Social Science Textbook Class 10 (PDF)

Standard X Part - 2 NT-875-1-SOC.SCI.-II-10-E-VOL.2 Government of Kerala Department of General Education...

Standard X Part - 2 NT-875-1-SOC.SCI.-II-10-E-VOL.2 Government of Kerala Department of General Education State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT, Kerala) 2019  THE NATIONAL ANTHEM Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga. Tava shubha name jage, Tava shubha asisa mage, Gahe tava jaya gatha, Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! PLEDGE India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders re- spect, and treat everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devo- tion. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT Printed at KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of General Education, Government of Kerala Dear Students, You have already learnt how diverse and dynamic the earth we live in. We can make use of the diversities of nature for the progress of mankind with the help of technology. The lessons in Class X are so arranged as to help familiarize the physiography, climate, and soil of our country, and to develop a general awareness on the use of the potentials of modern technology in geography. We are living in a world where human resource development is necessary. This textbook also discusses concepts like the society in which we regularly interact, the economic transactions in the society, banks and their functions, and national income. The educational portal-Samagra and textbooks with QR code will make class room activities easy and interesting. The Textbook has been revised considering the National Skill Qualifications Frame work (NSQF), the disaster mitigation measures which is of contemporary relevance and ICT possibilities. You can take part in this life oriented informative and joyful learning activities and enrich this textbook further more. I believe that this textbook will help you intereact responsibly with the nature and that you can transform into responsible citizens. With love and regards Dr. J. Prasad Director, SCERT  CONSTITUTION OF INDIA Part IV A FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES OF CITIZENS ARTICLE 51 A Fundamental Duties- It shall be the duty of every citizen of India: (a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem; (b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so; (e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women; (f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture; (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to have compassion for living creatures; (h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievements; (k) who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, ward between age of six and fourteen years. 06. Eyes in the sky and Data analysis.................................... 95 07. India : The Land of Diversities....................................... 111 08. Resource Wealth of India................................................ 137 09. Financial Institutions and Services............................... 161 10. Consumer : Satisfaction and Protection...................... 181 Certain icons are used in this textbook for convenience For further reading (Need not be subjected to assessment) Questions for assessing the progress Learning activities Let us assess Extended activities  Standard - X You have understood how the surface features of the earth are depicted on maps and analyzed. The advancements in the field of science and technology have made information gathering, map making, and subsequent analysis easier and more efficient. Through this lesson you can understand how the launching of satellites and the use of computer softwares for the analysis of geo-spatial data make learning geography more human centered. Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 95 Social science - II Remote Sensing The invention of photography in the 19th century has brought about a drastic change in data collection. The possibility of capturing photographs from higher elevations mounting cameras on balloons and air crafts has been explored ever since. Data collection using satellites began in 1960. Along with cameras, different types of scanners were also introduced for data collection. Such a method of collecting information about an object, place or phenomenon without actual physical contact is remote sensing. Fig. 6.1 Devices used for data collection in remote sensing are called sensors. An energy source is essential for remote sensing. Cameras and scanners are sensors. This may be the solar energy containing The sensors record the electromagnetic radiation or an aritificial source electromagnetic radiations reflected of light. Remote sensing is made possible either by objects. by utilizing the sunlight or an artificial light The carrier on which sensors are reflected from various objects. When fixed is called a platform. Sensors photographs are taken by using a camera can be installed on balloons, air with flash, the camera is the sensor and the crafts and satellites. Based on the light beam from the flash is an artificial energy. source of energy and the platform The electromagnetic energy reflected and remote sensing can be classified as radiated by objects is utilized in remote sensing follows. technology. Classification of Remote Sensing Based on Source of energy Remote sensing Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing Remote Sensing is Remote Sensing made with carried out with the the aid of artificial source of help of solar energy is energy radiating from the known as passive sensor is known as active remote sensing. Here remote sensing. the sensors do not emit energy by itself. Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3 Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 96  Standard - X Classification of Remote Sensing based on the platform Terrestrial Photography Aerial Remote Sensing Satellite Remote Sensing The method of obtaining the The method of obtaining The process of gathering earth’s topography using photographs of the earth’s information using the sensors cameras from the ground is surface continously from the installed in artificial satellites known as terrestrial sky by using cameras is known as satellite remote photography. mounted on aircrafts is sensing. known as aerial remote sensing. Fig. 6.4 Fig. 6.5 Fig. 6.6 You have understood the different methods of remote sensing. Don’t we take the photographs of landscape during picnic? What type of remote sensing is this? Aerial Remote Sensing Aerial remote sensing is generally used to gather information about comparatively smaller areas. The advantage of aerial remote sensing is that information of any region can be gathered in accordance with our requirements. Another merit of this method is that contiguous pictures of the areas along the path of the air crafts are made available. The photographs Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 97 Social science - II obtained through this method are called aerial photographs. In each aerial photograph, nearly 60% of the places depicted in the adjacent photo is included. This is done for ensuring contiguity and to obtain three dimensional vision with the help of stereoscope. This is called overlap in aerial photographs. Look at the figure 6.7 illustrating the concept of overlap. Camera A B C Land surface Figure 6.7 It can be seen that each photograph exhibits as much as 60 percentage area as repetition. Major share of areas in the figure A are present in figure B and those of figure B are repeated in figure C. Two such photographs of adjoining areas with overlap are called a stereo pair. Figure A and B as well as B and C are stereo pairs respectively. The instrument which is used to obtain three dimensional view from the stereo pairs is called stereoscope (Fig. 6.8) When viewed through a stereo scope, we get a three dimensional view of the area depicted in the setero pair. Such a three dimensional view obtained is called Stereoscopic vision. Though Figure 6.8 Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 98  Standard - X aerial remote sensing has several advantages they have some limitations as well. Let’s see what they are. The shaking of air The aircrafts require crafts affects the open space for takeoff quality of photos. and landing. It is not practical to Landing the air crafts take photographs of frequently for regions that are vast refueling increases the and extensive. cost. With the advent of remote sensing using artificial satellites these limitations have been overcome to a great extent. Now let us understand the method of remote sensing by using artificial satellites. As the aerial photographs are highly useful for viewing a re- gion as a whole and for distinguishing the heights and depressions of the earth's surface aerial photographs were used widely since the second world war. Aerial photographs are also used for the preparation of topo- graphical maps. Aerial photography started in India after independence. The responsibility of aerial survey in India has been vested with the Indian Air Force, Indian Aerospace Company based in Kolkata and the National Remote Sensing Centre. Satellite Remote Sensing The process of collecting information using sensors fixed on artificial satellites is called satellite remote sensing. The artificial satellites are mainly divided into two types: Geostationary satellites and Sun Synchronous satellites. Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 99 Social science - II Geostationary satellites Sun synchronous satellites Figure 6.9 Figure 6.10 These are the satellites that move in Sun synchronous satellites are the equal velocity with the earth’s rotation. artificial satellites that passes around the (Fig. 6.9) The features of these satellites earth along the poles (Fig. 6.10). The are given below: features of these satellites are given $ They orbit the earth at an elevation below: of about 36000 kilometres above the $ The orbit of these satellites is about earth. 900 km in altitude. $ One third of the earth comes under $ The surveillance area is less than that its field of view. of the geostationary satellites. $ As the movement of these satellites $ The repetitive collection of informa- corresponds to the speed of rotation tion of a region at regular interval is of the earth, it stays constantly above possible. a specific place on the earth. $ Used for the collection of data on $ This helps in continuous data col- lection of an area. natural resources, land use, ground $ It is used in telecommunication and water etc. for weather studies. $ These satellites are mainly used for $ India’s INSAT satellites are remote sensing purposes. examples of geo-stationary $ Satellites in IRS, Landsat series satellites. are examples of sun synchronous satellites. $ With the help of the internet collect the details of the geo – stationary and sun synchronous satellites launched by India and prepare notes. $ To collect more information log on to www.isro.gov.in and www.landsat. usgs.gov. Haven't you understood that the information about the earth’s surface is collected with the help of sensors. Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 100  Standard - X Sensors record the electromagnetic radiation either reflected or emitted by the objects. Each object on the surface of the earth reflects electromagnetic radiation in different measures. For example, the energy reflection of plants is different from that of the water bodies. The amount of reflected energy by each object is called the spectral signature of that object. The sensors on artificial satellites distinguish objects on the earth’s surface based on their spectral signature and transmit the information in digital format to the terrestrial stations. This is interpreted with the help of computers and converted in to picture formats. These are called satellite imageries. Fig 6.11. The size of the smallest object on the earth’s surface that a satellite sensor can distinguish is called the spatial resolution Figure 6.11 of the sensor. Look at the figures (Fig. 6.12 – A and B). These are the satellite imageries captured by two sensors with different spatial resolution. Can we see the features on the earth’s surface with greater clarity in figure 6.12 B than in figure 6.12 A? Which of these sensors took images with better spatial resolution? Spatial Resolution – I Kilometre Spatial Resolution – I metre A Figure 6.12 B What kind of change that you can find in satellite imageries as the spatial resolution decreases? Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 101 Social science - II The clarity of satellite imageries Name of some satellites and their spa- tial resolution are given below: differ as spatial resolutions varies. Satellite Sensors Spatial Resolution (in square meter) With the help of the internet observe the satellite imageries provided by Landsat Multi spectral 79 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Scanner different satellites and compare the clarity in imageries based on their SPOT Panchromatic 20 spatial resolution. Camera IRS PAN LISS - III 5.8 Uses of remote sensing Geo Eye Panchromatic 0.46 technology Multi spectral $ For the assessment of weather Camera and its observations $ For ocean explorations Remote sensing in India $ To understand the land use of an Photo interpretation institute was established at area. Dehradum in 1966 for analyzing and studying $ For the monitoring of flood and aerial photographs. Later this institution becomes drought Indian institute of Remote sensing (IIRS). The $ For identifying forest fires in satellite remote sensing in India began with deep forests and to adopt launch of the satellites Bhaskara I and II in 1970. controlling measures Institutions like National Remote Sensing Centre $ To collect data regarding the (NRSC) (erstwhile NRSA), Indian Space extent of crops and spread of pest Research Organization (ISRO), Department of attack Space (DOS) and Space Application Centre $ For oil explorations (SAC) are constantly engaged in making use of $ To locate ground water potential remote sensing for the welfare of the society. The places complete responsibility of collecting, storing $ processing and distributing the data made available by Indian Remote sensing satellites are You have understood that a large vested in the hands of National Remote sensing amount of information about the centre whose head quarter is at Hyderabad earth is received through remote (NRSC) https://nrsc.gov.in. sensing technology. We can prepare maps, tables and graphs to find scientific answers to our quiries by the analysis of the information obtained through remote sensing and other means, using a computer based technology called Geographic Information System. Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 102  Standard - X Geographic Information System - GIS Geographic Information System is a computer based information management system by which the data collected from the sources of information like maps, aerial photographs, satellite imageries, tables, surveys etc. are incorporated in to the computer using softwares, which are retrieved, analyzed and displayed in the form of maps, tables and graphs. Fig. 6.13 shows the different stages in Geographic Information System. Figure 6.13 Entering basic data in to computer using data input devices like CDs' and Scanners is the first step. Various layers can be created based on the collected data with the help of Geographic Information System softwares. The analyzed data can be converted in accordance with our needs in to products either in the form of maps, tables or digital data. All data analysis with GIS are done based on two kinds of data. Let us have a look at them. Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 103 Social science - II 1. Spatial data Find out the latitudinal and longitudinal location of our country with the help of the website Bhuvan (https: bhuvan – app I. nrse.gov.in) or with an atlas. Each feature on the surface of the earth has a location of its own. Such features of the earth's surface having a specific location an known are spatial data. Find out the latitudinal and longitudinal location of your school with the help of Bhuvan and write here. Latitude :...................................... Longitude :...................................... 2. Attributes The additional information about the characteristics of each spatial data on the earth’s surface are called attributes. The attributes can be combined with spatial data. Find out the following details of your school. Number of teachers :.............................. Number of class rooms :.............................. Number of students :.............................. Whether your school building is multi storied or single?: Yes/No The details you recorded are the attributes of your school. If we can collect and include the spatial data and attributes of places in the data base, the GIS can give precise and scientific answers to the various queries about that place. Layers Observe the portion of a topographic map shown in the figure 6.14. Haven't you see the natural and manmade features like streams, roads, vegetation, buildings etc on the map? Can we separate the features one by one to make separate maps. This is possible through GIS. You can see (fig. 6.14) that water channels, roads etc shown separately in the figure. The thematic maps prepared and stored in Geographic Information System for analytical purpose are called layers. The spatial relationship Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 104  Standard - X among the features on the surface of the earth can easily be understood by analyzing the appropriate layers. Layers of the topographical maps Figure 6.14 NT-875-2-SOC.SCI.-II-10-E-VOL.2 In the given figure (fig:6.14) parts of drainage network near a reservoir are shown. Can you find out the different layers that have been used here? Find out the other possible layers from the given topographic map? Analytical Capabilities of GIS The surface features of the earth collected as spatial data and attributes can be analyzed in various ways by the GIS. Network analysis, buffer analysis and overlay analysis are the important analytical capabilities of GIS. Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 105 Social science - II Overlay Analysis Overlay analysis is used for understanding the mutual relationship among the various features on the earth’s surface and the periodic changes undergone by them. Overlay analysis is helpful in understanding the changes in the area of crops, the changes in land use etc. For example. If we want to understand the changes in the area under paddy cultivation in Thrissur district by the year 2015 compared to 2000, all we have to do is to overlay the land use maps of Thrissur in the corresponding years. Buffer Analysis Suppose if we want to find out the number of houses located within three kilometre radius of your school, the possibility of buffer analysis can be used effectively. If the spatial data of the place where your school is located is subjected to buffer analysis in GIS, a circular area with 3 km radius can be created around your school so as to find out the number of houses in that area. (fig 6.15) Suppose a road in your region is widening from 5 m to 8 m as per the government decision. In such a situation , a zone of required width is created along the existing road by using the possibility of buffer analysis in GIS. Thus we can easily determine how much land has to be acquired and how Figure 6.15 many people will become homeless. A circular zone created around a point feature or a parallel zone created aside a linear feature in buffer analysis is called buffer zone. Figure 6.16 Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 106  Standard - X Network analysis In contrast to the other two types of analysis, the network analysis deals only with linear features on a map. Linear features include roads, railways lines and rivers etc. The possibilities of network analysis can be used to find out the easiest and less congested roads from one place to another. The possibilities of this analysis can also be used by tourists to plan the maximum number of attractive destinations in the available time. This may also help to bring an accident victim to a suitable hospital through less congested roads. Use of GIS By using GIS, we can $ compile data from different sources $ update and incorporate data easily $ conduct thematic studies $ represent geographic features spatially $ generate visual models of future phenomena and processes based on the data collected $ prepare maps, tables, and graphs $ Satellite based Navigation System Nowadays satellite-based tracking systems are used for monitoring the location and movement of objects on the earth's surface. It is used in several sectors like map making, transportation etc. The most important among this is the Global Positioning System of the United States of America. Global Positioning System (GPS) Figure 6.17 The Global Positioning System helps sensing the latitudinal and longitudinal location and elevation of objects on the earth's surface along with the corresponding time. In this system a series of 24 satellites placed at six different orbits between the altitudes 20000 and 20200 km above the earth's surface locate objects. We can locate places with the help of the Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 107 Social science - II signals received from the satellites in our Indian Regional handheld device. The GPS requires signals Navigation Satellite from at least four satellites to display System (IRNSS) information like the latitude, longitude, The State - of - the art satellite - based elevation, time, etc. in it. More satellites are navigation system developed by India being included in this system for enhancing is Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. Apart from India a radius of accuracy. Though started initially for the U.S. 1500 kilometers including the Indian defence, this facility is now open to the public Ocean and countries like Pakistan and since 1980. China come under its surveillance. List the other potentials of GPS. Now onwards it is Bhuvan... Bhuvan is a satellite based geo-portal platform developed by the ISRO for the pur- pose of preparing maps of Indian territory by using its own satellites. Bhuvan made its humble beginning in March 2009. Basically it is a remote sensing image portal. The prime function of Bhuvan is to prepare online maps by the maximum utilization of GIS and remote sensing technologies. Satellites belonging to IRS service are used for data collection. The map making facilities available with Bhuvan are more effective than that of the Google Earth and Wiki mapia. Bhuvan can prepare very precise maps since the spatial resolution of the photographs made available by Bhuvan is 10 metres. Let us have a glance at the services provided by Bhuvan. The following facilities can be availed by visiting the web portal https:/ /bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in. Bhuvan 2D - It provides 2D visualization of Indian terrain. Bhuvan 3D - it enables 3 dimensional visualization of the features on the earth surface. Information related to climate and environment. Disaster Management Support Services. Ocean services. Services related to agriculture. School Bhuvan My Map School Bhuvan is a map based e-learning portal for Create a map/GIS is a mapping tool the students which provides awareness on country's available on Bhuvan web portal for natural resources, environment and their role in preparing maps of any region in India by sustainable development. It is an initiative of the ISRO obtaining the details of the surface features with National Council of Educational Research and with the help of GIS technology. Training. Learners can avail this facility by clicking Will you prepare a map of your region by the icon "School Bhuvan" on Bhuvan web portal. using this service with the help of your teacher? Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 108  Standard - X Flood control In the contemporary history of Kerala, it has witnessed the most devastating monsoon flood in the year 2018. The intensity of the flood faced by our state and the damages it caused are inexplicable. The possibility of satellite remote sensing has been utilized very effectively to overcome this natural disaster. We used this technology for the preparation of flood hazard maps of affected areas, estimation of loss due to flood, understanding the post flood conditions of rivers and the assessment of damages of the areas flooded. The details of the surface features collected through remote sensing can be analyzed with the help of GIS to prepare flood predicting models by identifying areas vulnerable to flood. GIS is one of the fastest developing technologies. This technology is being effectively applied in various fields like industry, education, agriculture, planning, irrigation, forestry, transportation, disaster management, disease control, market analysis, tax collection, defence, tourism, natural resource management etc. GIS has now become one of the most useful technologies in trade, communication, resource management, and planning and development in particular. The wide use of GIS technology give way to tremendous job opportunities in this field. Many world class institutions conduct various courses and training programmes in geo - informatics which includes GIS technology, remote sensing and so on. Candidates can grab better job opportunities by taking part in such courses and training programmes. The details of some institution in India conducting such courses are given below Indio institute of Remote sensing (www.iirs.gov.in) Survey of India (www.surveyofindia.gov.in) IITs in India like IIT kharagpur - Earth science (www.iitkgp.ac.in) IIT kanpur - Earth science (www.iitk,ac.in/es/) The world is fast leaping towards progress. The relentless quest for knowledge and the untiring efforts of man are the base for all these advancements. New discoveries and advancements in technology have made human life better. Hope you will also Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 109 Social science - II get involve in the efforts to make use of the technological progress for the welfare of mankind. Let us assess Compare active remote sensing and passive remote sesing. What is the use of overlap in aerial photographs? Briefly explain Geostationary and Sun Synchronous satellites. List out the fields where remote sensing is used. What is the merit in using layers in GIS? Write down the possibilities of overlay analysis. Eyes in the Sky and Analysis of information 110  We were then camping above 16,000 ft. Leaning on a rock, I observed the atmosphere and surroundings. The mountain ranges stood like a fort around us. Beyond them were the sparkling snow clad peaks.... Mountains everywhere. Spread one after the other. Lush green meadows and perilously steep paths. The cold began to get more intense. After sipping Negi's tea for a while, I returned to the cave. Devabhoomiyiloode - M K Ramachandran (A translation) The lines you have read is from the famous book 'Devabhoomiyiloode' Location of India written by Sri. M K Ramachandran, the Latitude : 8°4' to 37°6' North renowned traveller and writer who has Longitude : 68°7' to 97°25' East made numerous journeys along the Himalayan ranges. What is mentioned here is the moun- Indian peninsula tain topography extending along the A peninsula is the land northern border of India. India's surrounded by ocean topography is diverse. Huge rivers on three sides. The originating from the snow clad southern part of the mountains and discharging into the sea Indian sub continent is after flowing through vast plains surrounded by oceans and hence it is known as Indian peninsula. Social Science II expansive agricultural plains, extensive plateaus, scorching deserts, elongated coastal plains, a number of islands…! The diversities of our country are really enchanting. This chapter deals with these diversities. Find answers to the following questions with the help of an atlas. The countries belonging to the Indian sub continent. Countries sharing land frontier with India. The countries sharing ocean frontier with India. In the Himalayas Observe Fig 8.1. We can see a number of mountain ranges to the northern side of India. ush Pamir duk INDIA Hin Kunl un a Northern Mountain Ranges b c Ka ila i sra ii ng an es iii laim Su 1 3 2 4 Fig 7.1 These mountain ranges starting Pamir plateau - from the north west of Kashmir and The roof of the world extending up to the eastern The Pamir plateau situated in Central Asia is known boundary of India is known as the as the roof of the world. The mountain ranges such Northern Mountains. The Northern as Hindukush, Sulaiman, Tien Shan, Kunlun, Mountains that function as a great Karakoram, etc. radiate to different directions from wall can be classified into the Trans the Pamir knot. The Kailas ranges in Tibet are an Himalayas, Himalayas and the extension of the Karakoram mountain ranges. Eastern Highlands. (Table 7.1). 112 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Northern mountain region Trans Himalayas Himalayas Eastern Highlands (a) Karakoram (i) Himadri (1) Patkai Bum (b) Ladakh (ii) Himachal (2) Naga hills (c) Zaskar (iii) Siwaliks (3) Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills (4) Mizo hills Table 7.1 Mountain ranges belonging to the Northern Mountains are shown in the table. Write the names of these ranges at appropriate places in the given map (Fig 7.1). Trans Himalayas Trans Himalayas include Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zaskar mountain ranges. Mount K2 (8661m) also known as Godwin Austin, the highest peak in India, is in the Karakoram range. The average height of the Trans Himalayas is 6000 metres. Himalayas The Himalayan mountain range forms an arc shaped physical division extending between the north - west trans himalayas Mount Everest and the south-east eastern highlands. These Mount Everest, the highest peak in the mountain ranges have a length of about 2400 world is in the Himalayas. It is situated kilometres. Many of the world's highest in Nepal and has an altitude of 8848m. peaks are situated here. The height of these mountains tend to decrease towards the east. The width of these mountain ranges is just about 150 kilometre in Arunachal Pradesh, whereas it is around 400 kilometre in the Kashmir region. This physical division extending over 5 lakh square kilometres comprises of three parallel mountain ranges. Let us see the characteristic features of each. India: The Land of Diversities 113 Social Science II Himadri The highest mountain range. Average altitude is 6000 metres. Himachal Origin of the rivers Ganga Situated to the and Brahmaputra. south of the Siwaliks Has a number of peaks Himadri. above 8000 metres (Eg: Average altitude is Situated to the south of the Himachal. Kanchenjunga, Nandadevi) 3000 metres. Average altitude is 1220 metres. The hill stations like Shimla, Darjeeling, As the Himalayan rivers cut across this etc. are situated in range, its continuity breaks at many the southern slopes places. of this range. Broad flat valleys seen along these ranges are called Duns. (Eg: Dehradun) Passes across the northern mountain region Passes are the comparatively narrow natural passages across the moun- tain ranges. These mountain passages have a significant role in linking the cultures prevailing on both sides of these sky scraping mountain ranges. Passes Places connected Lipu lekh Uttarkhand - Tibet Shipki la Himachal Pradesh - Tibet Soji la Srinagar - Kargil Nathu la Sikkim - Tibet 114 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X In accordance with altitude a wide variety of vegetation prevails here. Oak, chestnut, maple etc. are seen at an altitude of 1000 to 2000 metres and above this are the coniferous trees such as Birth of the Himalayas deodar, spruce, etc. Scientists are of the view that the northern mountains were formed as Eastern Highlands a result of convergence and the re- You have marked the major hills belonging to sultant folding up of the bed of the the eastern highlands in the outline map (Fig ocean named Tethys which was situ- 7.1). ated between the Indian plate and the This region which is at an altitude of 500 to 3000 Eurasian plate.The fossils of marine metres is also known as Purvachal. creatures excavated from here sup- Cherrapunji, the place receiving the highest port this argument. rainfall in the world is situated here. This region is covered by dense tropical rainforests. Find out the states along the eastern highlands with the aid of an atlas. Mark the mountain ranges belonging to the northern mountains in the outline map of India. The soil generally found in the northern mountain region is fertile mountain soil. Human life in the lap of the Himalayas The major means of livelihood is animal rearing that depends purely on the grasslands here. Sheep are commercially reared in Kashmir and Himachal. The valleys of Siwaliks have been formed by the deposition of alluvium brought down by the Himalayan rivers. Apart from potato, barley, and saffron, fruits like apple and orange are cultivated here. The largest production of tea in India comes from Assam mountain ranges. The northern mountains are described as the paradise of tourists due to its natural beauty. Hill stations like Shimla, Darjeeling, Kulu, Manali, etc. are situated here. India: The Land of Diversities 115 Social Science II Significance of the Northern Mountains Let us see the role played by these mountain ranges in moulding the climate and human life of India. Have been protecting us from foreign invasions Safffron cultivation in Kashmir from the north since ancient times. Block the monsoon winds and cause rainfall throughout North India. Prevent the dry cold winds blowing from the north from entering India during winter. Caused the emergence of diverse flora and A tea plantation in Assam fauna. Source region of rivers. The snow - clad peaks and glaciers in the Himalayas are rich sources of fresh water. Numerous great rivers take birth through the confluence of streams originating from the melting The Gaumukh cave from where the Ganga originated snow. These rivers are known as Himalayan rivers. They are also enriched by the copious rain along the valleys. Following are the major Himalayan rivers. Indus Ganga Brahmaputra Manasarovar lake In Bangladesh we call In Tibet we call Brahmaputra as Brahmaputra as Jamuna Tsangpo Find out the major Himalayan rivers, the states through which they flow, and their tributaries with the help of the map provided (Fig 7.2) and complete Table 8.2. Don't forget to refer the atlas. 116 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Afghanistan e INDIA lak ul ar Rivers W In an du kist s Ch Pa Ch ina en ab Ti lum Lak be Jhe Ravi Beas Ga eM anas t ng arov oth a r Sutlej ri Tsangpo Luhith Yamu Ga Subansiri nga Ne tra na Go pal pu i ma Gha Bhutan Kos Manas a Ga l mba thy gha Ga Tista ah m Cha nd i ra Lun ng Br ak a a etw B Bangladesh n Son Ke Damodar M Hoogly Myanmar Narmada ah Tapti P an ad eng i Go ang dav a ari Go da va Krishna ri ra Arabian ab had u ng Bay of Bengal Sea Th Andam an and Cauvery Nicoba Lakshadweep r Island Srilanka s Indian Ocean Fig. 7.2 India: The Land of Diversities 117 Social Science II Himalayan rivers Himalayan Origin Length Tributaries States through Sea which rivers which it flows it joins Indus Manasarovar About 2880 Km Jhelum Arabian Sea lake in Tibet (Only 709 Km of this river flows through India) Ganga Gaumugh About 2500 Km Yamuna Bay of Bengal caves in the Gangothri glacier Brahmaputra Chema-yung- About 2900 Km Tista Bay of Bengal dung glacier (Only 725 Km in Tibet in India) Table 7.2 Along the plains... The fertile land extending across seven North Indian states forms the Northern Great Plains. Fig. 7.3 118 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X From the given map (Fig 7.3) locate the Northern Great Plains and list the states across which it is spread. West Bengal Bihar You have learnt that the Himalayas have been formed by the folding up of lithospheric plates due to convergence. During the formation of the Himalayas, a huge depression of more than 2000 metre depth took shape along the south parallel to the Himalayas. This extensive plain took shape as a result of the continuous deposition by the rivers flowing down from the Himalayas for thousands of years. This plain, extending over seven lakh square kilometres and with kilometres of thick sediments, is one among the few extensive alluvial plains of the world. This plain is generally known as the Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain. The highly fertile alluvial soil is a characteristic feature of this plain. Where else can alluvial soil be found in India? Refer atlas and identify the physical divisions located on either sides of the northern plains. The river borne plains The northern plains are classified based on the sediments deposited by different rivers. Name of the plain River causing deposition Punjab-Haryana plain River Indus and its tributaries Marusthali -Baagar plain of Rajasthan Luni and Saraswathi rivers Ganga plain River Ganga and its tributaries Brahmaputra plain of Assam River Brahmaputra and its tributries Mark the location of the northern plains in the outline map of India. India: The Land of Diversities 119 Social Science II The granary of India A variety of crops such as wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane, cotton, pulses, etc. are cultivated here. This region is known as the granary of India. The Northern Great Plain is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. The network of roads, rails and canals are largely concentrated in the northern plains. Why? Rainfall is scarce along the western parts of the northern plains. That is why most regions in Rajasthan are deserts. This desert is known as Thar Desert. River Luni and the long vanished river Saraswathy have had significant role in the formation this portion of the plain. Population is sparse in this region. Why? Dry and salty desert soil is found in this region. Thorns and bushes form the natural vegetation here. You might remember that Kerala receives more rainfall within a day than the annual Thar Desert rainfall received in Rajasthan. What you see in Fig 7.4 are common scenes in the Thar Desert. Bajra, jowar, etc. are the main crops cultivated in Rajasthan. These crops require very little amount of water to grow. Here cultivation is done mainly with the help of irrigation. The Punjab plain is an extensive plain Fig 7.4 formed by the deposition of the Indus and its tributaries. Major crops here are wheat, maize, and sugarcane. 120 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Prepare a seminar paper on the topic 'Influence of the northern great plains in the agricultural economy of India' and present in the class. You can collect more information from the media and other reading materials. The Peninsular Plateau Entire portions of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh as well as parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telengana, Odisha and West Bengal together form a plateau known as the peninsular plateau. The peninsular plateau made of hard crystalline rocks forms the oldest and the most extensive physical division of India. Major features of the peninsular plateau are shown in the map (Fig 7.5). Read the map and list out these features. India Peninsular plateau s ge an R lli va ra Malwa Plateau A e a Rang Kachchh Peninsula Vindhy Chota Nagapur Range Plateau Kathiawar Satpura Peninsula Aravalli ranges NT-875-3-SOC.SCI.-II-10-E-VOL.2 u ea at Pl ts n ca ha ec G D n er st Ea ts Gha tern Wes Fig. 7.5 India: The Land of Diversities 121 Social Science II Mark the major features of the peninsular plateau in the outline map of India. This undulating physical division of India extends about 15 lakh square kilometres. It includes varied topography such as mountains, plateaus, and valleys. The highest peak in this region is the Anamudi (2695 m) situated in the Idukki district of Kerala. As the peninsular plateau holds numerous deposits of diverse minerals, this region can be termed as the store house of minerals. The major vegetation of this region receiving seasonal rain is tropical deciduous. The trees found in this region are teak, sal, sandalwood, bamboo, etc. But the rainy western slopes of the Western Ghats have tropical rain forests. A major portion of the deccan plateau, which is the southern part of the peninsular plateau, has been formed by the cooling of lava that spread over the region millions of years ago. Black soil is extensively found in this region made of igneous rocks, named basalt. As this soil is best suited for cotton cultivation, it is also called black cotton soil. Red soil also occurs in large quantities. This soil formed by the weathering of igneous and metamorphic rocks is comparatively less fertile. The presence of iron gives red colour to this soil. Laterite soil is formed in the regions with monsoon rains and intermittent hot seasons. The peninsular plateau is also the source region of many rivers. Observe the map (Fig 7.2) and find out the rivers flowing through the peninsular plateau. Mahanadi The rivers originating from the elevated regions of the peninsular plateau are known as peninsular rivers. As these are rain fed rivers, the water flow in these rivers decreases in summer. 122 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Observe the map (Fig 7.2) and complete the table by classifying the peninsular rivers based on their direction of flow. West flowing rivers East flowing rivers Narmada Mahanadi Some of the peninsular rivers are tributaries of the Ganga and the Yamuna. Identify them with the help of the map (Fig 7.2). See the origin, length, and tributaries of major peninsular rivers given in the table (7.3). Complete the table after identifying the states through which they flow and the sea which they join. Approximate Major States Sea which River Origin length tributaries through it joins which it flows Mahanadi Maikala Ranges 857 Km Ib, Tel (Madhya Pradesh) Godavari Western Ghats 1465 Km Indravathi, (Nasik district of Sabari Maharashtra) Krishna Western Ghats 1400 Km Bhima, (Mahabaleswar Thungabhadra in Maharashtra) Kaveri Brahmagiri Ranges 800 Km Kabani, in Western Ghats Amaravathi (Karnataka) Narmada Maikala Ranges 1312 Km Hiran, Banjan (Chhattisgarh) Tapti Muntai Plateau 724 Km Anar, (Baitul distruct in Girna Maharashtra) Table 7.3 India: The Land of Diversities 123 Social Science II Godavari is the longest among the peninsular rivers. Waterfalls are common in most of the peninsular rivers. The highest among these is the Jog Falls (225 metres) in the Sharavathi River in Karnataka. Jog Falls Most of the peninsular rivers enter the plains by forming waterfalls. Why is it so? You might have understood the characteristics of the Himalayan and Peninsular rivers. Let us have a comparative study of them. Observe the table Himalayan rivers Peninsular rivers Originate from the Himalayan mountain Originate from the mountain ranges in ranges the peninsular plateau. Extensive catchment area Comparatively smaller catchment area Intensive erosion Intensity of erosion is less Create gorges in the mountain region and Do not create deep valleys as they flow meander in plains through hard and resistant rocks High irrigation potential Less irrigation potential Navigable along the plains Potential for inland navigation is low Table 7.4 124 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X The names of some major towns and cities situated along the river banks are given below. Prepare a table in the given format by identifying the river banks along which each is located. Also locate these towns and cities in the outline map of India. New Delhi, Agra, Devaprayag, Varanasi, Cities along river banks River Allahabad, Patna, Guwahati, Kolkata, New Delhi Yamuna Ludhiana, Srinagar, Ahmedabad, Surat, Vijayawada, Thiruchirappalli, Tanjavur, Coorg. Human life in the plateau Cotton, pulses, groundnut, sugarcane, maize, ragi, chilli, etc., are the major agricultural crops of this region. Iron ore, coal, manganese, bauxite, limestone, etc. are the major minerals found here. Hence agriculture, mining, and mineral based industries are the major economic activities. Along the beautiful coastlines... Each sea coast in India is as vividly picturesque as a painting in water colours. Suppose you are travelling from West Bengal to Gujarat along these beautiful coasts. Which are the states you would pass through? Odisha India: The Land of Diversities 125 Social Science II The approximate length of this coast line is 6100 kilometres extending from the Rann of Kutchh in Gujarat to the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta. The coastal plain of India can be divided into two. Familiarise the coastlines and their characteristic features by observing the table and the map. Western coastal plain Eastern coastal plain Between the Arabian Sea and the Between the Bay of Bengal and the Western Ghats Eastern Ghats From the Rann of Kutchh to Kanyakumari From the Sundarban delta region to Kanyakumari Comparatively narrow Comparatively wide Can be divided into Gujarat coast, Can be divided into north Zircar plain and Konkan coast, and Malabar coast Coromandal coast Backwaters and esturies are seen Delta formation takes place 126 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Alluvial soil is present throughout the coastal plains. Rice, coconut, etc., are widely cultivated here. Deltas are commonly formed along the eastern coastal plain, but not along the west coastal plain. Why is it so? Mark the coastal plains in the outline map of India. Human life along the coasts Fishing is the main occupation of the people in the coastal plains. Tourism also has great possibilities here. Rice and coconut are the major agricultural crops along the west coast. Rice is extensively cultivated in the basins of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri along the east coast. To our own islands... The Lakshadweep islands are situated in the Arabian Sea at a distance of about 300 kilometres off shore from Kochi. There are 36 islands in this island group, of which only 11 are inhabited. Bangaram, Kadamath, Minicoy, Kavarathi, Agathi, Androth, Kalpeni, Aminidivi, Chethlath, Bithra and Kilthan are the major islands. Kavarathi is the capital of Lakshadweep. India: The Land of Diversities 127 Social Science II Lagoons, sandy beaches and coral reefs are the specialities of the Lakshadweep island group. People depend largely on sea for their sustenance as agriculture is sparse here. Fishing and tourism are the major sources of income. Mark the Lakshadweep Islands in the outline map of India. Let us get to know another island group. This group of islands is situated in the Bay of Bengal. An island lagoon in Lakshadeep The Andaman and Nicobar islands include about 200 islands of Andaman group and 19 islands of Nicobar group. Most of these islands are not inhabited. Many of them have dense forests. The only volcano in India is situated in the Barren Island here. Port Blair is the capital of Andaman and Nicobar islands. The Indira Point at the southern most tip of the Nicobar islands is considered as the southern end of India. Mark the Andaman and Nicobar islands in the outline map of India. Don't forget to name the map you have completed as 'India: Physiography'. Now you might have understood that India is divided into five major physiographic divisions namely Northern Mountains, Great Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, and Islands and also that The natives of the Andaman and Nicobar each of these divisions influence the life of group of islands people in India. 128 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Climate "Experienced heavy Note the conversations of children from showers today. Using the different places in India. instrument called rain gauge It is clear from their conversations that the we measured the rain and climate in India varies from place to place displayed it in the school and time to time. Like physiography, notice board." Kerala -15 June climate also is diverse. What causes this "It is so dry that even spatial diversity in climate? What factors drinking water is scarce are responsible for these differences in here. June is the hottest climate? Let us find out. month." The factors influencing the climate of Rajasthan - 10 May India are: "Cold is so severe here that Latitude the schools are closed for Physiography two days. This weather is said to be caused by the Nearness to sea location of this place away Altitude from the sea." Rajasthan - 10 January The seasons in India can be generally "The one day cricket classified into four. match supposed to be Cold weather season conducted at the Chinna swamy Stadium,Chennai Hot weather season has been postponed. We Southwest monsoon season Tamil Nadu - 20 were really looking November Retreating monsoon season forward to see the match" Cold weather season December - January - February Fig 7.6 India: The Land of Diversities 129 Social Science II Haven't you seen the pictures (Fig 7.6)? These are some of the winter scenes of North India. You might have heard from the media about the extreme cold of North India. Why is it so ? India experiences winter when the position of the sun is over the southern hemisphere. Most places in India experience intense fog and snowfall occurs in the valleys of the Himalayas during this season. Which are the months of cold weather in India? See the map (Fig 7.7). The average day temperature recorded in the month of January at different places in India are shown in the map. Examine this to infer the pattern 130C of change in temperature. Why High pressure does the temperature decrease from south to north? 200C 180C The coastal regions experience comparatively high temperature. Why? 210C January During the cold weather season 240C days are generally warm and nights are severely cold in 26.5 C North India. Snowfall is a 0 Low pressure Not to scale common phenomenon in the Fig 7.7 hill stations like Manali and Shimla. The phenomenon called western disturbance is another peculiarity of the season. The cyclones originating in the Mediterranean Sea during winter, gradually shifts towards the east and reaches India. This causes winter rainfall in the northern plains, especially in the Punjab region. This rain is much beneficial for the winter crops. Jet 130 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X streams, the strong upper air currents in the troposphere have a significant role in bringing the western disturbance to India. Hot weather season The pictures (Fig 7.8) given here are some scenes of hot weather experienced in different parts of India. Observe the map (Fig 7.9) to understand the distribution pattern of temperature in May. Isn't the temperature in North India very high compared to the southern regions located close to the sea? Why does this happen? India experiences hot weather March-April-May-June when the sun is over the Fig 7.8 northern hemisphere. It is in Barmer in western Rajasthan that the highest temperature of summer is felt. Loo, mango showers, etc. are some local winds experienced in India during this season. You have learnt about these winds in the earlier chapter. 330C Low pressure 290C 280C Kalbaisakhi Kalbaisakhi is the phenomenon of 250C May heavy showers with thunder 240C occurring in the West Bengal region during the hot weather 230C season. Roaring winds and hailstones are the characteristics of High pressure Not to scale this rain. Fig 7.9 India: The Land of Diversities 131 Social Science II Southwest monsoon season Observe the map (Fig 7.10). The direction of the flow of the southwest monsoon winds is shown here. The highest rainfall season of India is caused by these winds. Which months does India experience southwest monsoon? When the sun is over the northern Not to scale hemisphere, North Indian regions Fig 7.10 experience intense low pressure. Owing to the high pressure over the oceans, wind blows from high pressure to low pressure regions, that is, from the Indian Ocean to the Indian sub- continent. As the winds deflect towards right due to coriolis effect, they reach India as southwest monsoon winds. June-July-August-September Fig 7.11 132 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Because of the peculiar shape of the Indian peninsula, the southwest monsoon winds bifurcate into two branches on entering the land. Arabian Sea branch Bay of Bengal branch The Arabian Sea branch that reaches the coast of Kerala by early June causes heavy rainfall here. Then it advances to the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, and Gujarat and causes rainfall in the western parts. Rainfall is comparatively less along the eastern slopes of the Western Ghats. Why? Rainfall is scarce in the Rajasthan region because the monsoon branch entering through Gujarat blows parallel to the Aravalli mountain ranges. By what name is the southwest monsoon rain known in Kerala? The Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon advances northward by absorbing more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. On reaching West Bengal, crossing the Sundarban delta, it bifurcates into two branches. One branch reaches the northeastern states through the Brahmaputhra plains and causes heavy rainfall there. What is the role of eastern highlands in bringing heavy rainfall to the northeastern states? The other branch enters the Ganga plains and causes rainfall in West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, etc. This branch merging with the Arabian Sea branch in the Punjab plains advances north further and causes heavy rainfall along the foothills of the Himalayas. Retreating monsoon season By the end of September, as the sun apparently shifts towards the southern hemisphere, intense high pressure develops over the northern plains. Comparatively low pressure over the Indian Ocean causes wind to blow from the northern part of India India: The Land of Diversities 133 Social Science II towards the Indian Ocean. Look at the map (Fig 7.12) to understand the direction of these winds. What causes the rightward deflection of these winds? These winds known as northeast monsoon winds are dry winds that do not generally cause any rain in India. This season termed as north east monsoon is actually Not to scale a transition period between the rainy Fig 7.12 season and the forth coming winter. This season experienced during the months of October and November makes the days unbearable due to high temperature and humidity. This phenomenon is known as October heat. The winds blowing from land to sea due to the attraction of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal takes a northeast to southwest direction. It absorbs moisture from the Bay of Bengal and causes rainfall along the coromandal coast, especially the Tamil Nadu coast. This is the main rainy season of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and some parts of Karnataka also receive northeast monsoon rains. By what name is the northeast monsoon rain known in Kerala? Distribution of rainfall in India Observe the map (Fig 7.13). This map is prepared based on the amount of rainfall received in India. Analyse the map and find answers to the following questions. Places receiving more than 200 cm rainfall  Kerala  Places receiving less than 60 cm rainfall  Rajasthan  Reasons for these imbalances in the distribution of rainfall  Physiography  134 India: The Land of Diversities  Standard X Fig 7.13 Each of the geographical characteristics of India does justice to the title 'The land of diversities.' These diversities persist in every aspect such as physiography, climate, lifestyle, culture, flora and fauna, natural resources, etc. and form the basis of India's prosperity. It is our responsibility to safegaurd these diversities. India: The Land of Diversities 135 Social Science II Let us assess Himalayan ranges are described as a natural barrier. Justify the statement. List the differences between the Peninsular and Himalayan rivers. The northern plains are the backbone of the Indian economy. Write your inferences by analysing the statement. The northern plains of India are densely populated compared to other places. Give reasons. Extended activity Observe the map and find out the neighbouring countries of India sharing land frontier with one, two, three and four Indian states respectively. Prepare a flow chart to represent the physiographic divisions and subdivisions in India and display it in the classroom. 136 India: The Land of Diversities NT-875-4-SOC.SCI.-II-10-E-VOL.2 Fig 8.1 Some of the factors related to the development of India are shown in the collage above (Fig 8.1). Identify and list them. Agriculture The physical features of India considerably influence these diverse human activities. We have discussed the physical characteristics of India in the previous chapter. India is blessed with diverse natural resources. Extent of land, physiographic characteristics, climate, soil types, etc. form the Social Science II basis of our resource potential. Resource utilisation is as significant as resource availability for the development of the country. This chapter deals with the geographical characteristics of different sectors such as agriculture, mining, industry, transport, etc. that influence the economy of India. Agriculture and agro-based industries India is an agricultural country. Nearly two-third of our population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. In addition to food crops, the agricultural sector also provides raw materials for some industries. Crop diversity is a characteristic feature of India. What geographical factors are favourable for the cultivation of diverse crops in India? Diverse topography As we know, the climatic conditions required for the cultivation of all the crops are not the same. We have different crops suited to each season. On the basis of the period of cultivation, we have three distinct cropping seasons - Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid. Observe the table given below and examine the classification of the crops based on their cropping seasons. Cropping Sowing Harvesting Major seasons period period crops June Early November Rice, maize, millets, Kharif (Onset of monsoon) (End of monsoon) cotton, jute, sugarcane, groundnut Rabi November March Wheat, tobacco, (Beginning of winter) (Beginning of summer) mustard, pulses Zaid March June Fruits, vegetables (Beginning of summer) (Beginning of monsoon) Small grains are called millets. Food crops such as jowar, bajra, ragi, etc. come under this category. 138