CH103 List of Key Terms and Reactions - Chapter 11 PDF

CH103 List of Key Terms and Reactions - Chapter 11 I. List of Key Terms Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons whose carbon atoms are arranged in a chain; only contain carbon-carbon single bonds; their name ends -ane Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons whose carbon atoms are arranged in a chain; con...

CH103 List of Key Terms and Reactions - Chapter 11 I. List of Key Terms Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons whose carbon atoms are arranged in a chain; only contain carbon-carbon single bonds; their name ends -ane Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons whose carbon atoms are arranged in a chain; contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; their name ends -ene Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons whose carbon atoms are arranged in a chain; contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds; their name ends -yne Arenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more benzene-like rings Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Alkanes Alkyl group: a group derived by removing a hydrogen from an alkane; given the symbol -R Cis-trans Isomers: isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different arrangement of their atoms in space due to the presence of either a ring or a carbon-carbon double bond; prefix cis indicates that the substituents are on the same side of the ring; prefix trans indicates that the substituents are on opposite sides of the ring Common nomenclature: refers to names in wide use before the IUPAC system of nomenclature was devised; many of these names are still used today Configuration: refers to the arrangement of atoms about a stereocenter – that is, to the relative arrangement of parts of a molecule in space Constitutional Isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but a different order of attachment (connectivity) of their atoms; constitutional isomers have also been called structural isomers, an older term that is still in use Cyclic Hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon that contains carbon atoms joined to form a ring Cycloalkane: a saturated hydrocarbon that contains carbon atoms bonded to form a ring Hydrocarbon: organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Nomenclature: the international standard for chemical naming Line-angle Formula: an abbreviated way to draw structural formulas in which each vertex and line terminus represents a carbon atom and each line represents a bond Methylene group: -CH2 Natural Gas: consist of approximately 90% to 95% methane, 5% to 10% ethane, and a mixture of other relatively low-boiling alkanes Petroleum: a thick, viscous liquid mixture of thousands of compounds, most of them hydrocarbons, formed from the decomposition of marine plants and animals Saturated Hydrocarbon: hydrocarbon that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds Stereocenter: a tetrahedral atom, most commonly carbon, at which exchange of two groups produces a stereoisomer Stereoisomers: isomers that have the same connectivity of their atoms but a different orientation of their atoms in space; cis-trans isomerism is one type of stereoisomerism Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, triple bonds, or benzene rings II. Key Reactions 1. Oxidation of Alkanes/Combustion Reactions: Oxidation of alkanes to carbon dioxide and water, an exothermic reaction, is the basis for our use of them as sources of heat and power. CH3CH2CH3 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O + 530 kcal/mol Propane e 2. Halogenation of Alkanes: Reaction of an alkane with chlorine or bromine results in the substitution of a halogen atom for a hydrogen atom. Add heat or light CH3CH3 + Cl2 → CH3CH2Cl + HCl Ethane Chloroethane