individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of information dissemination is particularly controlled in big-budget movies compared to online platforms?

<p>Gatekeeping practices on content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of mass media?

<p>Private conversations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is tokenism in the context of representation in media?

<p>Adding one minority character to represent an entire group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does feminist theory relate to mass media representation of gender roles?

<p>It emphasizes traditional gender roles and stereotypes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective focuses on the micro-level impacts of media on daily behavior?

<p>Interactionist perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, culture is primarily learned through which of the following means?

<p>Observation, interactions, and biological components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Darwin's Theory of Evolution suggest about traits and behaviors?

<p>Both physical traits and behaviors can be selected for by their contribution to species success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do environmental conditions have on physical traits in species, as suggested by the example of finches?

<p>Environmental conditions can lead to selection for traits that best suit survival. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are women typically portrayed in media according to the content?

<p>As shallow and obsessed with their appearance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant misconception regarding mass media representation?

<p>Media accurately reflects all segments of society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Modernization Theory

A theory arguing that all countries follow a similar path from traditional to modern societies, and that developing countries can achieve the same level of development as developed countries given enough time and support.

Dependency Theory

A theory that challenges modernization theory by emphasizing the unique structures and limitations faced by developing countries. It argues that their poverty is rooted in their unfavorable economic position in the global market.

Social Movement

A group of individuals who share a common idea, have resources, and strong leadership, and work together to achieve a specific goal and influence society.

Regressive Social Movement

A social movement that seeks to resist social change and maintain the existing order.

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Relative Deprivation Theory

A theory explaining social movements as a response to perceived inequality or deprivation, where individuals band together to challenge the unfair system.

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Resource Mobilization Theory

A theory that emphasizes the importance of resources in mobilizing a social movement. This includes finances, membership, and access to communication channels.

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Rational Choice Theory

A theory that suggests that individuals make rational choices based on weighing the potential costs and benefits of different actions. This applies to social movements, suggesting individuals join or contribute to a movement when the benefits outweigh the costs.

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Globalization

A concept that describes the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries, resulting in a more intertwined global society. This can lead to both positive and negative consequences for individual nations.

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Culture

A way of life shared by a group, including knowledge, beliefs, and values.

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Society

A group of people living together in a shared geographic area, interacting more with each other than outsiders.

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Culture's role in society

The rules and guidelines within a society that teach people how to live.

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Institutions in Society

Groups of people who are organized to meet basic human needs, such as family, education, and government.

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Culture Transmission

Cultural elements are passed on between generations, influencing how people think, behave, and interact.

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Cultural Diversity

Different cultures have diverse practices, beliefs, and values.

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Greeting Customs

The way people greet each other, influenced by their cultural customs.

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Culture's Role in Social Interactions

Culture provides rules and guidelines for interactions within a society.

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Culture is adaptive

Describes how societies build on their existing practices and modify them to meet new challenges over time.

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Culture is transmitted

Refers to the transmission of cultural values and practices from one generation to the next, thus ensuring continuity and survival.

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Subculture

A smaller community within a larger society that has its own distinct customs and beliefs.

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Micro-culture

A group or organization that has a specific influence on a limited period of someone's life.

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High culture

The cultural experiences and behaviors of the wealthy elite within a society.

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Normative culture

Values and behaviors that are aligned with the main norms and expectations of a society.

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Popular culture

The popular trends and practices that are widely shared and accepted within a society.

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Diffusion

The spread of inventions, discoveries, or ideas from one place to another. This can be through exploration, military conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, or the internet.

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Cultural Assimilation

The process by which individuals from different cultural backgrounds integrate into a dominant culture, adopting its values, beliefs, and practices.

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Culture Shock

The feeling of confusion, uncertainty, or even fear when encountering a new culture, often experienced when moving to a new country or environment.

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Technology Outpacing Adaptation

The ability of some aspects of technology to advance and spread faster than people's understanding and adaptation to them.

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Cultural Norm

A practice or custom that is widely accepted and considered normal within a particular culture, but might seem strange or unusual to outsiders.

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Cultural Adaptation to Technology

The way in which a society or group adapts to a new technology, including creating new customs and rules based on its use.

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Tokenism

When a single minority character is added to a show or movie to appear diverse, but ultimately represents the entire group.

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Feminist Theory (Mass Media Perspective)

A theory that examines how media representations influence societal perceptions of gender roles, often reinforcing traditional and stereotypical views.

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Interactionist Perspective (Mass Media)

A perspective that analyzes how media influences our everyday behavior, including how we interact with others and how it blurs the lines between solitary and group activities.

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Natural Selection (Evolution)

The process where traits (physical or behavioral) that contribute to a species' survival are passed on to future generations, shaping the evolution of the species.

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Observation

A common way that culture is transmitted through direct observations of others behavior, such as within your family or community.

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Interaction

The process of exchanging information and ideas with others, influencing cultural transmission and shaping behavior.

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Biological Component (Culture)

The influence of biological factors on the development and transmission of culture, highlighting how evolution shapes certain behaviors and traits.

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Mass Media

The spread of information within a culture, encompassing both traditional print media (books, newspapers, magazines) and digital media (TV, radio, internet).

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Functionalist Perspective on Mass Media

A sociological perspective that views mass media as a vital tool for societal integration and stability, serving functions like entertainment, socialization (through shared experiences like watching the Olympics), and reinforcing social norms.

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Gatekeeping in Mass Media

The process by which a small group of individuals and corporations control the information presented to the public through mass media. This includes selecting what news stories to publish, what movies to produce, and what TV shows to air.

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Conflict Perspective on Mass Media

The way mass media reflects and potentially amplifies existing societal divisions, such as those based on race, ethnicity, gender, or social class.

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Dominant Ideology in Mass Media

The idea that mass media often reinforces dominant ideologies, giving greater prominence to certain political, economic, and social interests while limiting the expression of alternative viewpoints.

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The Demographics of Gatekeepers

The tendency for individuals in positions of power within the media industry (like editors, producers, and directors) to be primarily white, male, and wealthy, which can influence the content produced.

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Mass Media & Socialization

The study of the role of mass media in the socialization process, particularly how it shapes individuals' values, beliefs, and behaviors.

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Mass Media & Consumer Culture

The significant impact of mass media, especially advertising, on promoting consumerism and shaping consumption patterns, particularly among younger generations.

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Study Notes

Feeling of Deserving Better

  • Conventional methods are useless for getting help.
  • People join social movements even if they don't feel deprived.
  • Risk is high for oppressed groups to join movements due to lack of resources.
  • Social movements are not created when all three factors (deprivation, resources, and awareness) are present.

Resource Mobilization Theory

  • Focuses on resources that help/hinder social movements.
  • Access to resources (money, materials, influence) is crucial.
  • Organized base of people with shared ideas.
  • A strong leader/charismatic figure is necessary.

Rational Choice Theory

  • Individuals consider the pros and cons of different actions.
  • Decisions are based on self-interest.
  • Behavior is shaped by these choices in society.
  • Assumes people can rank and weigh actions based on knowledge of outcomes.
  • Social movements can affect those not directly involved, leading to panics or fads.

Social Movement Stages

  • Shared idea by a few people.
  • The public becomes aware of the problem.
  • The group organizes and rallies.
  • The movement either changes society or adapts.

Demographics

  • Urbanization: movement of people from rural to urban areas, viewing it as functional, and conflictual.
  • Functionalist perspective: cities are centers of culture and diversity, but also crime.
  • Conflict theory: cities concentrate inequality; the elite benefit while the poor resources.
  • Symbolic Interactionism: cities are culture hubs with strong norms.
  • Migration, fertility, and mortality rates.
  • Fertility: rate people are born into a population.
  • Mortality: rate at which people die.
  • Migration: factors including emigration and immigration.

World Systems Theory

  • World is a single social unit divided into three regions.
  • Core countries: independent, industrialized
  • Periphery countries: dependent
  • Semi-periphery countries: in-between

Modernization Theory

  • Countries follow a similar path to development.
  • From traditional to modern.

Dependency Theory

  • Third world countries' situations stem from unfavorable economic conditions.
  • Poor economies are perpetuated by their position in the world system

Hyper-globalists, skeptics, and transformationalists

  • Hyper-globalists: Individual countries less important.
  • Skeptics: world becoming regionalized.
  • Transformationalists: Importance of national governments changing.

Transnational Corps

  • Companies operate across borders.
  • Lower costs through cheaper materials and labor.
  • Negative effect: countries compete for cheapest labor.
  • Positive effect: interconnections

Globalization affects culture and economies.

  • Affects cultures and economies of countries with foreign ties. 

Culture and Society

  • Culture: shared knowledge, beliefs, values, and behaviours.
  • Ways of thinking and acting.
  • Society: people interacting in a geographic region

Culture Lag

  • Material culture changes rapidly.
  • Non-material culture changes slowly.
  • Examples are technology and the laws regarding it.

Culture Shock

  • Disorientation from unfamiliar culture practices.
  • When unfamiliar culture is encountered.

Diffusion

  • Spreading of ideas/discoveries.

Mass Media

  • Dissemination of information and how it's shared in culture, transmitted via TV, media, radio, and internet.
  • Enforces social norms.
  • Promotes consumerism.
  • Portrays or reflects social divisions such as race, gender, and class.
  • Gatekeeping: control of information presented to public.

Feminist Theories

  • Media stereotypes men and women inappropriately.
  • Women are victims, men are aggressors.
  • Portrays women as shallow, obsessed with appearance.
  • Uses the term gatekeeping for controlling media information.

Evolution and Human Culture

  • Darwin's theory: physical traits/behaviors selected for if they improve species' success.
  • Behaviors selected for if they contribute to fitness.
  • Cultural universals: customs and practices found throughout all cultures.
  • Evolution shaped human culture, but culture also shaped evolution.

Subcultures and Countercultures

  • Subculture: smaller groups within a larger society.
  • Differentiate through unique values, beliefs, and practices.
  • Counterculture: conflicts with larger society's values.
  • Developed their own norms/values to live by.

Culture Segments

  • Normative culture: adheres to broader social norms.
  • Popular culture: mainstream experiences and attitudes.
  • High culture: associated with wealth and formality.

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