APUSH Unit 1.pdf

Chapter 1: ○ Meso-America - made up of Central America and Mexico ○ Canadian Shield - first part of North America that rose from underwater due to lowering sea levels ○ Land Bridge - bridge connecting Eurasia and North America (Serbia and Alaska) ○ Incas - located in Peru; corn Goddess ○ Aztecs - located in Mexico; agriculturally advanced ○ Cahokia - 25,000 people; corn played a big part in the survival of their empire ○ “Three-sister” farming - beans would grow on cornstalk and the squash helped retain the moisture in the soil ○ Maize - help early populations survive, most important crop ○ Iroquois - largest North American empire, developed political and organizational skills ○ Crusades - battles between Muslims and Christians over what they believed was the Holy Land ○ Marco Polo - indirectly led to the discovery of the New World, went to China and wrote a book about what he found, made people want to find routes to the East Indies (silk) ○ King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella - king and queen of Spain, united Spain into one colony, started the Spanish search for routes to the Indies, funded Christopher Columbus’s journey ○ Christopher Columbus - discovered the New World, thought he was in the Indies but actually ended up in America; introduced a permanent connection between Europe and the Americas ○ Columbian Exchange - between North America, Africa, and Europe; Africa provided slaves; North America provided raw materials; and Europe provided furnished products ○ Treaty of Tordesillas - split up the New World between Portugal and Spain; Spain received the Americas and Portugal received Africa and Brazil ○ Encomiendas - Spanish gave Indians to certain colonists to use for labor and to try to convert to Christianity; slavery ○ Noche Triste - when Hernan Cortes was kicked out of Aztec colony and was not allowed back due to their greed and selfishness; 12 people killed ○ Capitalism - private property, private profit ○ Mestizos - people of mixed Indian and European descent ○ Conquistadores - Spanish conquerors; motivation: God, glory, gold ○ Battle of Acoma - between Pueblos and Spaniards, the Spaniards won; severed one foot off of each of the surviving Indians; ○ Pope’s Rebellion - Indians were upset about Christianity being forced upon them, revolted by burning down every church and killing every priest ○ Black Legend - false concept that the all that the Spanish did was conquer and kill 1. Compare and contrast Native American and European culture at the time of discovery. a. Native Americans: tribes; less densely populated (no nation-states), comparable to the Aztec empire, made it easier to be conquered, no social hierarchy, weren’t looking to utilize nature b. Europeans: monarchies, more densely populated, social hierarchy, looked to utilize nature c. Both: didn’t know each other existed 2. What most significantly caused European nations to begin the exploration that resulted in their discovery of New World civilizations? a. They were looking for quicker routes to the Indies for the good they had to offer: silk, spices, sugar 3. To what extent did Spanish exploration and settlement change the New World? a. Brought more people; brought different kinds of goods from all over (Columbian exchange); killed off many natives because they were not immune to the Spanish diseases 4. Who benefited most substantially from the emergence of the Columbian exchange? a. The Old World benefitted the most - they valued gold and silver a lot at that time, the New World received many diseases from the Old World. 5. Evaluate the impact of New Spain. Were these efforts more beneficial or harmful? Why? a. At the time, it was more harmful, but in the long run, it was more beneficial since they discovered the Americas and their natural resources which they were able to trade with all around the world. Chapter 2: ○ Protestant Reformation - after Henry VIII broke away from Roman Catholic Church, left no dominant religion in England, led to the formation of Puritans ○ Queen Elizabeth - England had its own internal conflict, why it was so late to New World colonization; Protestants and Catholics were battling for a while, stopped once Queen Elizabeth became Queen, making England Protestant ○ Sir Francis Drake - Queen’s “seadog,” raided Spanish ships; earned a 4600% increase in revenue from raiding ○ Sir Walter Raleigh & Roanoke - Sir Walter Raleigh led the attempted colony of Roanoke, mysteriously vanished ○ Spanish Armada - led by Philip II; their defeat was the downfall of Spanish rule in the New World (Spain attacked England because of built-up tensions) ○ Enclosure Movement - when landowners would kick farmers off of their land and use it for personal profit (sheep shearing), caused a surge of unemployed farmers → indentured servants ○ Primogeniture - first-born sons could inherit the estates of their father ○ Joint-Stock Company - a group of investors who invested in trips to the New World ○ Virginia Company - King James I sent the joint-stock company, the Virginia Company, to the New World; were looking for gold and a passage through America to the Indies ○ Jamestown - first colony of the Virginia Company, easy to defend but covered with mosquitos ○ Virginia Charter - granted English settlers similar rights in the New World as the rights they had in the Old World ○ John Smith - “he who shall not work, shall not eat;” saves Virginia Colony - stopped people from dying during the starving time, focused on developing the colony rather than just searching for gold ○ Powhatan - native tribe, AND Pocahontas’s father; kidnapped John Smith 1685 - became extinct: disease, disorganization, and disposability ○ Pocahontas - daughter of Powhatan, she saved John Smith; she married John Rolfe, their marriage formally ended the first Anglo-Powhatan War and brought peace among the English and Powhatan ○ John Rolfe - was the reason Virginia survived: started the tobacco industry; needed more land because tobacco was harmful to the soil; married Pocahontas ○ Lord De La Warr - was given orders from the Virginia Company to declare war against the Indians in Jamestown; used Irish tactics against them: raiding villages, burning houses, confiscating provisions, and scorching cornfields ○ First Anglo-Powhatan War - Lord De La Warr was given orders by the Virginia Company to declare war on the natives (tensions were high because the natives refused to help the Europeans during starving time), used Irish tactics; ended with the marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, uniting the two groups of people ○ Second Anglo-Powhatan War - after the first war, Virginians were being greedy and asking for lots of favors; natives got annoyed and attacked the Europeans; last effort by Indians to defeat Virginians: failed ○ House of Burgessess - 1619, first miniature parliament (in Virginia), step closer to self government and colonial independence ○ King James I - took away the Virginia Charter and turned Virignia into a royal colony; was not happy with the level of success of Virginia ○ Lord Baltimore - Catholic; established Maryland as a Catholic colony ○ Indentured Servants - people who gave themselves up for work in exchange for the price of the ticket to come to the New World ○ Act of Toleration - an agreement between Catholic and Protestants in Maryland; stated that any Christian religion was ok ○ Barbados Slave Code - slaves had no rights; masters were allowed to severely punish them for even the slightest of mistakes ○ Lord’s Proprietors - King Charles’ 8 favorites were given permission to expand their exploration, leading to the formation of Carolina ○ Squatters - illegally grew their crops on land that wasn’t theirs (North Carolina) ○ Tuscarora War - in the Carolinas; drew out all of the Indians ○ Yamasee Indians - South Carolinians fought them causing them to disperse; one of the last Indian tribes left in the South ○ James Oglethorpe - founded Georgia which was created to protect the Carolinas from Spanish and French ○ Iroquois Confederacy - made up of 5 native tribes who worked together to try and preserve the native population and customs Chapter 3: ○ John Calvin - founder of Calvinism ○ Calvinism - branched off of Protestantism, believed that God was all good, humans were weak and wicked; predestination and conversion; importance: shaped the colonies in New England (theocratic government) ○ The Elect - group of people who were chosen by God (had been converted); were given more rights than the average person: right to vote, right to be members of the church; acted saintly, led other people to act saintly so they would be chosen next for conversion ○ Predestination - the idea that God already predestined whether you’re going to heaven or the other place; people acted saintly because they wanted to continue on that path and live a saintly life; only God knows where you are going to go; good works could not save you if you had already been predestined to go down below; importance: led people to act saintly so that they would be destined goodness ○ Conversion - the act where God told you you’re fate, specifically told you if you were going to heaven; converted people were members of the elect; they lived saintly lives which led other people to live saintly lives so that they would be converted next; everyone wanted to be converted because it showed that God chose you to be saved; importance: led people to act saintly so that they would be destined goodness ○ Puritans Bay COlony- branched off of Calvinism; did not like how everybody in England was a member of the church; wanted to purify the church (become selective of who could attend church); planned to leave England for their beliefs ○ Pilgrims Plymouth- group of separatists who left England for their Puritan beliefs; wanted to go to Virginia but their ship got hit by a storm and they landed in Plymouth; survived harsh winter because of John Smith; believed that every challenged that they faced was because God believed they could get through it ○ The Mayflower - the ship that brought the Pilgrims from England to the New World ○ Mayflower Compact - an agreement to follow the rules of whatever the majority of people say; modeled later constitutions; simple agreement to form a crude government and submit to the will of the majority; importance: a step closer to self-government ○ William Bradford - governor of Plymouth who could read and speak 5 languages; conducted a godly experiment and was afraid that non-puritan settlers would disrupt it (they valued cod as they set up fishing villages) ○ Massachusetts Bay Colony - non-separatist Puritans who feared for their faith and England’s future secured a royal charter to for the MBC; 11 vessels carried nearly 1,000 immigrants; started off larger than any other English settlement ○ Great English Migration - 70,000 refugees fled England, 20,000 ended up in Massachusetts, most went to the West Indies (specifically Barbados - sugar); brought many educated people including John Winthrop ○ John Winthrop & “City on a Hill” - claimed he had a calling from God, built a city on a hill to show everyone the success that God could bring to the colony; was MBC’s first governor; helped it prosper with ship building, fur trading, and fishing ○ Congregational Church - church of Puritans ○ “Freemen” - adult males who belong to the Congregational Church; importance: had the right to vote in provincial elections - any man or women who weren’t could not vote; 40% of men had voting rights(more than England) ○ Protestant Ethic - Protestants were hard workers, pushed through any challenges because they knew they had God on their side, enjoyed simple pleasures (blue laws) ○ Anne Hutchinson - extreme Puritan; woman in Puritan colony who did not agree with their beliefs; was put to trial because she disagreed; used the Bible to defend her claims; ended up being banished, said she heard God (which went to far); went to New York where she was killed by Indians ○ Antinomianism - if people were predestined, there was no reason to obey the law of man or God ○ Roger Williams - criticized the Congregation Church for the way they treated the Natives and said God would not want that; banished from Bay Colony, fled to Rhode Island where he established complete freedom of religion; secured a charter from Parliament in 1644 ○ Fundamental Orders - modern constitution which established a regime democratically controlled by the citizens: (Connecticut) ○ Pequot War - war between Puritans and native Pequot tribe over land, they killed a Puritan (man of God)--> Pequot tribe killed, Puritans burned and killed natives and sacrificed them for God, Puritans had native Indians on their side; Puritans annihilated the Pequot tribe, brought the surviving Indians to praying towns and converted them to Christianity; importance: brought 4 decades of peace between the Puritans and native Indians ○ “Praying Towns” - where people were brought to learn English religion (Christianity) and culture ○ King Philips’ War - Indians did not like praying towns, King Philip formed a pan-Indian alliance and assaulted English villages in a last attempt to defeat the English; they lost ○ New England Confederation - Puritan alliance between two Massachusetts colonies (Bay Colony and Plymouth), and two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and scattered valley settlements); each colony had two votes; colonial unity ○ Charles II & Restoration - Dutch Protestant leaders Mary II and William III were enthroned to be the leaders of England, favorable for the Puritans; ruled for a little bit; Charles II came back and gifted his eight favorite nobles (Lord’s Proprietors) land in the New World ○ Sir Edmund Andros - in charge of the Dominion of New England, was not liked among the people due to his open affiliation with the Church of England ○ Dominion of New England - royally ordered alliance between all of the English colonies in the New World, was formed to protect them from the natives, Dutch, and French, fell apart after the Glorious Revolution ○ Navigation Laws - forbade any American from trading with non-English colonies, controlled trading overseas ○ Glorious Revolution - Catholic James II was dethroned and Dutch Protestant leaders William III and Mary II were enthroned; once people in the New World saw this, they started to rebel: big fight in Boston over ruling system, the people wanted Sir Edmund Andros out; after Charles II was dethroned, the Dominion of New England fell apart ○ “Salutary Neglect” - period of time after Mary and William came into power where the navigation laws were only partially enforced ○ Dutch West India Company - less powerful than the Dutch East India Company; established New Netherlands; bigger than the Virginia Company; ran by Peter Stuyvesant ○ New Amsterdam - located in New York, was very diverse; conquered by English but originally Dutch; run solely with the interest of its stockholders, the investors did not care for religious toleration, freedom of speech, or democratic parties ○ Patroonships - estates fronting the Hudson River were granted to anybody who settled 50 people on it; importance: increased the population in the colonies ○ Peter Stuyvesant - ran the Dutch West India Company; led a military expedition against the Swedish, Dutch won bringing Swedish rule to an end ○ Quakers - refused to pay taxes to the Church of England; very religious but very religiously tolerant; treated everyone as equals (no titles); had a good relationship with the natives; did not believe in fighting; refused to take oaths (Jesus said not to swear) ○ William Penn - Quaker, was given a charter to Pennsylvania because the government was in debt to his father; brought the Quakers to Pennsylvania and established a welcoming and friendly community; Philadelphia - city of brotherly love ○ Blue Laws - prohibited ungodly behavior, having too much fun 1. The convictions of Calinists heavily impacted the Pilgrims because their whole lifestyle was based off of God, socially economically, and politically. Their beliefs in God led them to come to the New World. 2. His characterization was accurate because they implemented God into every part of their life. Their faith and belief in God also led them to keep going even when it was hard because they trusted God and knew that he wouldn’t mislead them. It was also accurate because John Winthrop wanted show everyone especially King Henry VIII that they would be able to survive, and thrive despite separating from the Church of England. The word Hill was used to describe how everyone would be able to see them and see how powerful their faith is. 3. Every part of life in the colonies or towns was based off of God including governments, jobs, elections, the amount of power you had, etc. In the Massachusetts Bay Government, they had a theocratic government which was led by God. If you didn’t share their Puritan faith, it was hard for you to really feel like a part of the colony. You would have less privileges if you did not believe in their faith. Chapter 4: ○ Indentured servants - people who were from England who went to New England and worked for masters - some were apprentices looking to become masters later on - most worked because they didn’t have any jobs; they were given barrels of corn, clothes, tools, and a bit of land if they were lucky; importance: provided labor that helped the farming industry thrive, first source of labor ○ Headright system - when the master would pay the right of passage for unemployed or poor people for them to come on a boat across the transatlantic to work for him, the servant would work a couple of years for him; masters were given 50 acres of land for every laborer they brought over; importance: increased the number of indentured servants in the New World and brought more people to the New World ○ William Berkeley - governor of Virginia who didn’t like or care about the lower class people; only cared about money - even agreed with the Indians over the lower class English (fur trade) - one of the main causes of Bacon’s Rebellion ○ Bacon’s Rebellion - led by 29-year-old Nathaniel Bacon, frontiersmen had been getting attacked by Indians and Berkeley did nothing about it; Bacon and the frontiersman revolted by killing and diminishing the Indians: marched to the capital and setting it on fire, showed that Bacon had more power and control than Berekely, Bacon dies in the middle of this, Berkeley hangs all the other people involved in the rebellion (20); importance: led planters unable to trust their indentured servants, forcing them to look elsewhere for labor: Africa ○ Olaudah Equiano - young boy who was captured by Europeans, brought to Americas through transatlantic passage, was scared during the whole voyage because he was afraid of being murdered by the ship’s captains since he saw this happening to others, after the passage he lived with this trauma for the rest of his life ○ Royal African Company - English joint-stock company that had a monopoly on the slave trading system; importance: once it collapsed, slaves were for really cheap, led to an increase in the amount of slaves in North America ○ Middle Passage - way for African slaves to come from Africa to the Americas, 20% of slaves died during this passage due to the brutal and harsh conditions; importance: shows the low respect and regard that Americans had for slaves, saw them as property ○ Slave Codes - established the difference between slaves and indentured servants; stated that slaves and their children belonged to their masters for life, if the mother was a slave the child was also a slave, shaped the colonies socially; importance: showed that there was a difference between slaves and indentured servants, one of the first examples of racism ○ FFV’s - “first families of Virginia,” families who were established in Virginia before 1690, three families (Lees, Ferdinand, and Washington) who were the people with the most power and the most land, powerful group of great planters (top of the pyramid) more powerful than the House of Burgesses ○ New England Town - better way of life than Chesapeake: fresh water, less disease, life span expectancy 10 years higher, structured organized towns, church was in the middle and houses surrounded, did not have many slaves (small farms no plantations), had big families, men did outside jobs, women cooked and cleaned, children got an education, small towns with close society, town house ○ Nathaniel Hawthorne - thought that convicted adulterers should be whipped in public and forced to wear a cutout capital letter A (from his book The Scarlet Letter); importance: the only way for a divorce other than outright abandonment ○ Congregational Church - church that the Puritans belonged to, only converted people were allowed to attend, served as meeting house for “regular” townspeople; importance: democracy in Congregational Church government led to democracy in political government ○ Jeremiad - sermons where people would be yelled at because of the waning religious zeal in the newer generations, conversions were happening less and less, preachers would stand up like Prophet Jeremiah and tell people to change their ways ○ Half-Way Covenant -allowed non-converted children of converted members to have partial membership to Congregational Church; importance: showed waning religious zeal of the second and third-generation Puritans ○ Salem Witch Trials - 1692, started when a group of girls claimed that older women had bewitched them, everybody else agreed, public hearings were held to determine whether someone was a witch or not, 20 people were killed because of this, ended because the King’s wife was accused, Puritans used this as reasoning for why people weren’t going to Church ○ Yankee Ingenuity - fostered by flinty field and the comfortless climate of New England, way to describe finding creative answers and solutions to problems when the answer is not clear ○ Leisler’s Rebellion - in New York, started from tensions between lordly landholders and merchants, a result of settlers trying to recreated the social structure from the Old World in the New World, failed because the New World was where equality and democracy flourished

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