APUSH Study Guide PDF

APUSH Study guide based on videos by College Board Period 1/Period 2: Differences in European colonization English: Based on: Colonies based on Agriculture Demographics: Large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate settlements, allowed other religions and groups like Scots-Irish or...

APUSH Study guide based on videos by College Board Period 1/Period 2: Differences in European colonization English: Based on: Colonies based on Agriculture Demographics: Large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate settlements, allowed other religions and groups like Scots-Irish or those fleeing persecution such as Quakers in Penn, Catholics in Maryland, Puritans in New Eng. Relationship with Indians: Relatively hostile, Anglo-Powhatan wars 1610-1646, Susquehannock war 1675, King Phillip’s war 1675, Intermarriage with Indians: No, very rarely (except for John Rolfe and Pocahontas) Gov’t: roots of self-gov’t starting with House of Burgesses 1619 for Virginia and Mayflower Compact in 1620 for Massachussetts ENGLISH LABOR SOURCE AT FIRST: INDENTURED SERVANTS Headright System gave land if you paid for passage of an indentured servant Events in British Colonies: Bacon’s rebellion Virginia 1676: LED TO INCREASE IN SLAVES IN COLONIES Governor Berkeley was not protecting frontierpeople from Indians. Led to more dependence on Slaves from Africa. Was a class clash between upper and lower classes. Bacon was angry the Governor did not protect against Indians. Led to more slave labor being used. Many in the rebellion were indentured servants, making more people switch to slavery instead. -Led to more slave labor -And led to British wanting to control the colonies more Chesapeake/Virginia Region: Jamestown 1607 -Profit motivation, made by Virginia Joint Stock company of London, -Many obstacles and starvation -Tobacco saved colony and becomes cash crop -1619 House of Burgesses and slaves start being imported -1622 Uprising led to end of Virginia company which never made a profit The Southern Colonies -Close ties with British west Indies -Exported rice, sugar, indigo, cotton -Relied largely on slave labor -Diverse New England: -“Town hall colonies” -Very Puritan and religious -Tight knit societies -Religious haven for rest of the world, very idealistic, (Salem witch trials 1692) -Fishing, shipping, and some farming (lots of shipbuilding) Middle Colonies -Fertile soil and lots of land -Exported lots of grain -Fur trade, lumber, shipbuilding -Lots of port cities -Ethnically diverse -Religious toleration like Pennsylvania Quakers and Freedom of Religion -Easy to get land -In between the Southern and Middle colonies in basically all ways (such as government) ALL COLONIES PARTICIPATED IN THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE THROUGH THE MIDDLE PASSAGE: Due to: -Abundance of land -Growing demand for colonial goods/cash crops -Shortage of indentured servants -Bacon’s rebellion (New England used fewer slaves and slaves had more rights, similar to port cities) (Southern colonies and plantation had lots of slaves like on rice and indigo plantations) Chattel Slavery: Think of it like “cattle” Dominant labor source in Southern colonies. It treated slaves like cattle, and they were not allowed to intermarry. Descendants of slaves were enslaved forever and perpetually. Many slaves tried to resist and maintain culture by poisoning, arson, refusing to work, breaking tools, theft, etc. Stono Rebellion 1739: -Large slave revolt in colonial era. Many became afraid and tightened slave codes New slave codes meant slaves could not: -Own land -Leave without permission -Possess guns -Testify in court -Learn to read and write, be literate First Great Awakening: -Preachers like George Whitfield advocate for new religious sproutings, or Jonathan Edward’s “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” -Lots of enthusiasm -Very democratic, and helped fuel the revolution -Challenged religious authority Effects: -Protestant denomination splits -Rapid growth of Baptists, Methodists (New Lights), -Deceased Anglicans, Quakers (old lights) -Weakened pre existing churches and undermined old clergy -Advocated for more democracy and helped lead to revolution, very unifying among all Americans Trans atlantic print culture developed in this period and colonies began making their own newspapers, which later made propoganda and encouraged revolution and independence in the Revolutionary War MANY COLONIES USED MERCANTILISM: IDEA OF EXPORTING MORE THAN IMPORTING The Enlightenment: was an intellectual revolution in Europe with a huge influence on the revolution. People began to question the rights of the kings, reasoning, etc. People like John Locke advocated this French: Based on: Colonies with Fur Traders who used trade alliances to get pelts Demographics: Mostly males, Jesuit Priests and Coeurers de bois (trader or woodsman), did not allow non Catholics to settle Relationship with Indians: Trade allianceswith natives allowed fur trade (Dutch also traded and made alliances with Natives) Intermarriage with Indians: Yes, cross racial sexual unions were made Gov’t: King ruled colonies Spanish: Based on: Sought control of gold and silver mines under control of viceroys Demographics: mostly male conquistadores, did not allow non Catholics to settle Relationship with Indians: Convert or exploit natives under the Economienda system, Pueblo revolt 1680 Intermarriage with Indians: Yes, Spanish accepted them and also married Africans. Made a caste system with mulattos, mestizos, etc. Gov’t: Ruled by a viceroy (King) Major Key Events in US History to Know: Colonial Period 1607-1763 § Chesapeake: Jamestown (1st slaves & House of Burgesses; Bacon’s Rebellion) § New England; Mayflower Compact & Fundamental Orders of Connecticut § Diversity of the Middle colonies § Salutary neglect; colonial assemblies § Navigation Acts, mercantilism § French and Indian war 1754-1763 Revolutionary Period, 1763-1789 § War debts; End to salutary neglect after French & Indian War, 1763 § Sugar & Stamp Acts; Townshend Acts § Sons of Liberty; No taxation without representation; Committees of correspondence § Lexington and Concord, 1775 § Second Continental Congress § Declaration of Independence, 1776 § Saratoga; Battle of Yorktown § Treaty of Paris, 1783 Early Republic, 1789-1824 § Articles of Confederation ratified, 1781 & the “Critical Period, 1781- 1788” § Land Ordinance; NW Ordinance § Constitution Ratified, 1789 § Washington, Adams, Jefferson presidencies § Proclamation of Neutrality § Marbury v Madison § Louisiana Purchase § War of 1812, 1812-1815 § “Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824 § Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Comp) Market Revolution, 1816-1845 § Clay’s American System, 1816 § Tariff of 1816; 2nd BUS § Roads, canals (Erie Canal), some railroads § Growth of cotton in the Deep South; commercial farming in West; textiles in North Age of Jackson, 1828-1840 § Universal white manhood suffrage § “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 § Andrew Jackson elected, 1828 § Bank War; Specie Circular § Nullification Crisis § Indian removal § 2nd Great Awakening & reform movements (temperance, abolition, Seneca Falls, 1848) Late Antebellum Period, 1840-1860 § Manifest Destiny, 1840s § Mexican War, 1846-48 § Compromise of 1850 § Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 § Formation of the Republican Party § Dred Scott case, 1857 § Lincoln Douglas Debates, 1858 § John Brown at Harpers Ferry § Election of Lincoln, 1860 Civil War, 1861-65 § Confederate States of America, 1861 § Fort Sumter attacked, 1861 § Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Atlanta § Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 § Confederate Surrender, 1865 § Lincoln assassinated, 1865 Reconstruction, 1865-77 § Reconstruction Amendments (13th-slavery abolished, 14th-citizenship & rights, 15th-manhood suffrage) § Weak presidents: A Johnson, Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes (2nd corrupt bargain) § Nation reunifies § End of Reconstruction; Jim Crow laws The Gilded Age (1870-1900) § Settlement of the West, 1877-1900 § Destruction of Native Americans, Farming, Ranching, Mining, Populism § Industrial Revolution (ROSE) § New forms of marketing and business organization, holding companies & trusts § The Jim Crow South, disenfranchisement of blacks, sharecropping & crop lien § Depression of 1893 § New Immigrants U.S. Imperialism, 1890-1914 § Spanish-American War, 1898 § Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines § Philippine War § Panama Canal § Big Stick, Dollar, Moral Diplomacies § Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine § Pancho Villa Progressive Era 1900-1914 § Muckrakers (Tarbell, Riis, Steffens, Sinclair) § Sherman Anti-Trust Act § Northern Securities Co. § “Square Deal” § Clayton Anti-Trust Act § Federal Reserve § Underwood-Simmons Tariff § Initiative, Referendum, Recall § 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th amendments WWI, 1914-1918 § Unrestricted Submarine Warfare § Zimmerman Note § WIB & CPI § Selective Service Act § Great migration § 14 Points, Treaty of Versailles § League of Nations § Irreconcilables, Reservationists 1920s--1930s § Roaring Twenties, Consumerism § Women gain right to vote § Harlem Renaissance § Urban vs rural conflicts (Prohibition, evolution, immigration, KKK) § 1929 Stock market crash § Hoover’s “Rugged Individualism” § 1st New Deal, 2nd New Deal § Relief, Recovery, Reform § Court Packing 1940s § Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 § WPB, OSS, OPA § Great Migration § Rosie the Riveter § D-Day, Island Hopping § Manhattan Project § A-bombs dropped; Japan surrenders § Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam Conferences Period 3: Salutary Neglect / Salutory Neglect: Britain purposefully neglects enforcing laws like the Navigation Acts before the French and Indian war due to being in their own internal problems and war. After the war, Britain needs money (they were in debt after the war) and begins enforcing and taxing. Navigation Acts basically meant Americans can only export goods in British ships, but they were not enforced. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: Part of global conflict called 7 years war. French and Indians VS Britain and her colonies and other Indians. Britain protected the colonies. Started due to Ohio River Valley and both empires claimed it for trade and settlement. Treaty of Paris 1763, Britain won. CONSEQUENCES OF THE WAR -Colonists armies got trained such as George Washington’s -Pontiacs rebellion and Proclamation of 1763 created more tension between Britain and Colonies -LED TO PONTIACS REBELLION WHICH LED TO THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763 -Large military presence concerned many colonists -Salutory Neglect ended when Britain needed money to pay for the war and begins taxation -Also bad outcome for Natives, who would get pushed around and fight with British colonists Pontiac’s Rebellion: Rebellion just after F and I war. Britain tries to protect Americans and avoid more major conflicts with proclamation of 1763, limiting how far Americans can settle. Treaty of Paris 1783: -France gave Louisiana to Spain. -Spain gave Florida to Britain -West Indies colonies returned to original colonizers -Gave up basically all land in North America Causes of American Revolution: --French and Indian War -French and Indians allied, and Britain fought against them -Britain protected the colonies -Britain figured since it protected colonies it could tax them as it pleased -End of Salutory Neglect which also rose tensions --Proclamation of 1763 Runs along Ohio River Valley to ease tensions with Natives. Colonists are no longer allowed to settle past the land they had just won in the French and Indian war. Many colonists ignored it (SALUTARY NEGLECT). --Other causes, AKA TAXATION, COLONISTS WERE MAD BC THEY HAD NO SAY IN THE TAXES, NOT BC OF THE PRICE Sugar Act 1764 Tax on sugar to help raise money for military from 6c a gallon to 3c a gallon (reduced the price of the tax, which showed that colonists didn’t care about paying the tax they just wanted to be fairly represented) Stamp Act 1765 Tax on written documents like newspapers and playing cards. Some felt it was an infringement of rights and freedoms, and was trying to limit press or newspapers, but it was made for revenue. Leads to “no taxation without representation” Stamp Act Congress: Delegates from 9 colonies say Britain cannot tax them without representation. Many began Boycotting British goods. It was very effective, and they were united in their boycotting. Stamp Act repealed in 1766: It was ineffective after boycotting and causing trouble. Britain passes the Declatory Act of 1766. Many colonists celebrated Declaratory Act 1766: Britain basically says we can tax you as we please, angering even more colonists. Quartering Act 1765: Forces Americans to have to house and supply British troops in their homes. Many questioned the purpose and became suspicious. Many felt it was a privacy violation, also. This act later led to the creation of the 3rd Amendment, that states “No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.” Townshend Acts 1767: Taxes on lead, paper, glass, paint, and tea by Britain to raise money. Again, like the Stamp Act, people boycott and incite violence. All taxes were repealed, except the tax on Tea to save the failing East India Tea company, and again prove that Britain can tax as it pleases. Boston Massacre 1770: Protesters in Boston throw things at British troops, and one thing leads to another. 5 people are killed and others are wounded. Radical Sons of Liberty and other groups portray it as a “Massacre” although both sides were really responsible. (The famous photo is by Paul Revere, a member of the Sons of Liberty) Tea Act 1773 All taxes from Townshend Act were repealed due to ineffectiveness and boycotting, EXCEPT the tax on tea for two reasons. -England wanted to save the failing East India Tea company -England wanted to show they can still tax the colonies as they pleased PRICE OF TEA WAS ACTUALLY LOWERED, MANY OF THESE TAXES WERE NOT BOYCOTTED DUE TO HOW MUCH THEY COST, BUT MORE HOW THE COLONISTS HAD NO SAY IN THEM! Boston Tea Party 1773 Radical group called Sons of Liberty dump 342 chests of East India Tea in the Boston Harbor. They went in the middle of the night on December 16 dressed as Mohawk Indians. British Response: Intolerable Acts -Boston Harbor closed until damages paid -Restricted town hall meetings -Royal officials would be tried in England -British commander Thomas Gage became governor of Massachusetts -Army authorized to seize buildings to quarter troops -Border of Quebec was pushed further south allowing Catholics to practice, which angered many Christian colonists First Continental Congress / 1st Continental Congress 1774: Recommended resistance to Coercive or Intolerable Acts. Created “the association” encouraging non importation of British goods and non-consumption. Most did not want independence yet. 12 of the 13 colonies (except Georgia) were in the congress. It was the first multicolony government Lexington and Concord 1775 -First battle of revolutionary war -British troops moved from Boston to Lexington and Concord to seize military supplies. British were pushed back into Boston “Shot heard around the world” Second Continental Congress / 2nd Continental Congress 1775 -Still did not want independence, just resisted Britain and boycotted. -Assigned generals for the war and did normal functions of a government Olive Branch Petition: In 1775, the 2nd Continental Congress sent the petition to Britain to say Americans were loyal to the crown and wanted friendly relations again Ideology of the revolutionaries -Commonwealth experience of peasants. History of resisting authority. -John Locke argues consent of the governed, all people have natural rights and government should protect them and if they do not people should rebel -People had controlled their colonies for a long time with town halls and such until Salutory Neglect ended -Great Awakening and Enlightenment encouraged people to question authority and look for individual liberties Common Sense by Thomas Paine in January 1776 -Written for colonial citizens and British politicians in North America -Tried to convince Americans that the only option was independence for America -Became a bestseller, and it helped the revolution by convincing many to become patriots instead of loyalists. Many people began to seriously consider becoming a patriot. -Sold 150,000 copies and even British read the pamphlet Declaration of Independence, July 4 1776: -American colonies and second continental congress declare independence from Britain -Purpose: Jefferson tries to justify why America is declaring independence to the world and Britain with enlightenment thinking Advantages of Britain: -Population -Wealth -Army power -Loyalists in Colonies Advantages of Colonies: Why the colonies won -Good leaders like Washington -Defensive war and familiar with area -Commitment and resilience -Foreign aid from France after Battle of Saratoga Republican Motherhood: The idea that mothers raised children in order to practice republicanism and they had a role in maintaining the country by this, and they should embrace ideas from the Enlightenment in order to do so. REVOLUTION / NEW GOVERNMENT (Articles of Confederation) TIED HAND IN HAND WITH THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT Examples include: Thomas Paine’s common sense, declaration of independence had ideas from John Locke (someone from the Enlightenment), Impacts of Revolution Political- Elite were still in power but in many states it was no longer required to own property to vote. Social- Women: “republican motherhood (teach children about republicanism)” was born, could not vote, and “remember the ladies”-Abigail Adams African Americans: Slavery continued (Jefferson once had attacked slavery in the declaration of independence but it was removed), some slaves were gradually freed or emancipated. (Pennsylvania Gradual Emancipation Law), constitution did not ban slavery Native Americans: Life got worse for them and they had no protection from colonists International- French revolution, revolutions in Latin America, Haitian revolution in early 1800’s FIRST GOVT: Articles of Confederation 1776-1789 (was too weak) -Established a weak central government. Most powers were in the hands of the states. The US economy tanked since federal government could not tax or regulate commerce. The enlightenment inspired it with ideas like “consent of the governed” FLAWS: -Gov’t could not tax -Gov’t could not regulate commerce -No army or navy funding (could not enforce funds or troops) -No trade policy -No president -Only states could tax (and the gov’t owed lots of money to other countries from the war aka war debts) -Could only request money, not enforce (gov’t remained underfunded) -Could not impose Tariffs -No universal currency -Decisions needed 9/13 congressional votes, so nothing basically got done It could however: -Coin money -Direct post office -Negotiate with foreign powers or Native Americans Land Ordinance 1785 / Northwest Ordinance of 1787 is a benefit of the Articles of Confederation: Made a government for the Northwest Territory, made a method for admitting new states from the territory, and listed a bill of rights for the territory (included the Ohio River Valley). It outlawed slavery in the new territories. Shays Rebellion 1786: Showed that the Articles of Confederation were flawed, and the US needed a new constitution. Angry farmers took control of a courthouse in Massachusetts. They felt the Massachusetts leaders were making unfair taxes and acting like dictators. It showed the Federal Government could not stop a rebellion like this if it happened. The Constitution was made in 1787 at the Constitutional Convention It had many rules and split power into 3 branches, executive, legislative, and judicial. It eventually included a bill of rights after the Democratic-Republicans requests. Federalist Papers outlined the need for a constitution, written by Alexander Hamilton and other federalists. EVENTUALLY INCLUDED BILL OF RIGHTS, FIRST 10 AMENDMENTS, AFTER THOMAS JEFFERSON AND ANTI FEDERALISTS AKA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS ASKED FOR IT Federalist Papers Written by Federalists James Madison, John Jay, and A. Hamilton. It urged ratification of the Constitution. It was a collection of essays discussing the constitution. Later the Antifederalist papers were made to combat this and urged states rights. It tried to convince people to vote for the constitution. They thought a strong government was good and wouldn’t become a tyranny. CONSTITUTION SPLIT POWER SO NO BRANCH HAD MORE POWER THAN THE OTHER This was an enlightenment idea used in the Constitution, from Montesquieu Constitutional Issues: Virginia Plan Called for a bicameral legislature which representation was based on population. Virginia was a big state so it benefited from this while smaller states suffered as they got less representation New Jersey Plan New Jersey was a smaller state and the New Jersey plan called for same amount of legislators per state so no state had more than the other Great Compromise / Connecticut Compromise After debating, they made a compromise that there would be a bicameral legislation, one house would be congress based on population, and the other would be senate with 2 senators per state for all states Three-Fifths Compromise After the constitution said that states would gain representatives from the population, many wondered if slaves counted in the population. Some wanted slaves to count as a person, some did not, so they made the slaves count as 3/5ths of a person for population and representation EARLY POLITICAL PARTIES Alexander Hamilton: Saw America as a big manufacturing, industrial, competitor. His policies, like a national bank, reflected this Hamilton’s Financial Plan: -Gov’t assumed state debts -Mild protective Tariff -National Bank -Whiskey (excise) tax -“BE FAT”- Bank, Excise tax on whiskey, Funding, Assumption of taxes, Tariff Federalists of Hamilton -John Adams, Hamilton -Favored a strong national gov’t -Merchants, bankers, landowners -New England was the center of the federalists -Gov’t controlled by the rich, well educated -Distrusted common man Democratic/Jeffersonian Republicans: -Madison, Jefferson -limited role of national gov’t -shop owners, farmers, workers -South and West were base of support -Gov’t controlled by capable leaders not just rich -Favored individual liberties (wanted bill of rights) -Strict interpretation -Favored France in their revolution -Loose interpretation WHISKEY REBELLION 1794: After the federal taxation of Whiskey, (under Hamilton’s financial plan), farmers revolt and kill people. They compare their ideologies to the ideologies of the revolutionaries. Washington sent troops to quell the rebellion, without a shot fired. Federal gov’t demonstrates its ability to stop rebellions. PROVED THE STRENGTH OF THE GOV’T and constitution, unlike Shays which proved the weakness of the Articles of Confederation Jay’s Treaty 1794: Treaty between the US and England. England and France went to war after the American revolution. British began impressing sailors from American ships. John Jay was sent to help negotiate and signs a treaty with Britain. Federalists liked it, Democratic Republicans did not. The treaty was criticized as it said NOTHING about impressment, and said Britain would only stop seizing ships NOT bound for France. Pickney’s Treaty: Spanish were concerned over Jay’s Treaty, so Spain made a treaty with the US. Americans gained rights to Navigate/Trade in Mississippi River and sell products in New Orleans. At this time, Spain is extending missions into California, using labor of Natives. Soldiers had social mobility and intermixed more Battle of Fallen Timbers 1795: General Wayne defeated native tribes in Ohio, signed a treaty of Greenville forcing Natives to give up land in Ohio. Continued pattern of conflict between Indian land claims and the federal government. French Revolution 1789: Inspired by American Revolution and Enlightenment. Many Americans took sides, as the revolution wore on. Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in 1793, saying America would NOT get involved. Preserving independence was the main goal. Democratic Republicans were angered by this. France was angered the US was neutral and angered by Jay’s Treaty, so president John Adams makes the XYZ Affair. Jays Treaty had increased tensions between the US and France XYZ Affair: 3 men sent to negotiate with France, but they were ignored and asked for a bribe to even talk with the French. U.S. was outraged. Quasi War: Adams requested congress to increase size of army and build the Navy. The war was fought entirely in the ocean between US and French ships, neither side declared war. Convention of 1800 ended this. 1st Alien and Sedition Acts: (there was another sedition act in 1918) In order for Adams to silence the opponents of what Adams was doing with France (the democratic republicans), Adams temporarily violated the bill of rights and made laws making it harder for Democratic Republicans to gain voters. -He lengthened the period for gaining citizenship from 5 to 14 years. Many democratic voters were immigrants. He made deportation of immigrants easier (this helped stop Democratic oppositions) -He made criticism of the gov’t a crime, violating the 1st amendment. He believed he had to do this to prevent civil war. Jeffersonian Republicans opposed this: Kentucky and Virginia resolutions: In order to oppose the acts, Madison and Jefferson made these resolutions which the two states passed. They outlined the ideas of state rights and liberties. Argued since states created the US, the states could nullify a federal law. A similar argument was made for the secession of confederate states during the Civil War Farewell Address 1796: Washington warned the dangers of political parties and warned against permanent alliances. Marbury V.S. Madison Jeffersonian Democrats: Strict Interpretation of Constitution (anything not in the constitution is not federal gov’ts power Federalists/Republicans of Hamilton/John Adams: Loose interpretation (anything not in constitution is the gov’ts power) -This case established Judicial Review: where the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution Judicial review is still important today, and is one of the functions of the Supreme Court to this day. The power to interpret the constitution is so influential, that it is always a huge deal when a justice dies.. The tenure is a life tenure, meaning Supreme Court Justices can serve for life. Period 4: Jeffersonian Democracy and the Market Revolution: Jeffersonian Revolution: Democratic Republicans win 6 elections after the Revolution of 1800. These were Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809, James Madison 1809-1817, James Monroe 1817-1825. In election of 1800, Jefferson and Burr tied. It went to congress and Jefferson became president, Burr became VP. Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson sent commissioners to buy New Orleans. Instead, Napoleon, sold the entire purchase to the US for 15 million dollars. We got control of Mississippi, New Orleans. We doubled in size. Although Jefferson was a strict constitutionalist, and the Louisiana Purchase was not in the constitution, so Jefferson went against his word and used loose interpretation like Federalists. -Jefferson expanded the Navy to deal with the Barbary Pirates of North African states, similar to Quasi War Chesapeake Affair 1807 / embargo of 1807: American ship was impressed by Britain, off the coast of Virginia. Led to Jefferson imposing an embargo against Britain the same year to keep America neutral between Britain and France. It failed, and had a bad effect on American trade and the economy. It was made to show Britain and France that America was neutral. The War of 1812: Causes: -Impressment of American ships by Britain for Britain to gain more troops. Over 10,000 ships were impressed (American sailors were kidnapped and forced to work for British Navy) Other Factors: -British resentment from revolution -Belief that British were arming/inciting Indians in the west (Battle of Tippecanoe) -War Hawks elected to congress in 1812 -Americans wanted territories in Florida and Canada British burned the White House and Buffalo NY after America burned Toronto. British tried but failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore, led to the Star Spangled Banner by Francis Scott Key REMEMBER: DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS LIKED THE WAR, THEY LIKED FRANCE AND IT DIDN’T AFFECT THEM AS MUCH FEDERALISTS HATED THE WAR. IT INTERFERED WITH THEIR TRADE AND THEY LIKED BRITAIN Hartford Convention 1814 - 1815: Destroys the Federalist party. Federalists were not in favor of the War. The convention led to many proposed changes in the constitution. Many wanted Amendments which would protect them and their interests such as getting rid of the Three-Fifths compromise. Their proposals seemed like betrayal and treacherous after the capture of New Orleans. ENDED EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FEDERALIST PARTY Treaty of Ghent ended the war 1814 Signed 2 weeks before the Battle of New Orleans. No territorial changes made. No resolution of impressment/freedom of the seas. No Indian buffer state in NW territory. Basically was a ceasefire. Impressment was not addressed as the British navy did not need sailors anymore. (defeated Napoleon in 1814). EFFECTS OF THE WAR: -Andrew Jackson became a war hero, later president -Naval Victories in lake Erie and Champlain led to other war heroes -“2nd war for independence” -Increased isolationism by the U.S. -INCREASED NATIONALISM! -More economic nationalism -1816: Congress charters second national bank -1816: Congress votes for road construction at federal expense -Panic of 1819 caused more Americans to be involved in politics -Encouraged American industries so we do not rely on anyone else for our stuff Did we get what we were looking for when we started the war? NO -Impressment was not addressed in treaty -No land changes -Natives were subdued in the west (eventually lost more land) NATIVES ARE DRIVEN OUT, MAKING MORE ROOM FOR AMERICAN SETTLERS. -BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE IN OHIO RIVER VALLEY -BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND IN MISSISSIPPI REGION Henry Clay American System: Supported by the Whigs and Northeast -Plan for economic self sufficiency -Had a protective tariff -2nd national bank / Second National Bank -Federally funded internal improvements like infrastructure (roads and canals) -Federally funded factories and industries -West and South would exchange agricultural goods for Northern manufactured goods (Eventually North would have stronger ties with West than the South would) John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay supported it. Others, like James Madison did not like government money used for infrastructure ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS 1816-1824 -Basically only one political party -Federalist party was gone -Monroe was elected 2 terms with support from basically everyone -Democratic Republicans expanded upon Federalist programs -John Marshall asserted federalist authority through Supreme Court: Marbury VS Madison (Supreme court can declare laws constitutional and unconstitutional aka judicial review) Examples of Early Important Supreme Court Cases: Supreme Court said National Bank is constitutional in McCullough VS Maryland Gibbons VS Ogden (steamboat case says states cannot interfere with Congress’s power to regulate commerce) Missouri Compromise 1820: Missouri applied to be a slave state. Some proposed the Tallmadge amendment which said Missouri would be a free state. Compromise was made Missouri would be a SLAVE state Maine would be a FREE state No more slave states above the 36°, 30’ line WHY ALL THIS? To maintain sectional balance. Remember how the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise established that each state had 2 senators? Well, up until the Missouri Compromise there were 11 free and 11 slave states, giving both sides an equal representation (feared that more representation might lead to abolition of slavery or an institution of slavery). In order to solve this, states began being admitted in pairs of 2, and usually one was free and one was slave, keeping the balance, but pushing and increasing the problem more and more for later on. Monroe Doctrine 1823: Monroe basically tells all other world powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, and the US would stay out of affairs of other countries. Attempts to intervene from either side could be dangerous to peace and safety. If they interfered, we would retaliate It increased isolationism for the period. MARKET REVOLUTION 1816-1845 -Shift away from moral economy (grow food only for yourself etc.) -People began to grow crops and make goods to be SOLD FOR THE MARKET -Money received went to purchasing goods from the MARKET -System encouraged specialization in industries -Shift away from subsistence farming -Roads, railroads and infrastructure built, like the Erie Canal which finished in 1825 Industrialization: -New Textile mills and Lowell Textile System, allowed cloth to become very cheap to buy rather than make -People start working in factories, start of the Industrial Revolution, enhancing production and efficiency -New inventions like the Telegraph in 1832 advanced society and enhanced communication GOVERNMENT HELPED AND HELPED PROTECT BUSINESSES AND INDUSTRIES Eli Whitney: Invented the Cotton Gin in 1793 and Interchangeable parts -Cotton Gin which made it easier to separate seeds from cotton, increasing demand for slavery and need for more slavery and making slavery more profitable -Interchangeable parts allowed same parts for different things, enhancing industrial revolution and improving efficiency of factories and cutting costs New Roads and Canals are built. Beginning of Railroad industry and Telegraph lines are set up. More urbanization and bigger urban centers, many move to cities and leave the countryside Greater gap between rich and poor, more immigrants come in such as Irish (due to Irish Potato Famine) Nativist Reaction Due to Irish Immigrants, led to the creation of the “Know Nothing’s” Party which was Nativist Presidency of populist Andrew Jackson: (Jacksonian Democracy) -Common Man’s president (political cartoons depicted him as a “king” for irony and to show how much power he used with his executive powers) -First westerner president -Populist president, many agreed with his ideas, related closely to common people -Believed in large political parties and electoral college -Openly defied supreme court and lots of laws -Hostile relations with Native Americans trail of tears Indian removal act -Took out the second bank of the US BENEFITS OF JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY -Helped develop 2 party system after Era of Good Feelings -Helped the common man with campaign methods -3 times more voters in election of 1828 -He used his force a lot as president with Indian Removal Act, defying Supreme Court, threat of Force Bill against S.C. Things he did: -Universal male suffrage for WHITES ONLY, blacks did not get until 1870 (at the time you needed to be a wealthy landowner to vote) Although he didn’t directly pass a law for this, his ideas encouraged states to drop property and tax requirements in order to vote. Spoils System: -Giving of gov’t jobs to political supporters. He used this power a lot during his presidency and if he didn’t like someone in his cabinet he would replace them. Gave supporters jobs whether they deserved it or not. Sometimes they don’t do their jobs or are not effective etc. Trail of Tears aka Indian Removal Act: Supporters wanted more land and they wanted to move less. Jackson promoted western expansion, and REFUSED to listen to the Supreme Court ruling telling him to return land to Natives in Georgia (Supreme Court said the land belonged to them and he could not move them). The Act moved Cherokee (who resisted violently), Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creek, Seminole Indians from Georgia to Oklahoma where thousands died on the trail. Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain -Ended the Era of Good Feelings where Democratic Republicans won six elections in a row -There was no conclusive winner between Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford (Henry Clay was fourth) -Since there was no conclusive winner, the election went to the House of Representatives -Henry Clay used his influence to swing voters to vote for John Quincy Adams in exchange for the Cabinet position of Secretary of State -Jackson supporters called it a corrupt bargain Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations: -A protective Tariff in 1828, which Southern democratic Republicans disliked heavily as it protected Northern Industry. Election of 1828 / Revolution of 1828 : Year Jackson was elected Tariff of 1828 aka the “Tariff of Abominations” and discontent from Southerners swept Jackson into office. It raised taxes on imported goods to reduce competition with primarily Northern Manufacturing and Industry. Southerners argued it enhanced Northern interests at their expense. More voters participated in the election by 3 times. Jackson used Veto 12 times more than the previous 6 presidents. He also expanded the role of president but focused its scope (veto proves this). Nullification Crisis with South Carolina 1832 - 1833: Due to this huge tariff, South Carolina declared the Tariff null or void and threatened to Secede from the Union. Eventually a compromise tariff of 1833 was made by Henry Clay which lowered Tariffs over the next decade. Jackson had even tried to send troops with the Force Bill. (Jackson’s attempted use of force made him more “tyrannical” to the Whigs. Dissolving of the 2nd National Bank / Second National Bank 1833: Andrew Jackson used his power to remove all funds from the Second Bank of the United States and vetoed the charter. The second bank was made in 1816 after the charter for the first Hamiltonian bank expired. The bank had ties to Northern industry and manufacturing, leading many including Jackson to see the bank as biased to the North. The bank also did not fund much western expansion, which Jackson disliked. Jackson also thought it would be used to help the Whigs against him and ruin democracy. It was caught in political ties. Specie Circular / Coinage Act 1836: -Andrew Jackson executive order to require people purchasing land from gov’t to pay in Gold and Silver after the Trail of Tears. It tried to limit overspeculation of land but only increased inflation -It rose prices and inflation and helped cause the Panic of 1837 Panic of 1837: (lasted until 1843 through Martin Van Buren’s presidency) -After Andrew Jackson dissolved the Second National Bank, inflation grew rapidly -Specie Circular also rose inflation a lot and was another cause of Panic of 1837 Business oriented Democrats now hated Jackson and became Whigs Remaining Democrats became more Agrarian THAT’S HOW DEMOCRATIC PARTY TOOK OVER THE SOUTH AND IT BECAME REPUBLICAN=NORTH AND DEMOCRAT=SOUTH Second Great Awakening: 1800-1840 Religious revival of Christianity across the US. Ministers like Charles Finney taught things like the Social Gospel how people can improve themselves and society. It was caused by religious decline. Led to reform movements like abolition and temperance Education Reform: -People like Horace Mann advocated for Public Schools and for taxes to build them. He also became Supervisor for Education in MA and required a 6 month school year. He paved the way for mandatory public school (for elementary) in all states by 1920. Abolitionist Movement: 1780’s-1865 Argued to go back to the 1700’s with the Pennsylvania Abolition Society which was Quaker started in 1775 and led by Benjamin Franklin Led by people like William Lloyd Garrison. Went hand in hand with the Second Great awakening, as many saw slavery as an evil such as Quakers. Uncle Tom’s Cabin exposed the horrors of Slavery made by a white northerner, Harriet Beecher Stowe. In response to this, Southerners made a book called Aunt Phillip’s Cabin which was a pro slavery anti tom novel. The movement used press and many societies to discourage and expose the evils of Slavery. They also used the underground railroad to help slaves escape. At the time, most African Americans were enslaved. The number of slaves from 1800-1850 grew by over 3 million. They bred slaves instead of importing slaves. There were many uprisings like Nat Turner’s. Slaves outnumbered their owners at the time. Temperance Movement: mid 1800’s - ~1920’s Organized to eliminate alcoholic consumption. They taught abstinence from alcohol. They saw drinking as a threat to family life. Lowered alcohol consumption between 1830-1860, and eventually worked in the 1920’s with the Prohibition Amendment (18th Amendment) Important figures included Carrie Nation who smashed alcohol bottles with an axe, and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union formed in 1874 was also a part of the movement Women’s Rights movement: went up to 19th amendment in 1920 giving right to vote and influencing feminist movement Encouraged by the successes of the Abolitionist movement. The 1848 Seneca Falls convention was a meeting of Activists for Women’s rights, resulting in a detailed agenda in the rights of Women called the “Declaration of Sentiments”. The Cult of Domesticity was a code of conduct and social morals which was a restriction of women’s rights. Cult of Domesticity / Cult of True Womanhood: Early 1800’s idea that Women should stay home instead of work. “True Women” were pious in faith, pure, domestic, and submissive to men. Women would only stay at home because that was their place in life. She also looked after a home and children. It was restrictive to many, but some Women embraced it, such as Catherine Beecher who stressed the need for Women to educate children. Others opposed it and made Women’s right movements like Seneca Falls. Cotton is King: By 1850, most states in the South relied HEAVILY on cotton due to the cotton gin and profitability. They became very agrarian and were one of the world’s largest cotton producers. Unlike the North, there were not many factories or industry. HOWEVER, the North still profited off of cotton. They sold cotton overseas, and used the cotton in textile mills and factories. Northerners also sold clothing made from Southern cotton even back to the South. The effects of Cotton and benefits were NOT ONLY FELT IN THE SOUTH, but ALSO felt in the North. Period 5: Westward Expansion: Many moved West out of necessity, opportunity, and to make a living. Manifest Destiny: The idea that it was a God-given right to move West. People felt a sense of national destiny and mission. Many felt the US had a mission to extend boundaries of freedom and democratic institution. Many felt God determined America should reach from Coast to Coast. Reasons behind Manifest Destiny: -Overpopulation -Economic Depressions in Panic of1819 and Panic of 1837 -Abundance of cheap or free land out west like Homestead Act 1862 -Expansion offered economic benefit and so did frontier industries like mining and agriculture -Trails such as the Oregon Trail, and Santa Fe Trail, Mormon Trail 1846 -Gold Rush of 1849 in California and other “gold rushes” James K. Polk the man of Manifest Destiny -Served one term from 1845-1849 -He was a Democrat from TN -Led the US to win the Mexican American war, where the US acquired a large amount of Mexican Territory in the Mexican Cession. -Established the Oregon Territory after a Treaty with Britain called the Oregon Treaty of 1846 which set the boundary between the US and Canada, and annexed the Republic of Texas Results of Manifest Destiny: -Not good for everyone including the Natives, and not very good for Nature (Buffalo Populations dropped dramatically) -Polk and other president’s embrace of Manifest Destiny and acquiring new territories inflamed tensions between Northerners and Southerners about whether territories should be Free or Slave for sectional balance. Growing tensions between North and South led to Civil War. -Conflict was increased between Native Americans and White Settlers For example, the Comanches resisted white settlement in their lands, but were banished to Oklahoma in 1875 -Native Americans lost large amounts of land including in the Trail of Tears or Indian Removal Act Political Parties in this Era: Free Soilers: (1848-1854) Wanted new territories from Mexican Cession and westward expansion to be free. Eventually merged into the Republican Party at its creation in 1854. Democratic Party / Democratic Republicans: (1820’s-Present although they dropped the “republican” part after Andrew Jackson’s presidency) Democratic-Republicans originated with Jefferson and pro-states rights. The “democrats” originated with Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren who made a new political party for Andrew Jackson and his populist ideas to run on. (they were both former democratic-republicans). The Democratic-Republican party split and died and some became the Democrats supporting Andrew Jackson, while others who supported John Quincy Adams in the “corrupt bargain” eventually became Whigs. It was the political party of the Southern States, who wanted a weaker federal government, hence the “confederate” states. Mostly Southern in the Civil War. Some joined the Whigs, while others stayed which eventually formed the modern Democratic party. Copperhead Party: (1860-1868) Democrats who opposed Civil War (anti-war Democrats), and also opposed abolition of slavery. They believed the Union should re-unite and keep slavery, and were led by Clement Vallandigham. Many were in Ohio, which showed not all Northerners were Republican, not all opposed Slavery, and not all wanted Civil War. Whig Party: (1834-1854) Originally made to oppose Andrew Jackson. They opposed Western expansion strongly. By 1854, most Northern Whigs merged and joined the new Republican Party. Republican Party / GOP Grand Old Party: (1854-present) They stood against Slavery and rallied for abolition. They were leaders from Whig, Free Soil, and Democratic parties who opposed the extension of Slavery into Kansas and Nebraska in the Kansas-Nebraska act. Included Lincoln and were mostly Northern in the Civil War. After the war became pro-industry and pro- manufacturing. Constitutional Union Party: (1859-1860) Formed by former Whigs and Know Nothings, they looked for support for the Union and Constitution without regard to sectionalism. They were especially popular in the border states. It was used by moderates, but it was short lived. Many supporters did not like either Democrats or Republicans. Know Nothing Party / Know Nothing’s / American Party: (1844-1860) A party focused on Nativism, anti-immigrant sentiment, and anti-Catholic sentiment. Many were former Whigs, and joined the Republican party after the Dred Scott decision, while others joined the Constitutional Union party. The party died after the election of 1860, and most had joined mainstream republicans. The Mexican Cession: Ceded to US in Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848 -After the Mexican-American war, Mexico ceded a large amount of land to the US in the Southwest. This included states like California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado. -Slavery issue and sectional balance problem got worse. -Due to the 36, 30 line from the Missouri Compromise, the land should be Slave. During the war, congressman David Wilmot made the Wilmot Proviso, a proposal to ban slavery in any territory acquired from the Mexican American war. It passed in congress but failed in the senate. The new question was California, Free or Slave? Compromise of 1850: -California became a free state to appeal to the North -Part of California was above and part was below the 36, 30 line, so it was admitted as free -Utah, New Mexico would use popular sovereignty and became Slave states. -Slave trade banned in Washington D.C., but slavery continued in the city just not the trading of slaves -Fugitive Slave Act strengthened/expanded Gave northerners California as a free state, southerners had a fugitive slave law and both had popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession MOTIVE FOR MOST FREE AND SLAVE STATES: Preservation of their economic way of life free or slave and expansion of that in the Western territories. They also did not want the other side to obtain TOO MUCH power. The Great Compromiser Henry Clay VS The Great Nullifier John Calhoun -Clay wanted California to be a free state -Calhoun wanted a stricter fugitive slave law So, they made the Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act: Originally in 1793, but expanded in 1850 -Gave Northerners a duty to return escaped slaves. -In 1793, it was rarely enforced and ineffective -After the compromise of 1850, it was expanded upon -Angered Northerners that they were required to return escaped slaves. -Many innocent blacks were captured and put into slavery due to this Dred Scott Decision / Dred Scott V.S. Sanford 1857 Supreme court case after Dred Scott, a slave, moved with his slave owners to a free state where slavery was banned. He tried to sue for his freedom in a free state, but the Supreme Court made a ruling that slaves were still slaves even in free states and established slaves/free blacks: -(all African Americans) Are not citizens and therefore could not sue -African Americans were property -Congress could not prohibit slavery in any territory -Congress had exceeded its power because it could not prohibit slavery in any territory, therefore the Missouri Compromise was an overreach and was unconstitutional -Slaves were slaves wherever they were (in a free or a slave state) It also protected the property rights of slave holders! Gadsden Purchase: 1854 by Franklin Pierce -Portion of Southern United States under Arizona to be used for railroads. The United States paid Mexico 10 million dollars for the land. NOT part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Kansas Nebraska Act 1854 / Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854: Senator Stephen Douglas (Lincoln’s opponent in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates), wanted to build a railroad to benefit Illinois through Nebraska. The Kansas-Nebraska act let both Kansas and Nebraska use the idea of “Popular Sovereignty”. Douglas wanted to abolish the Missouri Compromise with the act, and popular sovereignty was used instead. The Missouri Compromise would later be deemed unconstitutional in 1857 by the Dred Scott case, and it was effectively abolished in this act. People from both sides rushed in to try and shift the vote for one or the other side, and they fought each other for several years in a conflict called “Bleeding Kansas” from 1854-1861. Kansas eventually became a state in 1861 weeks after Southern states began seceding, and Nebraska became a state in 1867 after the Civil War Brooks Sumner Affair 1856: AKA The Caning of Charles Sumner Preston Brooks, a pro slavery advocate caned senator Charles Sumner after he made a speech denouncing slavery and criticized slaveholders, including a relative of Preston. It is often considered a foreshadowing of how violent the civil war would get in order to defend a cause. Many Democrats send Preston more canes, and congresspeople started bringing weapons to defend themselves to congress and senate meetings. Showed that the parties were beginning to not debate peacefully and was a sign the war was soon to come. Showed the descent from peaceful conversation into violence and ultimately war. John Brown: A radical abolitionist who fought in Bleeding Kansas and Harper’s Ferry Raid -Fought in Bleeding Kansas and killed 5 in a pro-slavery town called Pottawatomie -Attempted to start a slave uprising in Harpers Ferry in 1859 which was crushed by Confederate General Robert E. Lee -He was eventually executed, and many called him a martyr for abolitionism -He also helped slaves escape through the Underground Railroad. -Some Northerners saw him as a hero, some Southerners saw him as a villain or terrorist -Created lots of fear in the South and sparked even more tensions ULTIMATE CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR: -Slavery: Extension of it or ban of it made both sides fight over it, also morality and federal interference aka states vs federal rights -Nature of the Union: Compact of states or indivisible federal union, could states leave?, sectional political parties aka Republicans in the North, Democrats in the South -Difference of economy/life: South relied heavily on slaves and cash crops especially cotton, North relied on manufacturing or more diverse ways of making profit. Agriculture vs industry. Ending slavery would hurt the South, Expanding Slavery could hurt the North -Extremism/Ineptitude: Abolitionists (John Brown) VS Secessionists (Preston Brooks who beat up Sumner) - Lincoln’s Election and the secession of the Southern States: Election of 1860: Democratic Nominations: -Democratic party SPLIT into Northern and Southern democrats Northern Democratic Nomination: Stephen Douglas -Northern democrats opposed slavery’s expansion Southern Democratic Nomination: John Breckinridge -Southern democrats felt slavery should expand across the US Republican Nomination: Abraham Lincoln -Denounced John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry raid -Free soil, wanted new territories to be free -Homesteader -Did not want to take slaves from the South, but opposed the expansion of slavery into the West -Supported a tariff for the North Constitutional Union Nomination: John Bell Hoped to find a compromise between North and South by extending Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific, allowing slavery in the South but banning it in the North. He was very popular in the border states who allowed slavery but were part of the North. Border states included: Kentucky, Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia Secession of the Southern States: -Lincoln wins in December 1860 -South Carolina was the first to secede in December, viewed Lincoln’s presidency as a threat -6 other states seceded in February 1861 and formed the Confederate States of America with President Jefferson Davis: Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas -4 more states secede after the Fall of Fort Sumter April 12, 1861: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas (first battle of Civil War that Confederates won) Battle of Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861 Bombardment of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. Confederate soldiers were taking over Union bases peacefully until Fort Sumter. Federal troops refused to leave the fort, so confederate soldiers formed a blockade around the fort so no supplies could get in. Lincoln sent supplies, and when the US ship reached Charleston, the sides attacked. The confederates won and there were no casualties. Lincoln gathers 75,000 troops to quell the “rebellion”. This caused states that were on the fence about secession to secede. Reasons for the North winning the Civil War: The border states: Remained loyal to the Union while staying as slave states. The US badly needed them as they had lots of material advantages such as in Kentucky. West Virginia did not want to secede from the Union so they seceded from Virginia. Material Advantages: North had more bank deposits, factories, crops (other than Cotton south had WAY more cotton than the North), Horses, and Railroad advantage which allowed transport of supplies easier and faster Population Advantages: North had a population advantage with way more people than the South. North had 22 million while the South had 9 million including 1/3rd of that being slaves Northern “Anaconda Plan”: Union troops followed the Anaconda Plan which had 3 steps: Blockade Southern ports so they cannot sell cotton, cut the confederacy by getting control of the Mississippi River, North would invade the rest of the separated confederacy. The blockade would also prevent foreign aid to reach the confederacy. The final goal was to capture Richmond, the capital of the confederacy. South DID HAVE better generals such as Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson (Northerners did have Ulysses S. Grant) At first, the Confederacy won a lot of battles: First Battle of Bull Run / First Battle of Manassas: July 21, 1861 -Union is defeated and forced to retreat as rebels stand strong under the confederate general Stonewall Jackson George McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign / Seven Days Battles: Spring 1862 -McClellan is very cautious but gets very close to Richmond, but is driven back from being too cautious Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas: August 29, 1862 Robert E. Lee defeats union armies who are under General Pope, and he opens a route to Maryland Battle of Fredericksburg: December 13, 1862 General Burnside of the Union attempted to attack Lee and it led to a massive loss for the Union with many troops dying Battle of Chancellorsville: May 2-4 1863 Union general Hooker was outflanked by the confederates. Stonewall Jackson was accidentally killed by his own men. But then, the Union begins to win a LOT of the battles: Capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson: February 1862 -Secured Tennessee for the Union and opened the way for further wins for the North Battle of Antietam: September 17 1862 -Most deadly battle in the Civil War in Sharpsburg Maryland. 23,000 soldiers were dead or missing. McClellan stopped Lee from Advancing. New Orleans captured by the Union in Spring 1862: Huge blow to the Confederacy and their morale. Lower Mississippi was captured by the Union, a vital supply vein for the confederacy. Marked a turning point in the war for both sides Battle of Vicksburg / Battle of Gettysburg: July 1863 Union army crushed the Confederates in the Battle of Gettysburg. It was another turning point in the civil war. The South lost a lot of men, and Robert E. Lee began to lose hope. In the Battle of Vicksburg in Vicksburg Mississippi, Union forces tried to take a confederate base. It was a key strategic victory for the North and helped them win the war. Union won both Draft for both North and South: North: -Drafting for war began in 1863 from ages 20 to 45 -Allowed wealthy to pay a fee of 300 dollars and hire a substitute -This substitution angered some creating the New York City Draft Riots or the New York City Conscription Riots. John D. Rockefeller bought a substitute. -92% of soldiers were volunteers South: -Draft began in 1862 from ages 18-35 -In 1864, ages extended from 17 to 50 -Wealthy could hire substitutes -Almost 90% of eligible men served -Some opposed the war in the South like in the North opposing the draft, -Some Southerners rioted in opposition to food shortages and speculation and inflation during the war in Richmond Virginia in riots called the Bread Riots. Both sides dealt with turmoil due to the war Sherman’s March To The Sea: William T. Sherman famously ravaged Atlanta in his March to the Sea where he waged “total war” and basically destroyed everything in Atlanta. He also tied railroads up to make them unusable which are called “Sherman’s Neckties”. Civil War overview: Deadliest war American’s have participated in (most American casualties) with 620,000 deaths compared to only 318,000 American deaths in World War 2. What about Runaway Slaves during the War? 1st Confiscation Act of 1861: Did not FREE escaped slaves, but switched ownership from Confederacy to Union 2nd Confiscation Act of 1862: FREED runaways who made it to the Union. The same month that Lincoln began to write the Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation 1862: Any state still in rebellion by the Start of 1863, all slaves would be considered free after that. This did NOT apply to the border states to not upset them. It did not free slaves in Union held areas. -It was issued as a military measure, so it could not be considered unconstitutional -Only freed slaves in areas STILL in rebellion as of January 1, 1863 -Not all in the North agreed with emancipation, many fought for the preservation of the Union, not the freeing of slaves After the emancipation proclamation, Abraham Lincoln began allowing African Americans to serve in the Military in segregated units, shifting the meaning of the war to end slavery as a new goal now. The war was no longer about preserving the union, it now shifted to a war about ending Slavery and freeing African Americans Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution: 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery in the United States, ratified in 1865 14th Amendment: Guaranteed citizenship for African American, and guaranteed their rights, ratified in 1868, after the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Replaced the Dred Scott decision. Indians were EXCLUDED from this and not granted citizenship until the Indian Citizenship Act in 1924. This allowed them to easily be moved around or violated for natural resources and Westward expansion. (Dawes Act helped with this, Indians continued to lose land such as Black Hills in 1877 15th Amendment: Gave the right to vote to former MALE slaves and banned preventing the right to vote based on discrimination. States found ways around this though with the Grandfather Clause and Literacy tests for voting. Ratified in 1870. ONLY AFFECTED BLACK MEN, NOT WOMEN UNTIL 1920. Many women were disappointed that they did not get the right to vote in the 15th amendment. Soon, Jim Crow laws and Black Codes would make voting very difficult for African American men. Reconstruction: Process of re admitting confederate states to the Union after the civil war lasting from 1865-1877. It was basically re-constructing or rebuilding the nation after the war. Effects on the South: -Cities and farms were ruined, and effects of the war were very visible -Food prices grew sharply and there were many crop failures, many starved -Confederate money was worthless and banks failed. Many merchants were bankrupt, and many could not pay off their debts -Slavery used to be the primary economic method for the South, South now had to adjust and grow its industries and manufacturing Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan: AKA the 10 percent plan, assassinated before it was put into play. -Lincoln wanted to re-establish the Union AS FAST AS POSSIBLE -He made a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863 -“Loyalty Rule” called for at least 10% of people in each Southern state to pledge allegiance and recognize the 13th Amendment in order to rejoin the Union -Lincoln would pardon all except high ranking military and civilian Confederate Officer -Former senators and congressmen would be let back into House of Representatives -Targeted Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas as they were weak and depended on the Northern army for their Survival. -These states would sway or convince the other states like the Carolinas to rejoin the union Andrew Johnson’s plan was similar and he would pardon ex Confederates as well. He wanted to rapidly reconnect the Union as well. However, Lincoln was dead and unable to enact his plan, and every time Johnson tried to enact his plan, the radical republicans vetoed it. Johnson was soon impeached but not removed from office. The radical republican plan was chosen by congress and it helped African Americans with the 13, 14, and 15th amendments. Radical Republican’s Reconstruction Plan: -Focused on retribution -Also focused on protecting the rights of African Americans and former slaves -Included Military occupation in the South in 5 districts -Southern states would rewrite constitutions -Passed 13, 14, 15th amendments. -“Wade Davis Bill” tried to make reconstruction harsher on Southerners, requiring 50% loyalty to rejoin, Lincoln pocket vetoed it by taking no action on it though. It was made to oppose Lincoln’s 10% Plan Many more radical republicans felt Lincoln was being too lenient or not harsh enough -More focused on bringing back the union rather than retribution or insuring allegiance Unfortunately, Lincoln was assassinated in Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. on April 14, 1865, before his plan was put into place. Killed by John Wilkes Booth, a Southerner who opposed him. Vice President Andrew Johnson was immediately sworn into office. He was pro-slavery and tried to veto all civil rights bills but they were overridden by senate. Andrew Johnson was later impeached. Johnson violated the Tenure of Office act after he removed the Secretary of War Edwin Stanton after he was assigned to enforce the Reconstruction Acts, which Johnson opposed. Senate voted for him to NOT be removed from office. Ulysses S. Grant was elected after him, and Grant was seen as ineffective and had a lot of scandals throughout his presidency. Reconstruction Act 1867: (congress took over reconstruction) Congress passed the first of several Reconstruction Acts. Congress divided the South into 5 military districts. Military would remain in control of the South until they rejoined the Union. In order to rejoin, a new state constitution was needed which had to recognize and agree to the 13th and 14th amendment. They would eventually have to give African Americans the right to vote. Freedman’s Bureau / Freedmans Bureau 1865: One of many government attempts to help former slaves during reconstruction. -Made to address the needs of African Americans -Successfully educated many former slaves -Constructed hospitals -Helped mediate disputes over labor -Promised to give slaves “40 acres and a mule” -Attempted to redistribute Southern lands, but many former slaves ended up sharecropping. -Provided food, clothing and shelter for suffering freed slaves and refugees -It taught many how to read and write and educated many who were former slaves MOSTLY A SUCCESS OF RECONSTRUCTION -Abandoned in 1872 due to southern opposition and the KKK violence against people in it. Andrew Johnson also vetoed it in 1866. Civil Rights Act 1866: -Defined citizenship for African Americans and affirmed they were equal citizens protected under the law. -Andrew Johnson tried to veto it twice, but congress overrode the veto -Led to the 14th amendment which had the same terms basically -Granted full citizenship to all born on American soil, EXCEPT Native Americans who already did not pay taxes and were not considered citizens Black Codes: Used to circumvent the 13th, 14th and 15th amendment and subjugate African Americans and their right to vote. -These codes severely restricted rights of African Americans in many Southern States -Attempted to restore pre-emancipation system of race relations -Sharecropping of many African Americans was the “new form” of slavery aka tenant farmers -Armed groups like the KKK terrorized African Americans to try and scare them into not voting EXAMPLES: -Grandfather Clause: A person could only vote if their grandfather could vote, and blacks did not have the right to vote when their grandparents were alive, so they effectively could never vote. States: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Virginia -Literacy Tests: Many African-Americans were illiterate, and literacy tests made it so not many African Americans could vote States: Louisiana had one of the harshest most confusing tests, Georgia, Alabama Why all these restrictions: If African Americans got the ability to vote, they could possibly overtake democrats in the South and undermine Southerners. It was all so their vote did not count, which also instilled hatred for African Americans from the Civil War. Many Southerners still saw African Americans as Sub-Human. Radical republicans in the North began to be replaced with “Redeemers” who installed politicians from the Democratic party and rallied for White Supremacy. Due to reduced voting of African Americans, they were able to do this. End of Reconstruction: Reconstruction basically ended at the Election of 1876 / Compromise of 1877 with Rutherford B. Hayes winning. Also many Northerners lost the will and money to fight for Civil Rights of African Americans and rebuilding the nation after the Panic of 1873. Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went South after the war to “profit off the destruction” (the south saw it that way), often being politicians in the South who were Republican. The North saw them as people who wanted to help make the South like the North. Many were helping the former slaves and were part of Freedman’s Bureau and provided aid to former slaves. Scalawags: White Southerners who were Republican after the Civil War. They often did not want equal rights for African Americans but saw Reconstruction as necessary. Most were individual or family farmers without slaves, or artisans. Redeemers: Democrats who were re elected in the South and dominated Southern politics after disenfranchising Blacks with Black Codes and intimidation from groups like the KKK. Republicans became less interested in Civil Rights after the Panic of 1873, which was costly. Also, scandals like Credit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring “exposed” the Republican party, and many Southerners saw the redeemers to fix the corruption. Southerners agreed Hayes could be president after a dispute, if all federal troops were removed from the South, ending reconstruction and freedoms of blacks. Known as the Compromise of 1877 / Election of 1876 Impacts of reconstruction on Native Americans and Women. -White men and women and most immigrants were citizens. -US government started to stop treating Native Americans as separate nations but began classifying them as wards of the state rather than citizens. (Dawes Act 1887) -Chinese Immigrants began to be looked down upon by whites, and were seen as too different to be citizens and were even banned from entering the US in 1883 with Chinese Exclusion Act 1883 -Mexican Americans saw little change in their treatment Panic of 1873 / Panic of 1893: and Impacts on Civil Rights These “panics” were expensive, and many Northern republicans lost the will to fight for Civil Rights after these panics. This led to more disenfranchisement and segregation of African Americans such as in Plessy V.S. Furgeson in 1896 Period 6: The Gilded Age and rise of Capitalism 1865-1898 Rise of Captains of Industry or Robber Barons The “New South”, post Reconstruction South from agriculture to industry After the Civil War, the South no longer had a labor source to support an agrarian society like they had pre Civil War with slavery. The South also needed to create industry to match with the Northern states. Workforce is now turning to Industry and Industrial Revolution. Many were leaving the South to go West, and former slaves often went North. The Homestead Act gave many an opportunity to leave the South, leaving the South poor and desperate. Reconstruction ended abruptly, and the South no longer had Slavery. There were SOME successes in the New South. Iron and steel prospered in the South and the Bessemer Process helped the industry. Textile mills were brought to the South. Workers were often paid less in the South. Sharecropping / Tenant Farming The south no longer had involuntary servitude AKA slavery due to the 13th Amendment, but land owners needed labor and found ways around it. Sharecropping was basically slavery but it was voluntary by mostly African Americans and they would get paid, but were often trapped in a cycle of not being able to afford to leave. Many were pushed into sharecropping from extreme poverty. It included many poor people, including African Americans and Whites. You paid a portion of your crops as rent. Many were perpetually in debt. Jim Crow laws: -Laws suppressing the rights of African Americans. They evolved from Black Codes. They helped segregate African Americans into the mid 20th Century. -Separate but equal came about in this time period with Plessy V.S. Furgeson, but African American facilities were often poorer and inferior, not EQUAL to white facilities. This ended in 1954 with Brown V.S. Board of Education. Plessy V.S. Furgeson was in 1896. Plessy V.S. Furgeson Homer Plessy tried to ride on the same train car as Whites in Louisiana, violating a state law act which said that African Americans must ride in “separate but equal” train cars. The case went to the Supreme Court which ruled it was constitutional to have separate but equal facilities for Whites and Non Whites if they were “equal”, under the 14th Amendment. This was a huge step back for the Civil Rights movement, and this allowed segregation to worsen. Facilities for African Americans were often much worse than Whites and often inferior. Sometimes African American facilities did not exist. The Gilded Age: 1870-1900 -Era of massive industrialization in many industries such as steel, railroads, and oil. -Lots of corruption and scandals throughout the period, mainly by presidents -Businessmen ran the country and controlled the politics of the United States -“Laissez-Faire” Capitalism, presidents who did little to nothing Scandals of the Gilded Age: Credit Mobilier Scandal 1867 (exposed 1872): -Union Pacific railroad and Credit Mobilier who built the transcontinental railroad, where the companies sold or gifted stock to influential congressmen, who then allowed subsidies for construction, letting the railroad builders make a fortune. Important people like vice president of Grant, Schuyler Colfax were involved. It gave congress a bad look. Whiskey Ring (exposed 1875): -Alcohol producers, distillers, breweries, bribed each other and government officials to evade tax. They would pay partial or no tax for the products but the products would be marked as paid for in exchange for a bribe. Ulysses S. Grant was involved again, and people now thought the Republican party was corrupt, which led to more Southern Redeemers. Black Friday Scandal of 1869: -Two men, Jay Gould and James Fisk bought over a million dollars-worth of Gold in an attempt to make the price of Gold rise. They were caught, but Tweed’s political machine allowed them to hire expensive lawyers that allowed them to get out of punishment. Ulysses S. Grant was not directly involved but it ruined his reputation Impacts of the Gilded Age on regions: North: -Rise of industry, lots of new acquired wealth -Lot more immigrants, which increased tensions with nativists -Unsafe labor conditions and long working hours for workers West: -Many were struggling, -New technology led to a surplus of food -Railroad prices grew while farm prices fell -Railroads will keep the country together -Surplus = food sells for much less South: -African Americans now had no army to protect them after the end of Reconstruction -Disenfranchisement and Jim Crow laws like literacy tests -“Great Migration”, many African Americans go North “Rise of Capitalism” -The nation transformed from a nation of farmers to a highly industrial nation -Style of working changed with conglomerates who wanted profits, and techniques were used to maximize profits -Wealth gap expanded quite significantly -Industrial Revolution helped fuel it, without the technology it would not be possible -Working conditions worsened with relatively few labor laws. Even young children would work dangerous jobs in factories or mines from early morning to late at night. Many were subject to harsh treatment from their employer and lived in horrific inner city conditions. This was exposed by many muckrakers / muckrackers including Upton Sinclair’s the Jungle in 1906. Second Industrial Revolution: -More mass production -Coal, railroads, steel, oil, millionaires -People are now moving to cities -New innovations like radio, phone, cars, refrigerated traincars Captains of Industry V.S. Robber Barons Effects of Industrialization in the Gilded Age and effects on different groups: In the West: -Transcontinental Railroad built with federal government money and land. Towns on the railroad flourished. Frontiers such as mining and trade allowed long distance trading using the railroads. -Homestead Act encouraged settlers to move West -Natural resources like Gold and Silver also encouraged expansion and boosted industry. (1850 Gold Rush) -People looked for opportunity and freedom in the West -Lots of new frontiers, cattle, mining, farming, ranching Sherman Anti-Trust act of 1890: Made practices which monopolies used illegal, but didn’t do very much for monopolies like Standard Oil, or US Steel. It was not used very often and was ineffective. It was used against labor unions, which defeated its purpose. Eventually it was used against Standard Oil in 1911 and the company dissolved. Why did people move west? OPPORTUNITY EXAMPLES BELOW -Manifest Destiny AND Homestead Act: 1862 ENCOURAGED WESTWARD EXPANSION -Live on land and improve it for 5 years -You got to keep a section of land just by living on it and improving it -Was basically free land -Hundreds of thousands of people took advantage of the opportunity and moved West Mining in the West: Also encouraged expansion Westward -Gold Rush of 1849 /1850 encouraged settlers to go West -Gold, Silver, and Coal encouraged mining towns. Products were transported East by railroad -Allowed economic growth and encouraged more settlers and communities. -Hit or miss, some struck it rich, some did not Ranching: Another opportunity encouraging Westward expansion -Cattle ranchers took cattle to railroads where products were shipped Eastward. -Ranching flourished in this time, where Cowboys came from -Animal products like hides, meat, bones, were shipped East and sold East using the transcontinental railroad -Railroad eventually became so frequent ranchers were no longer needed Farming: (Tied in with Homestead Act) -Many faced tough times in the East, so they moved West to farm in areas like the Great Plains -Grew various crops like Corn, Wheat, Cotton Environmental Impacts of Moving West: -Often bad for the environment -For example, Bison populations dropped significantly by millions. Natives relied heavily on Buffalo and were impacted negatively. White settlers often killed Buffalo for sport from the trains, or took only the meat and left the carcass to rot, where Natives used the entire Buffalo for something. Settlers were wasteful. Over 9 million died from 1872-1875 -Natural resources were depleted quickly from settlers Americans moving West continued to spark tensions with Natives. Some were encouraged to destroy Bison herds to harm the Natives. The US government often went against treaties and moved tribes to reservations. Examples include the Black Hills land claim. Attempts to assimilate Natives: Dawes Act: 1887 Allowed for the federal government to transfer Native lands to individual families instead of tribes. This was intended to help assimilate natives but had an adverse effect and led to loss of tons of Native land to the United States. An example would be the Black Hills land claim below which used the Dawes Act to claim surplus land and open it to white settlers. Indian Educational Schools: Carlisle Penn. Many Natives were put into schools such as the Carlisle school in Pennsylvania which taught them white culture and religion to help assimilate natives. They tried to Americanize the Indians and convert them to Christianity. Black Hills land claim: 1874 and the Battle of Little Big Horn United States V.S. Sioux Indians. In 1851 the US and Sioux Indians signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie, to try and allow gold miners to pass through the territory to get to California in the California Gold Rush. U.S agreed to pay 50,000 dollars annually for 50 years to the tribe in exchange for passage of the people. The U.S. agreed the tribe had rights to the land After a second treaty in 1868 where the government continued to agree that the Sioux owned the land, Gold was discovered in the area in 1874. White settlers flocked to the area and trespassed on Indian land. Soon, the gov’t tried to buy the land but the Sioux refused. In 1876, the war department allowed the soldiers to move and round up “hostile Indians”. This led to the battle of little big horn. In 1877, Congressional Act of 1877 violated the previous treaties and forced the Sioux to give up the Black Hills. The tribe lost hundreds of thousands of acres of land. Additionally, the Sioux refused to sell millions of acres of leftover land, so the government passed the Sioux Act, declaring the land as extra and open to white settlers under the Dawes Act. THIS IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST MISTREATMENTS AND VIOLATION OF NATIVE TREATIES BY THE UNITED STATES AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. THIS IS A GOOD EXAMPLE FOR AN APUSH QUESTION ABOUT NATIVE MALTREATMENT. The Ghost Dance Movement: Started 1870 An attempt by Natives to preserve their culture and religion. It reflected the fear of settlers by the Native Americans. It was a resistance to White settlement and taking of Indian land. Civil Rights Movement: Famous Civil Rights advocates included W.E.B. DuBois: Helped create the NAACP, advocated for education being the only way for Civil Rights Booker T. Washington: Advocated the black man should face discrimination but learn to adapt and overcome it in society through learning trades and how to work. Contrasted WEB. Ida B. Wells: Founded the NAACP National Association for Advancement of Colored People, was a journalist and spoke against lynching Different responses to Industrialization and the Gilded Age by different groups: Farmers: -Agricultural prices were low and mechanized farming machines like McCormick’s Reaper made surpluses of food -Railroads charged high shipping rates -Protective tariffs such as the McKinley tariff of 1890 made manufactured goods for farmers expensive as they could only buy goods from the US -Against the Gold Standard and liked silver with gold as it fluctuated and allowed them to pay off their debts. Many were called “silverites” and included William Jennings Bryan and his “Cross of Gold” Speech which called for bimetallism aka using gold and silver to back the US currency. They also wanted printed paper money as it would also fluctuate Remember, Farmers and Poor liked silver as it fluctuated and helped pay off debts. Big companies and trusts liked gold as it secured their money and made them more money. Actions taken by farmers: -Farmers formed groups such as the Grange who tried to lower railroad rates and get free postal delivery and is still active today -Greenback Party advocated AGAINST big trusts and monopolies and wanted to increase amount of paper money in circulation, similar to the Silverites ideas. -Farmer’s Alliances 1870-1890 wanted cheaper shipping rates for farm products like grain and set up cooperating stores to sell products to each other at reduced prices instead of buying expensive products from big trusts. They also wanted a decreased tariff and government owned rails. Formed the Populist Party of 1892 to help get officials elected. -Populist Party of 1892 wanted free unlimited silver coins for circulation, government owning rails and telegraph, subtreasury plan, graduated income taxes (happened after 16th Amendment), government controlled money (happened after Federal Reserve Act 1913) 8 hour workday, government recognizing labor unions (wagner act 1935), reclaim land owned by the railroad companies, referendum (people can vote on legislature themselves) initiative (voters can initiate or propose a new law) recall (recall elected officials). They also wanted secret ballots to help curb political machines. PROGRESSIVES LATER WANTED THESE IDEALS AS WELL SUCH AS REFERENDUM INITIATIVE RECALL ETC. Push and Pull Factors of Immigrants in the Gilded Age and Immigration in the Gilded Age: Push factors: Pushed Immigrants away from their countries -Population growth, crop failure, political turmoil, little opportunity, poverty Pull Factors: Pulled Immigrants to the US -Freedom, opportunity, chance to make money, lots of land, jobs/work, growing industries Old Immigrants throughout the first half of the 19th century came from Western Europe notably Germany and Ireland. New Immigrants came from Eastern Europe and Asia notably China and Southern European countries like Albania. Same fears were repeated from Old to New Immigrants “(Irish) will take our jobs” “(Chinese) will take our jobs” Most came through NYC and Ellis Island a famous immigrant entry point in the United States. Many Chinese and Asian immigrants came through Angel Island in San Francisco. American Reaction: -Chinese Exclusion Act 1883 limited and stopped all Chinese laborers from entering -1894 The Immigration Restriction League formed to help stop immigration -1887 the American Protective Association formed and targeted Catholics and Immigrants -Political machines like Tweed were able to manipulate and use immigrants and hire for much cheaper, and they would not be able to rebel very well -Settlement homes like the Jane Addams Hull House housed immigrants and helped assimilate immigrants Laborers and Industrial Workers: -Gap between rich and poor grew -Wages increased and standard of living did also -Workers still faced long workdays, dangerous work, and little pay -More child labor due to lack of anti child labor laws, exposed by muckrackers such as Jacob Riis -Many immigrant workers arose due to new immigration -Labor unions organized and many tried to combat political machines -More production leads to lower prices for all and for many items like food -Mostly unskilled laborers and massive assembly lines Labor Unions: The Knights of Labor: -Had secret rituals and secret titles -Skilled and unskilled laborers (one of the reasons unsuccessful) -Very broad goals like government owning rails and boycotting and end of child labor and currency reform -Haymarket Square Incident / Haymarket Affair causes them to collapse American Federation of Labor: By Samuel Gompers -Founded in 1886 by Sam Gompers -Narrow goals, wages, hours, conditions, trade unions -Only skilled laborers allowed, made strikes more effective -Wanted 8hr workday and better wages and conditions Socialist Party: -Presidential candidate was Eugene V. Debs in 5 elections from 1900-1920 -Made up of different groups like trade unions -Wanted the government to intervene to help the working class Homestead Strike of 1892: -Carnegie steel workers went on strike in a factory in Pittsburg -Wages were cut by Henry Clay Frick, operations manager for Carnegie -Pinkerton Detective Agency was called in to help stop rioting (they were private security team who protected Abraham Lincoln) -Clash broke out between Pinkerton and Strikers, 3 Pinkerton dead, 9 steel worker dead -Strikers were defeated ultimately Social Gospel V.S. Social Darwinism: Social Darwinism: Excuse to justify the massive wealth of the rich. Basically the idea of “survival of the fittest” and only some people are destined and able to be rich and others are poor. Made by Herbert Spencer. Only the fittest aka the rich will survive. Advised against donating to poor. Gospel of Wealth: It is a philanthropic job of the rich to help society advance by donating to societal causes like Universities and Libraries. E.G. Vanderbilt University. Rich have a responsibility to help the poor by doing philanthropic things like building universities. Social Gospel: Applying religion to social issues such as poverty and prohibition and the slums and progressivism. It was a large tactic used by progressives and people like Washington Gladden who advocated giving to the poor and advocated the government step in. Period 7: America on the World Stage Causes of Imperialism: (mostly economic, main reason is economic) Cause 1: Industrial Revolution There was a need for new, untapped sources of raw materials and manufactured goods and places to invest in. Imperialism was the perfect chance for this. People looked overseas to see where to invest. Cause 2: Closing of the Frontier and need for Americans to keep expanding “Manifest Destiny” -By 1893 the Frontier had closed, aka the entire U.S. was settled. Fredrick Jackson Turner highlighted this in his writing where he discussed it as the end of many American ideas such as Manifest Destiny and he says the frontier helped shape history. There was no longer a frontier line between settled and unsettled. -American resources were finite, and people wanted more economic opportunity and growth, so many began to look overseas to continue to Manifest their Destiny. (Due to Frontier closing, Natives continued to be mistreated and lost even more land) Cause 3: Europeans are doing it also -Europeans began another colonizing wave -Many competed for nationalism, military power, and resources -Colonization of Asia and Africa Cause 4: American Nationalism -Alfred Thayer Mahan’s book “The Influence of Sea Power upon History” talked about how important it was to have a strong Navy. This further advanced American nationalism and imperialism. It would also protect the Panama Canal which opened under Woodrow Wilson’s presidency Basically it said whoever controlled the seas controlled the World and could be a major power. If America wants to trade worldwide, they need a bigger Navy and more Naval bases. (Theodore Roosevelt listened to his ideas which influenced him heavily) It also said all the powers of the world had strong Navies and stressed the importance of one Cause 5: Social Darwinism and White Man’s Burden -It is the duty of America to civilize the world, similar to Manifest Destiny -America also needed to Christianize people worldwide -Survival of the fittest would ensure America’s survival -Originated from Rudyard Kipling in 1899 who made a poem about White Man’s Burden Imperialist presidents: -William McKinley -Theodore Roosevelt Pro-Imperialist Arguments: -If Spain or France kept colonies in Latin America, soon it would transform into a global conflict over who gets to control the land -If we increase our Navy we can assert and maintain dominance over other nations, and intimidate smaller countries -By putting Naval bases in new colonies such as Guam or the Phillipines, we can set up Navy bases and protect our trade routes and add refueling stations -Imperialism will boost national unity and nationalism and the United States will have more pride -We would have more resources to use in our industries which would benefit us economically Spanish-American War: 1898 -By president William McKinley, hostilities arose after Spain allegedly sunk the USS Maine, but tensions were present before the sinking of this ship. -Remember, nobody actually knew if the ship was sunk by Spain, but yellow journalists implied this and spread misleading information so people bought their newspapers, known as Yellow Journalism -In 1976 it was ruled the cause was most likely an internal explosion rather than Spain -“Blame the Maine on Spain!” -Cubans revolted against Spanish rule in Spain, which was a cause but primarily the USS Maine Results of the War: -Treaty of Paris 1898 ended the War -Cuba gained independence and it was recognized by the US -US acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and paid 20 million for the Philippines (Philippines allowed us to trade with countries like China, and allowed expansion of Navy) -Insular Cases: The Supreme Court ruled Constitutional Rights do not apply to people in territories -US is becoming a World Power after this war US later gave Puerto Ricans citizenship under the Jones Act of 1917 Due to the US acquiring the Philippines, the locals uprise and revolt leading to a guerilla war lasting 3 years. US tried to convert Natives to Christianity, access the raw materials and trade with China, and US never recognized their independence until 1946 (White Man’s Burden) China’s Open Door Policy: (Boxer Rebellion) After we gained the Philippines, the US could trade with China much more. The Open Door policy was an agreement by global powers to distribute trading evenly. Led to the Boxer Rebellion, where locals in China rebelled against foreigners and killed many foreigners. Chinese locals disliked the foreigners using China for trad. They also disliked the imperialism that was seeping into their country. The US also sent ships in Japan to impress the Japanese which increased Nationalism. The fleet was called the “Great White Fleet”. Japan and the US agreed to respect each other’s trading in the Root- Takahira agreement. Teller Amendment: 1898 At the beginning of the Spanish American War, the United States agreed to not annex or colonize Cuba. The US could leave control of Cuba to its inhabitants only. Platt Amendment: 1901 The US and Cuba agreed that the US would withdraw troops from Cuba but be allowed to send troops in to restore order if needed. Theodore Roosevelt: “Speak softly and carry a big stick” basically means try to remain non aggressive but if needed you can use aggression. Panama Canal: Hay Bunau Varilla treaty U.S. started a revolt in Panama and tried to get people to seek independence in order to be able to build the Panama Canal as Colombia tried to resist. After the rebellion the US and Panama signed a Treaty which gave the US the area surrounding the Canal and approved the construction of the Canal. The Treaty was called the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty. (president Theodore Roosevelt signed) This helped the US trade and get to Asia faster. U.S. / American Anti Imperialist League: founded 1898 -Important members included Mark Twain, Carnegie (not all businessmen supported imperialism), William Jennings Bryan, Sam Gompers -They were against the US annexing the Philippines and other imperialist actions -Advocated for consent of the governed in the new territories Arguments for imperialism: -US needed new territories to maintain economically high and compete with other empires -US needed Naval bases to be a world power (Alfred Mahan stressed this) -America should Christianize an care for the poor, and weak under tyrannical governments -US needs to give these people democracy and civilize them -Nationalism would increase due to imperialism Arguments against imperialism: -Paying for/maintaining the new colonies would cost a lot of money -US needs to solve domestic problems first (like those exposed by Muckrackers) -We would be involved in more World Wars or get dragged into them -We cannot annex land and not give the people there the same rights as US citizens (such as Jones Act 1917) American annexation of Hawaii 1898 (can be used as outside evidence on the exam): -US citizens, natives, and foreigners overthrew Hawaiian leader Lili’uokalani, after the refused to follow Hawaii’s constitution and followed one giving her more power -US saw Hawaii as necessary especially for interests in the Pacific, so the government annexed Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1904 -After territorial disputes with Britain over Venezuela in 1902-1903, Roosevelt made an addition to the Monroe Doctrine -It was an attempt to protect our hemisphere from foreign countries like Europe due to our ventures we would have like the Panama Canal and Cuba. The Progressives: People who wanted government power to be used to solve issues in society in the United States. They wanted to solve problems due to urbanization and industrialization with government power. Muckackers / Muckrakers: People who exposed issues in America ususally through journalism in the early 20th century. Ideas originated between mid to end of 1800’s with the Populist Party of 1892 (referendum recall initiative secret ballot) and Seneca Falls convention in 1848 for Women’s Suffrage. In this Era, Laissez Faire capitalism ended, and the US government began to regulate the economy more. Important Progressives / Muckrakers / Muckrakers: Upton Sinclair “The Jungle”: Exposed the horrors of a meatpacking plant in Chicago in 1905. It also exposed the corrupted inspectors. The vivid detail and imagery described a horrid, putrid old meat packing plant where they re used old meat and washed their hands in the water the meat was processed in, among other vile things. Theodore Roosevelt read “The Jungle” and was repulsed by it, and passed the Pure Food and Drug Act which created the Food and Drug Administration to approve certain foods / drugs to help make them cleaner and purer. It required drugs to list their ingredients He also passed the Meat Inspection Act making it illegal to mislabel or add adulterant to meats. Jacob Riis: “How the Other Half Lives” Exposed the horrors of child labor in the United States through photography of child workers and he also exposed the horrors of impoverished workers in New York City. Ida Tarbell: Exposed Standard Oil company by John D. Rockefeller. She exposed the immoral practices used by the company to take down competitors and maintain a monopoly. (it owned over 90% of refiners in 1880) Thomas Nast: Political cartoonist who made many famous political cartoons and helped expose New York City Tammany Hall’s Boss Tweed (political machine). He had a newspaper called “Harper’s Weekly”. Boss Tweed did things like house and feed immigrants and poor for votes, so you could argue he wasn’t ALL bad Florence Kelley: -Exposed child labor and working conditions of children. She also wanted an 8 hour workday and a minimum wage. She eventually convinced congress to outlaw child labor in the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916. Women were very active in the Progressive era. Many felt it was their duty. This is similar to the Women’s role in abolition. More women became educated and went to school, and many did societal jobs like teaching or public health They also ran settlement houses like the Hull House in Chicago by Jane Addams Temperance: Abstinence from alcohol, led to prohibition Women’s Christian Temperance Union Movement WCTU: -Carrie Nation smashed bars and destroyed alcohol bottles with an axe -Portrayed alcohol as an evil of society which destroyed families and caused rage/violence -They wanted prison reform and eliminated wage system as well (Temperance Movement started in the 1830’s/20’s) These ideas were not too new, Temperance movement started in the 1820’s, Women’s Suffrage started with Seneca Falls in 1848 The progressives did disagree on race. WEB DuBois: -Wanted complete equality for African-Americans -Helped with the founding of the NAACP -Disagreed with Booker T. Washington’s ideas of assimilating and getting used to being inferior Ida B. Wells: -Wrote the “Red Record” book about lynching and advocated against lynching Other progressives such as Woodrow Wilson supported segregation, and others ignored the issue. ULTIMATELY, THE PROGRESSIVES FAILED TO SOLVE RACISM AND SEGREGATION. SEPARATE BUT EQUAL WAS NOT REPEALED UNTIL BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, AND