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Questions and Answers
What are the subunits that make up nucleic acids called?
What are the subunits that make up nucleic acids called?
RNA copies and transfers genetic information to make proteins.
RNA copies and transfers genetic information to make proteins.
True
What is the primary role of DNA in a cell?
What is the primary role of DNA in a cell?
To provide instructions for making proteins
The three parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon __________, a phosphate, and a nitrogen __________.
The three parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon __________, a phosphate, and a nitrogen __________.
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Match the following nucleotides with their characteristics:
Match the following nucleotides with their characteristics:
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Which of the following elements is NOT needed in trace amounts for proper body functioning?
Which of the following elements is NOT needed in trace amounts for proper body functioning?
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Polymers and macromolecules are different terms for the same class of compounds.
Polymers and macromolecules are different terms for the same class of compounds.
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What are carbohydrates primarily used for in the body?
What are carbohydrates primarily used for in the body?
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The subunits that make up carbohydrates are called __________.
The subunits that make up carbohydrates are called __________.
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Match the following types of carbohydrates with their examples:
Match the following types of carbohydrates with their examples:
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Which functional groups are present in amino acids?
Which functional groups are present in amino acids?
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Polypeptide chains are formed by linking amino acids through glucosidic bonds.
Polypeptide chains are formed by linking amino acids through glucosidic bonds.
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The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in monosaccharides is __________.
The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in monosaccharides is __________.
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Proteins act as __________ enzymes in cells to control reactions.
Proteins act as __________ enzymes in cells to control reactions.
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What are the two functional groups found in amino acids?
What are the two functional groups found in amino acids?
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What substance is removed to link amino acids together in the creation of proteins?
What substance is removed to link amino acids together in the creation of proteins?
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Lipids are polar molecules that dissolve in water.
Lipids are polar molecules that dissolve in water.
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Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ and three __________ acid chains.
Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ and three __________ acid chains.
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Match the following lipids with their functions:
Match the following lipids with their functions:
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What is the term used for fatty acids that only contain single bonds between carbons?
What is the term used for fatty acids that only contain single bonds between carbons?
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Which type of fatty acid contains at least one double bond?
Which type of fatty acid contains at least one double bond?
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Which of the following elements makes up approximately 95% of an organism's body weight?
Which of the following elements makes up approximately 95% of an organism's body weight?
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Organic compounds are primarily made of nitrogen.
Organic compounds are primarily made of nitrogen.
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Name one class of macromolecule that contains nitrogen.
Name one class of macromolecule that contains nitrogen.
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Carbohydrates and lipids consist of the elements C, H, and ___.
Carbohydrates and lipids consist of the elements C, H, and ___.
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Match the following classes of macromolecules with their examples:
Match the following classes of macromolecules with their examples:
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Which type of bond can carbon NOT form?
Which type of bond can carbon NOT form?
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Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
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What are two examples of nucleic acids?
What are two examples of nucleic acids?
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Study Notes
Elements in Living Things
- Most common elements in living organisms are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O).
- These four elements make up about 95% of body weight.
- Other elements, like calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and sulfur (S), are needed in smaller amounts for proper bodily functions.
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Compounds can be classified into organic and inorganic.
- Organic compounds are primarily made of carbon.
- Carbon has four outer electrons allowing it to form four bonds (single, double, triple, or quadruple) with other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
- Organic compounds also contain hydrogen.
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large organic molecules made up of smaller units.
- Four main classes of macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates (CHO)
- Lipids (CHO)
- Proteins (CHON)
- Nucleic acids (CHONP)
Carbohydrates
- Primary function: Energy storage and structural support
- Made of simple sugars called monosaccharides.
- Monosaccharides have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose).
- Monosaccharides combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are long chains (cellulose, chitin, glycogen).
Lipids
- Function: Energy storage, insulation, and structural components of cell membranes.
- Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but with a much higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates.
- Examples of lipids include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
- Fatty acids chains can be saturated (all single bonds) or unsaturated (at least one double bond).
Proteins
- Function: Build and maintain cells, act as enzymes, and transport molecules.
- Made up of amino acid subunits.
- Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, which create polypeptide chains.
- Proteins have complex 3D structures crucial for their functions.
- Proteins can act as enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions in cells.
- Each protein has two functional amino groups (-NH₂), and a carboxyl group (-COOH).
Nucleic Acids
- Function: Store and transmit genetic information.
- Made up of nucleotide subunits.
- Examples: DNA and RNA.
- Nucleotides consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high-energy molecule used in many cellular processes.
Condensation
- Condensation reactions link monomers to build polymers by removing a molecule of water. Conversely, hydrolysis breaks down polymers.
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Description
Explore the essential elements in living organisms, including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, and their importance to body weight. Delve into the classification of organic and inorganic compounds, as well as the four main classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
