Geography Skills Review PDF

Geography Skills 𝜗𝜚⋆₊˚ Perspectives ​ Social​ ​ How people and their daily lives are impacted (Health, Inequalities, culture, migration)​ Economic​ ​ Impact on economy and wealth (Income, GDP, Exports, commodities, jobs) ​ ​ Environmental​ ​ How nature is...

Geography Skills 𝜗𝜚⋆₊˚ Perspectives ​ Social​ ​ How people and their daily lives are impacted (Health, Inequalities, culture, migration)​ Economic​ ​ Impact on economy and wealth (Income, GDP, Exports, commodities, jobs) ​ ​ Environmental​ ​ How nature is impacted (Impacts on vegetation, soil, air, water​ ​ Political​ Impact and role of government decisions (International agreement and organization, activism, policies, laws) Geo technologies ​ GIS​ ​ Geographic Information Systems​ ○​ Computer system that analyzes geographic data ​ Remote sensing​ ○​ Seeing or measuring from a distance (Weather forecasts, areas from space) ​ GPS​ ​  Global Positioning system​ ○​ Satellite based system that provides location data Types of Interrelationships ​ Human​ ​ Study of humans, lifestyles, cultures, and impacts on earth​ ​ (Immigration, Population, Economic Development, Politic​ ​ Physical (Natural)​ Anything related to the physical earth (Geology, Climate, Ecosystem, Plate tectonics, Natural resources) Spatial Patterns ​ Linear Arranged in a straight line (Houses along a road) ​ Dispersed Things spread out over a large area (Farms scattered in the countryside) ​ Clustered Things that are grouped together in one area (A group of houses in a neighbour hood) Physical Geography 𝜗𝜚⋆₊˚ Landform Regions Main landforms ​ Glacier, Volcano, Plateau, Canyon/Valley,, Desert, Lake, Hills, Plains Canadian Shield ​ Oldest+Largest ​ Base (Nickel, zinc, Gold) ​ Igneous+Metaphoric ​ Erosion overtime→ Rocky Interior Plains ​ Surrounds Canadian shield ​ Flat + Sedimentary ​ Suited for farming Great Lakes-St.Lawrence Lowlands ​ Surrounds Canadian shield ​ Flat + Sedimentary ​ Suited for farming Hudson Bay- Arctic Lowlands ​ Surrounds Canadian shield ​ Flat + Sedimentary Appalachians ​ Edges of Canada ​ Sedimentary folded to create mountains Innuitian Mountains (High Artic) ​ Edges of Canada ​ Sedimentary folded to create mountains Western Cordillera  ​ Edges of Canada ​ Sedimentary folded to create mountains Plate Tectonics Convergent →← ​ Mountains, Volcanoes Divergent ←→ ​ Mid-ocean ridges ​ Seafloor spreading Transform v^ ​ Earthquakes ​ Faults Subduction Oceanic plates sink other plates creating volcanoes. Collision zones ​ Mountains Ranges Ridge Push vs. Slab pull Ridge push - Plate pushed by weight of mid-ocean ridge Slab pull - Plate pulled by the weight of subducting section Glaciers Continental ​ High latitudes ​ Compression melting ​ Only 2 Antarctic + Greenland Alpine ​ High elevation ​ Gravity ​ Rivers of ice flowing from mountains to valleys ​ Western Cordillera + Artic What happens if they collapse? ​ Sea level rise + coastal flooding ​ Loss of habitat ​ Impacts on resources LOWERN LADITUDE ​ Farther away from equator more cold ​ Sun’s energy is spread over large area near poles OCEAN CURRENTS ​ Ocean temperature affects air temperature ​ Water from poles cools, water from equator raises air temperature WINDS Air mass- large body of air same temp. + Moisture ​ Uneven heating earth’s atmosphere ​ Prevailing wind : Most common winds over a region ​ Polar/arctic=Cold Tropical=warm  ​ Maritime=wet Continental=dry ELEVATION ​ Air rises it expands due to low pressure & cools ​ Rate of cooling 0.6c per 100m RELIEF Relief ​ Moist air forced to rise over mountains Frontal ​ Warm air and cold air masses meet Convectional ​ Hot surfaces cause air to rise & condense Air masses dump moisture when forced to climb over mountains. Windward receives more precipitation than leeward. NEAR WATER ​ Water heats up & cools down slower than air ​ Less variation in temperature for locations near water(maritime) Climate Graphs x-axis write months (Temperature) Left y-axis Middle point=0 Scale=Highest point/squares above 0 (precipitation)Right Y-axis Highest/number of squares Precipitation = blue bar Temperature=red line change in climate Greenhouse gases Gases in the atmosphere absorb some heat before it escapes into space. ​ Carbon dioxide ​ Methane ​ Nitrous oxide ​ Ozone ​ Water vapour Causes ​ Industrial revolution Carbon Sink Anything absorbing more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases Carbon Source Releases carbon dioxide into atmosphere Mitigate Reducing causes of Climate Change by cutting down GHG emissions Adaption Making adjustments to respond to a changing climate ​ Avalanches ​ Landslides ​ Wildfires ​ Tsunamis & Storm Surges ​ Heat Waves ​ Floods ​ Hurricanes ​ Tornados ​ Winter Storms ​ Sink Holes ​ Earthquakes ​ Hail Storm Managing Resources𝜗𝜚⋆₊˚ Types of Natural Resource Renewable ​ Can be replenished Non-Renewable ​ Limited, slowly created Flow resources ​ Constantly produced, cannot be damaged Other resources ​ Cannot be classified as the others ​ Might be tourist attractions Sustainability Sustainable resources ​ Sunlight ​ Wind ​ Water ​ Trees ​ Plants ​ Animals ​ Soil Non-renewable resources ​ Oil ​ Coal ​ Natural gas  ​ Minerals ​ Metals ​ Plastic ​ Rocks Ecological Footprint Ecological footprint Biocapacity- capacity of ecosystems to produce resources Global Hectares -Measure of ecological footprint >Biocapacity Biocapacity deficit - When ecological footprint>Global hectares Biocapacity Reserve - Biocapacity>ecological footprint Freshwater 1% of freshwater in the oceans. Canada - Highest water resources per capita Aquifers (Groundwater deposits) Desalination Removing minerals in water Agriculture 70% Industry 22% personal 8% Day Zero ​ Estimated date where water supply is depleted Types of Industries (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary) Primary ​ Raw materials Mining, Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing Secondary ​ Assembly of raw materials Manufacturing, processing, construction Tertiary ​ Commercial Retail, Transportation, Entertainment, Restaurants Quaternary ​ Information Researcher, Analyst, Statesian Agriculture Fertilizer ​ Helps crops grow (nitrogen, potassium, or phosphorus) ​ Includes nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, or phosphorus ​ Past farming methods 50% of fertilizer was wasted ​ Ended up polluting lake Erie or turned into a greenhouse gas Agriculture is responsible for 1/3 of greenhouse gas emissions. ​ Biggest polluter of freshwater​ ​ Biggest loss of biodiversity​ ​ Farmed fish​ ​ Aquaculture​ ​ Biggest exports​ ​ Non-durum wheat + Canola​ Challenges 1.​ Drought 2.​ Pests (Weeds+Insects) 3.​ Soil health Sustainable strategies 1.​ Cover crops 2.​ Crop rotation 3.​ No till farming 4.​ Electrical vehicles Fishing Industry Moratorium Temporary suspension of activity Groundfish Fish that live on or near the bottom of the seafloor (Ex. cod, haddock, halibut) Aquaculture ****Farming of fish or seafood in fresh or saltwater. Shellfish Invertebrate animals that have a shell Bottom trawling ​ Gathers too much fish + Bycatch Long lining + Modified traps ​ Sustainable + reduces Bycatch Forestry Canada’s Forests ​ 35% of Canada’s area is forested ​ Boreal regions:75% of the forested area. ○​ Southern: Deciduous trees (e.g., Birch, Poplar). ○​ Northern: Coniferous trees (e.g., Spruce, Balsam Fir). ​ 70% coniferous forests: Spruce is the most common tree Forest Sector ​ Major income source in B.C, Quebec, and Ontario. ​ 200,000+ jobs ​ Canada big exporter (main importer: USA). Forest Products Lumber: Boards/planks from softwood (coniferous) or hardwood (deciduous). Timber Unprocessed wood used in construction. Pulp Ground wood fiber for paper products. Maple Syrup: Produced from sugar maple sap; mostly from Quebec. Harvesting Methods 1.​ Clear Cut: Removes all trees; common in northern Ontario. ○​ Pros: Cost-effective. ○​ Cons: Alters conditions, challenges regeneration. 2.​ Strip Cut: ​ Removes trees in strips/blocks 1.​ Shelterwood Cut ​ Leaves mature trees for shade/regeneration 1.​ Selective Cut: ​ Removes mature/defective trees (used in Southern Ontario). Threats to Forests ​ Climate Change ○​ Warmer winters → Increased pests (e.g., Mountain Pine Beetle, Emerald Ash Borer). ○​ Wildfires Hot, dry conditions → More frequent fires. Mining (Minerals, Oil, Gas) Strip ​ Used to extract mineral close to the surface through removal of horizontal layers ​ Cheapest method ​ Extracts sand, gravel, coal deposits and oil sands Open Pit ​ Used to extract mineral that are both close to the surface and deep in the ground ​ More expensive than strip mining ​ Extracts diamonds, oil sands, iron Underground ​ Used to mine minerals deep below the surface through the use of vertical and horizontal shafts ​ Most expensive method ​ Extracts potash, gold, nickel, copper Types of minerals Metallic ​ Melted Ex. iron, copper, lead, gold, silver Non-Metallic ​ Natural, Industrial Ex. Gypsum, potash, salt, asbestos Structural ​ Construction ​ Ex. Limestone, clay, sand and gravel Fuels ​ Energy Ex. Coal, oil and natural gas Diamonds ​ Igneous rocks (Kimberlite) ​ Most minds in North West territories ​ Canada third largest Alberta oil vs Newfoundland Alberta - Bitumen oil, Highly viscous + Needs refining Newfoundland - offshore, Crude oil, Mining 20% In Situ 80% ​ Drilling 2 wells underground to reach bitumen deposits ​ Steam is used to heat bitumen ​ The bitumen then flows into the bottom ​ pumped to the surface. Natural Gas ​ Vapour ​ Obtained from shale (sedimentary rock) through hydraulic fracturing Fracking Injecting water+chemicals to extract natural gas Energy Sources Solar Power pros: Efficient Cons: Less efficient when cloudy/rainy Wind Power pros: Lower prices Cons: Loud + Noisy Biomass pros: Reduces waste Cons: Air pollution HydroPower pros: Easy access Cons: Disrupts water Geothermal pros: Not dependent on weather conditions Cons: High cost & Limited with regions Nuclear waste 15%  ​ split uranium atoms to generate electricity pros: produce enormous amounts of electricity Cons: clean energy source Globalisation ( MNCs, Trade Agreements, UN, etc) ​ The spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across nations ​ connection of different parts of the world ​ Technology, Transport, Trade What is a free trade agreement? What free trade agreement is Canada currently a part of? ​ Agreement that helps countries trade more freely by removing some of the obstacles​ ​ USMCA​ ​ What is the difference between exports and imports?​ ​ Exports = Goods and services that are produced in one country and sold to buyers in another.​ ​ Imports = Goods and services that a country buys from another country.​ UMSCA = Us, Mexico, Canada, Agreement ​ Removed tariffs on trade goods between them Tariffs - Tax imposed by the government on Imported Goods Outsourcing - When companies use external providers to carry out business processes Changing Populations 𝜗𝜚⋆₊˚ ​ World Population Growth & Trends​ ​ Exponential Growth - Sharper increase over time​ ○​ Reaching carrying capacity ​ Population Pyramids​ ○​ Rapid ​ Big base ​ High birth rates, High death rates ​ Poor healthcare ​ Kenya, Afghanistan ○​ Stable ​ Beehive shape ​ Usa, Argentina ○​ Declining ​ Rocket shape ​ Birth rate lower than replacement (2.1) ​ Japan, Germany ​ Canada’s Population Trends​ ○​ Getting larger ○​ Getting older ○​ Why? ​ Declining fertility rate ​ Centenarians 100 and over ​ Canadian Population Distribution​ ○​ Near US boarder ○​ Along coastlines ​ why?​ Immigration 1. Economic  ​ Federal skilled worker ○​ High-demand ○​ Points system (at least 67) ​ Skilled trades ○​ Short supply ○​ (electricians, plumbers, machinists, mine workers) ​ Start up visa/business ​ Temporary foreign worker program ○​ Fill labour shortages ○​ Extraordinary talents Social & Humanitarian 2. Family class ​ Sponsoring & financially supports 3. Refugee class ​ forced to flee ​ judged on merits, most rejected Pull factor = move away Push factor =attractive Census - Official survey/count of population every 5 years Most immigrants 1.​ India 2.​ Philippines 3.​ China Majority of immigrants go to ONTARIO, QUEBEC, & ALBERTA. Liveable Communities 𝜗𝜚⋆₊˚ ​ Urbanization Trends​  ○​ Modern Cities - Industrial revolution - Provided new technology allowed cities to develop more infrastructure ○​ Urban growth that provides adequate food, sanitation and education needed for all ○​ Growth needs to happen without damaging environment ○​ (Vertical farms, rooftop gardens, renewable energy, vertical residences, smaller self-sufficient cities) ​ Urban Issues (Food Deserts, Traffic, Heat Islands)​ ​ Urban heat Islands​ ○​ An area that has warmer temperatures than surrounding rural areas ○​ More materials which absorb sunlight ​ Food deserts​ ○​ An area that has limited access to food that is plentiful, affordable, or nutritious ○​ Lack of convenience stores and low pay ​ Traffic congestion​ ○​ To many vehicles on the road, causing traffic to slow down and take longer to move ○​ road construction ​ Megacity exceeds 10 million people. (Tokyo, NYC, Mumbai)​ Land Use Types 1.​ Transportation 1/3 of urban land use Includes rails and roads Terminal facilities (train, bus, subway stations, rail yards, airports and parking lots and garage) 1.​ Residential Residential density - Per acre (100x100m) Low ​ Semi detached ​ Less than 30 homes per hectare Medium ​ Townhouses, Low rise ​ 30-100 homes per hectare High ​ Highrise ​ More than 100 per hectare Major factors that determine the residential density A. Land cost Lower residents = Cheaper B. Age of area Prior to 1930s ​ Higher residential density ​ Neighbourhoods not designed for automobiles ​ Grid pattern After 1945 WII ​ Less dense ​ Garden pattern 1.​ Institutional/Public ​ 10% of urban land use ​ Places of worship, schools, hospitals 1.​ Open space & Recreational ​ 7% of urban land use ​ Vacant, Natural ​ Parks, Playgrounds 1.​ Industrial ​ 6% of urban land use ​ Factories, Warehouses, Power Plants ​ Majority is distribution centres as many products are imported 1.​ Commercial  ​ 5% of urban land use Lower Order ​ Frequent + Inexpensive ​ Supermarket, barber services, post office ​ Typically found in neighbourhood variety stores and plazas Higher Order ​ Infrequently + Expensive ​ Concert halls, sporting venues, designer clothing stores ​ Found in central business districts, big-box stores and shopping areas Urban Sprawl Vs. Smart Growth ​ Urban sprawl​ ​ Uncontrolled expansion of cities onto rural lands​ ○​ Low density ○​ Single use zoning ○​ Automobiles ​ Smart growth​ ○​ Protecting green space ○​ High density ○​ Mixed use zoning ○​ Active transportation ​ Green belt​ ○​ Open land around city, building restricted ​ Future City Innovation (Ex. Sponge Cities)​ ​ Sponge city = Emphasizes flood management, use of green infrastructure​ ○​ Energy efficient buildings ○​ Converting waste to energy ○​ Locally sourced food