jose chu.docx

**DR. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA** **[MEANINGS OF NAME]** - - - - - - - - - **June 19, 1861**- moonlit of [Wednesday between eleven and midnight] Jose Rizal was born in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna - **June 22, 1861**- aged [three days old],...

**DR. JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA** **[MEANINGS OF NAME]** - - - - - - - - - **June 19, 1861**- moonlit of [Wednesday between eleven and midnight] Jose Rizal was born in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna - **June 22, 1861**- aged [three days old], Rizal was baptized in the Catholic church - **Father Rufino Collantes**- a Batangueño, the parish priest who baptized Rizal - **Father Pedro Casanas**- Rizal's godfather, native of Calamba and close friend of the Rizal family - **Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery**- the governor general of the Philippines when Rizal was born **[RIZAL'S PARENTS]** - **Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)** - **Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911)** **[THE RIZAL CHILDREN]** 1\. **Saturnina (1850-1913)** 2\. **Paciano (1851-1930)** 3\. **Narcisa (1852-1939)** 4\. **Olimpia (1855-1887)** 5\. **Lucia (1857-1919)** 6\. **Maria (1859-1945)** 7\. **Jose (1861-1896)** 8\. **Concepcion (1862-1865)** 9\. **Josefa (1865-1945)** 10\. **Trinidad (1868-1951)** 11\. **Soledad (1870-1929)** - Rizal always called her sisters [Doña or Señora] (if married) and [Señorita] (if single) - Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda married on [June 28, 1848], after which they settled down in Calamba - The [real surname of the Rizal family] was [Mercado], which was adopted in by [Domingo Lamco] (the paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full blooded Chinese) - Rizal's family acquired a second surname---Rizal---which was given by a Spanish alcalde mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who was a family friend **[RIZAL'S ANCESTRY]** - **father's side** - **mother's side** **[THE RIZAL HOME]** - The Rizal family belonged to the [principalia,] a town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines - The Rizal family had a [simple, contented and happy life] **[CHILDHOOD YEARS IN CALAMBA]** - **Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)**- a poem about Rizal's beloved town written by Rizal in when he was [15 years old] and was student in the Ateneo de Manila - The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he was three years old - Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus - Another memory of Rizal's infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a moon - The [death of little Concha] brought [Rizal his first sorrow] - At the [age of three], Rizal began to take a part in the family prayers - When Rizal was [five years old], he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible - **The Story of the Moth**- made the profoundest impression on Rizal -["died a martyr to its illusions"] - At the [age of five], Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil and to mould in clay and wax objects which attracted his fancy - **Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children)**- Rizal's first poem in native language at the age of eight -reveals Rizal's earliest nationalist sentiment - At the [age of eight], Rizal wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy **INFLUENCES ON THE HERO'S BOYHOOD** - **Tio Jose Alberto**- studied for eleven years in British school in Calcutta, India and had traveled in Europe inspired Rizal to develop his [artistic ability] - **Tio Manuel**- a husky and athletic man, encouraged Rizal to develop his frail body by means of [physical exercises] - **Tio Gregorio**- a book lover, intensified Rizal's voracious [reading of good book] - **Father Leoncio Lopez**- the old and learned parish priest of Calamba, fostered Rizal's [love for scholarship and intellectual honesty] **[EARLY EDUCATION IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN]** - The [first teacher] of Rizal was his [mother], who was remarkable woman of good character and fine culture---her mother - **Maestro Celestino**- Rizal's [first] private tutor - **Maestro Lucas Padua**- Rizal's [second] tutor - **Leon Monroy**- a former classmate of Rizal's father became Rizal's tutor that instructed Jose in [Spanish and Latin]. He died five months later - **Sunday afternoon in June, 1869**- Rizal left Calamba for Biñan accompanied by [Paciano] - **Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz**- Rizal's teacher in a private school in Biñan -Rizal described his teacher as follows: He was thin, long-necked, with a sharp nose and a body slightly bent forward - **Pedro**- the teacher's son which Rizal challenged to a fight - **Andres Salandanan**- challenged Rizal to an arm-wrestling match - **Juancho**-an old painter who was the father-in-law of the school teacher; freely give Rizal lessons in [drawing and painting] - **Jose Guevara**- Rizal's classmate who also loved painting, became apprentices of the old painter - **"the favorite painters of the class"**- because of his artistic talent - **Christmas in 1870**-Rizal received a letter from his sister Saturnina, informing him of the arrival of the steamer [Talim] which would take him from Biñan to Calamba - **Saturday afternoon, December 17, 1870**- Rizal left Biñan after one year and a half of schooling - **Arturo Camps**- a Frenchman friend of Rizal's father who took care of him on board **[DAILY LIFE IN BIÑAN]** **[MARTYRDOM OF GOM-BUR-ZA]** - **Night of January 20, 1872**- about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership of [Lamadrid], Filipino sergeant, rose in violent mutiny because of the abolition of their usual privileges - **Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora**- were executed at sunrise of [February 17, 1872], by order of [Governor General Izquierdo] - The [martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za] in 1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people - Rizal dedicated his [second novel, El Filibusterismo, to Gom-Bur-Za] **[INJUSTICE TO HERO'S MOTHER]** - **Before June, 1872**- Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her brother, [Jose Alberto], tried to poison the latter's perfidious wife - **Antonio Vivencio del Rosario**- Calamba's gobernadorcillo, help arrest Doña Teodora - After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from [Calamba to Santa Cruz] (capital of Laguna province), [a distance of 50 kilometers] - Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she languished for [two years and a half] - **Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan**- the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora **[SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS AT ATENEO DE MANILA (1872-1877)]** - **Ateneo Municipal**- a college under the supervision of the [Spanish Jesuits] - **Escuela Pia (Charity School)**- formerly name of Ateneo, a [school for poor boys] in Manila which was established by the city government in - **Escuela Pia\-\-\-- Ateneo Municipal\-\-- Ateneo de Manila** - **June 10, 1872**- Rizal accompanied by Paciano went to Manila - **Father Magin Ferrando**- was the [college registrar], refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reasons: *(1) he was late for registration (2) he was sickly and undersized for his age* - **Manuel Xerez Burgos**-because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo - Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname "Rizal". He registered under this name at Ateneo because their family name "Mercado" had come under the suspicion of the Spanish authorities - Rizal was first boarded in a house [outside Intramuros], on [Caraballo Street]. This was owned by a spinster named [Titay] who owed the Rizal family the amount of [300 pesos] **JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION** - Roman Empire- consisting of internos (boarders); red banner - Carthaginian Empire- composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner - Emperor- the best student in each "empire" - Tribune- the second best - Decurion- the third best - Centurion-the fourth best - Stand-bearer- the fifth best - The Ateneo students in Rizal's time wore a uniform which consisted of ["hemp-fabric trousers"] and ["striped cotton coat"] The coat material was called [rayadillo] **FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873)** - **Father Jose Bech**- Rizal's first professor in Ateneo whom he described as a "tall thin man, with a body slightly bent forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends fell toward the chin - **A Religious picture**- [Rizal's first prize] for being the [brightest pupil] in the whole class - To improve his [Spanish], Rizal took private lessons in **Santa Isabel College** during the noon recesses. He paid [three pesos] for those extra Spanish lessons - At the end of the school year in March, 1873, Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation - When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second year term in Ateneo. This time he boarded [inside Intramuros] at [No. 6 Magallanes Street]. His landlady was an old widow named [Doña Pepay] **SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO (1873-1874)** - **The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas**- the first favorite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on him - **Universal History by Cesar Cantu**- Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his studies - **Dr. Feodor Jagor**- a German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote [Travels in the Philippines] **THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875)** **FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO** - **June 16, 1875**- Rizal became an interno in the Ateneo - **Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez**- a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal's professors who inspired him to study harder and to write poetry -Rizal described this Jesuiot professor as **"model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils"** - Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school term **LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-1877)** -Rizal's studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, he excelled in all subjects. The [most brilliant Atenean of his time], he was truly **"the pride of the Jesuits"** - **March 23, 1877**- Commencement Day, Rizal, who was [16 years old], received from his Alma Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the degree of [Bachelor of Arts], with highest honors - **Marian Congregation**- a religious society wherein Rizal was an active member and later became the secretary - Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of [Father Sanchez] - **Father Jose Vilaclara**- advised Rizal to stop communing with the Muse and pay more attention to more practical studies - Rizal studied [painting] under the famous Spanish painter, **Agustin Saez**, and [sculpture] under **Romualdo de Jesus**, noted Filipino sculptor - Rizal carved an [image of the Virgin Mary] on a piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his pocket-knife - **Father Lleonart**- impressed by Rizal's sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an [image of Sacred Heart of Jesus] **[ANECDOTES ON RIZAL, THE ATENEAN]** - **Felix M. Roxas**- one of Rizal's contemporaries in the Ateneo, related an incident of Rizal's schooldays in Ateneo which reveals hero's resignation to pain and forgiveness. **"Neither bitterness nor rancor towards the guilty party"** - **Manuel Xerez Burgos**- This anecdotes illustrates Rizal's predilection to help the helpless at the risk of his own life **[POEMS WRITTEN IN ATENEO]** -It was [Doña Teodora] who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son, and it was also she who first encouraged him to write poems. However it was [Father Sanchez] who inspired Rizal to make full use of his God-given gift in poetry - **Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration)**, 1874- the [first poem] Rizal probably wrote during his days in Ateneo which was [dedicated to his mother] on her birthday; Rizal wrote it before he was [14 years old] -In 1875, inspired by [Father Sanchez], Rizal wrote more poems, as such: 1. 2. 3. 4. -In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics-[religion, education, childhood memories and war]. They were as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -A year later, in 1877, Rizal wrote more poems. It was his [last years in Ateneo]. Among the poems written that year were: 1. 2. 3. 4. - **Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus)**- this poem was written in when Rizal was [14 years old]; it was a [brief ode] - **A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)**- another religious poem which doesn't have exact date when it was written - **San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, the Martyr)**- a drama based on the [prose story of St. Eustace] which he wrote in poetic verses during the [summer vacation of 1876 and finished it on June 2, 1876] **[MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (1877-1882)]** -After finishing the first year of a course in [Philosophy and Letters] (1877-1878), Rizal transferred to the medical course -**"Don't send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head."**- Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea that Rizal pursue higher learning in the university - **April 1877**- Rizal who was then [nearly 16 years old], matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on [Philosophy and Letters] because *(1) his father like it (2) he was "still uncertain as to what career to pursue"* - **Father Pablo Ramon**-Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him during his student days in that college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao - It was during the following term (1878-1879) that Rizal, having received the Ateneo Rector's advice to study medicine - During Rizal's first school term in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1878), Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the title of [perito agrimensor (expert surveyor)] - Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining [gold medals in agriculture and topography] - **November 25, 1881**- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final examination in the surveying course - **Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila**- a society of literary men and artists, held a literary contest in the year 1879 - **A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)**- Rizal, who was then [18 years old], submitted this poem -is an inspiring poem of flawless form. Rizal beseeched the [Filipino youth to rise from lethargy], to let genius fly swifter than the wind and descend with art and science to break the chains that have long bound the spirit of the people -this winning poem of Rizal is a [classic in Philippine literature] for two reasons: *(1) it was the great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities (2) it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners, were the **"fair hope of the Fatherland"*** - The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards, was impressed by Rizal's poem and gave it the first prize which consisted of a [silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon] - **El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils of the Gods)**- an allegorical drama written by Rizal which he entered in the literary contest of Artistic-Literary Lyceum in 1880 to commemorate the [fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes] -was a literary masterpiece based on the Greek classics - The prize was awarded to Rizal, a gold ring on which was engraved the [bust of Cervantes] - **D.N. del Puzo**- a Spanish writer, who won the second prize - **Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)**- a zarzuela which was staged by the [Ateneans on December 8, 1880], on the occasion of the annual celebration of the [Feats Day of the Immaculate Conception], Patroness of the Ateneo \- Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of Spanish Literature in Ateneo - **A Filipinas**- a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet, he urged all [Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines] - **Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma**- Rizal composed a poem in 1879 which was declaimed by an Atenean, [Manuel Fernandez], on the night of December 8, 1879, in honor of the Ateneo's Patroness - **Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon**- Rizal composed a poem in 1881, as an expression of affection to [Father Pablo Ramon], the Ateneo rector, who had been so kind and helpful to him - **Vicenta Ybardolaza**- a pretty girl colegiala who skillfully played the harp at the Regalado home, whom Rizal was infatuated in Pakil - Rizal mentioned Turumba (wherein the people dancing in the streets during the procession in honor of the miraculous Birhen Maria de los Dolores) in Chapter VI of Noli Me Tangere and Pagsanjan Falls in his travel diary (united States---Saturday, May 12, 1888), where he said that [Niagara Falls] was the **"greatest cascades I ever saw" but "not so beautiful nor fine as the falls at Los Baños, Pagsanjan"** - **Compañerismo (Comradeship)**- Rizal founded a [secret society of Filipino students] in University of Santo Tomas in - **Companions of Jehu**- members of the society whose after the valiant Hebrew general - **Galicano Apacible**-Rizal's cousin from Batangas who is the [secretary of the society] **UNHAPPY DAYS AT THE UST** -Rizal found the atmosphere at the University of Santo Tomas suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this [Dominican institution] of higher learning because *(1) the Dominican professors were hostile to him (2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards (3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive* -In Rizal's novel, [El Filibusterismo], he described how the [Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by their Dominican professors] and how backward the method of instruction was, especially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII, "The Class in Physics" **[IN SUNNY SPAIN (1882-1885)]** -After finishing the 4^th^ year of the medical course in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain -Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal has his **"secret mission"**---*was to observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny* -This Rizalian secret mission was likewise disclosed by Paciano in his letter to his younger brother dated Manila, [May 20, 1892] -Rizal's departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars - **Jose Mercado**- Rizal used this name; a cousin from Biñan - **May 3, 1882**- Rizal departed on board the [Spanish streamer Salvadora] bound for Singapore **SINGAPORE** - **Donato Lecha**- the ship captain from [Asturias], Spain befriended Rizal -Rizal described him as an affable man, **"much more refined than his other countrymen and colleagues that I have met."** - Rizal played chess with his fellow passengers who were much older than he - **May 8, 1882**- while the steamer was approaching Singapore, Rizal saw a beautiful island, fascinated by its scenic beauty, he remembered "**Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga"** - **May 9, 1882**- the Salvadora docked at Singapore - **Hotel de la Paz**- Rizal registered here and spent [two days] on a sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a [colony of England] **FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO** - In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship [Djemnah, a French steamer], which left Singapore for Europe [on May 11, 1882] - **May 17, 1882**- Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) - Rizal wrote on his travel diary: **"The general appearance of Point Galle is picturesque but lonely and quiet and at the same time sad"** - **Colombo**- capital of [Ceylon] -Rizal was enamoured by Colombo because of its [scenic beauty and elegant buildings] -**"Colombo is more beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila"** - For the first time, Rizal sighted the barren coast of Africa, which he called an **"inhospitable land but famous"** - **Aden**- city hotter than Manila -Rizal was amused to see the [camels], for the first time - **City of Suez**- the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal -Rizal was impressed in the beautiful moonlight which reminded him of Calamba and his family - **Suez Cana**l- canal which built by [Ferdinand de Lesseps] (French diplomat-engineer) which was inaugurated on [November 17, 1869] - **Port Said**- the [Mediterranean terminal] of the Suez Canal **NAPLES AND MARSEILLES** - **June 11, 1882**- Rizal reached Naples -Rizal was pleased on this Italian city because of its business activity, its lively people, and its panoramic beauty - **Night of June 12, 1882**- the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles - Rizal visited the famous [Chateau d'If], where Dantes, hero of the Count of Monte Cristo, was imprisoned - Rizal stayed [two and a half days] in Marseilles **BARCELONA** - **Afternoon of May 15, 1882**- Rizal left Marseilles by train for the last lap of his trip to Spain - Rizal crossed the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at the frontier town of Port Bou - **June 16, 1882**- Rizal finally reached his destination---[Barcelona] - Rizal's [first impression] of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and Spain's second largest city, was [unfavorable] - **Las Ramblas**- the most famous street in Barcelona - **Amor Patrio (Love of Country)**- nationalistic essay, [Rizal's first article written on Spain's soil] -under his pen-name **Laong Laan**, appeared in print in [Diariong Tagalog] on [August 20, 1882] -it was published in two texts---Spanish and Tagalog---the Spanish text was the one originally written by Rizal in Barcelona, the tagalog text was a [Tagalog translation made by M.H. del Pilar] - **Basilio Teodoro Moran**- a friend of Rizal in Manila and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog where Rizal sent this article - **Diariong Tagalog**- the [first Manila bilingual newspaper] (Spanish and Tagalog) - **Los Viajes (Travels)**- Rizal's [second article for Diariong Tagalog] - **Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)**- Rizal's [third article] written in [Madrid] on [November 29, 1882] but returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds - Rizal received sad news about the [cholera] that was ravaging Manila and the provinces according to Paciano's letter, dated [September 15, 1882] - Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera - In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his younger brother to finish the medical course in Madrid - [Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882] and established himself in [Madrid], the capital of Spain **[LIFE IN MADRID]** - **November 3, 1882**- Rizal enrolled in the [Universidad Central de Madrid] (Central University of Madrid) in two courses---[Medicine and Philosophy and Letters ] - **Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando**- Rizal studied [painting and sculpture] - Rizal's only extravagance was investing a few pesetas for a [lottery ticket in every draw of the Madrid Lottery] - Rizal spent his leisure time reading and writing at his boarding house, attending the reunions of Filipino students at the house of the [Paterno brothers (Antonio, Maximo and Pedro)] and practicing [fencing and shooting at the gymnasium] - **Antigua Café de Levante**-during the summer twilights, this is where Rizal sipped coffee and fraternized with the students from Cuba, Mexico, Argentina, etc - On Saturday evenings, Rizal visited the home of [Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey] who lived with his son (Rafael) and daughter (Consuelo) - **Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle)**- a society of Spaniards and Filipinos which Rizal joined shortly after his arrival in [Madrid in 1882 ] - **Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For Verses)**- upon the request of the members of this society, Rizal's wrote this poem which he personally declaimed during the New Year's Eve reception of the Madrid Filipinos held in the evening of [December 31, 1882] -in this sad poem, Rizal poured out the [cry of his agonizing heart] - Rizal economized on his living expenses, and with the money he saved, he purchased books from a second-hand book store owned by a certain [Señor Roses] - **Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Eugene Sue's The Wandering Jew**- these two books aroused Rizal's sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people **[FIRST VISIT TO PARIS (1883)]** - **June 17 to August 20, 1883**- Rizal sojourn in Paris - **Hotel de Paris**- located on [37 Rue de Maubange] wherein Rizal billeted but later, he moved to a cheaper hotel on [124 Rue de Rennes] in the [Latin Quarter] - **Laennec Hospital**- where Rizal observed [Dr. Nicaise] treating his patients - **Lariboisiere Hospital**- where Rizal observed the [examination of different diseases of women] - Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish Mason openly and freely c riticized the government policies and lambasted the friars, which could not be done in Philippines - **March 1883**- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called **Acacia in Madrid** - Rizal's reason for becoming a mason was to secure Freemansory's aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines - **Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid)** -- Rizal transferred where he became a [Master Mason on November 15, 1890] - **February 15, 1892**- Rizal was awarded the diploma as [Master Mason] by [Le Grand Orient de France in Paris] - **Science, Virtue and Labor**- Rizal's [only Masonic writing]; a lecture which he delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad, Madrid - After Rizal's departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba: (*1) harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts (2) the manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands (3) a dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys.* Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they never arrived - **June 24, 1884**- a touching incident in Rizal's life in Madrid wherein [he was broke and was unable to take breakfast] -Rizal attended his class at the university, participated in the contest in Greek language and won the [gold medal] - **Evening of June 25, 1884**- a banquet was sponsored by the Filipino community to celebrate the double victory of the Filipino artist in the [National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid]---[Luna's Spoliarium] winning the first prize and [Hidalgo's Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace (Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho),] second prize - **November 20, 21, and 22, 1884**- the serene city of Madrid exploded in bloody riots by the students of the [Central University] - These student demonstrations were caused by the address of **Dr. Miguel Morayta**, professor of history, at the opening ceremonies of the academic year on [November 20], in which he proclaimed **"the freedom of science and the teacher"** - The Rector, who also took the side of the students, was forced to resign and was replaced by **Doctor Creus**, **"a very unpopular man, disliked by everybody"** - **November 26, 1884**- Rizal wrote the recounting tumultuous riots to his family - **June 21, 1884**- Rizal [completed his medical course] in Spain; he was conferred the degree of [Licentiate in Medicine] by the Universidad Central de Madrid - The [next academic year (1884-1885)], Rizal studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine but he did not present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctor's diploma - **June 19, 1885**- on his 24^th^ birthday, Rizal was awarded the degree of [Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters] by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of **"Excellent": (Sobresaliente)** - **November 26, 1884**- a letter to Rizal's family written in Madrid wherein he said "My doctorate is not of very much value to me... because although it is useful to a university professor, yet, I believe they (Dominican friars---Z) will never appoint me as such in the College of Santo Tomas. I say the same thing of philosophy and letters which may serve also for a professorship, but I doubt if the Dominican fathers will grant it to me." **[PARIS TO BERLIN (1885-1887)]** -Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in [ophthalmology]---Rizal chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother's eye ailment **IN GAY PARIS (1885-1886)** - **Maximo Viola**- a medical student and a member of a rich family of San Miguel, Bulacan, Rizal's friend - **Señor Eusebio Corominas**- editor of the newspaper La Publicidad and made a crayon sketch of [Don Miguel Morayta], owner of La Publicidad and a stasman - Rizal gave [Editor Corominas] an article on the [Carolines Question], then a controversial issue, for publication - [November 1885], Rizal was living in Paris where he sojourned for about [four months] - **Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906)**- leading [French ophthalmologist] wherein Rizal worked as an assistant from [November 1885 to February 1886] - **Paz Pardo de Tavera**- was a pretty girl, who was engaged to [Juan Luna] - At the studio of Luna, Rizal spent many happy hours. Rizal helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings - In Luna's canvas **"The Death of Cleopatra,"** Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest. In another of Luna's great paintings, **"The Blood Compact,"** he posed as Sikatuna, with Trinidad Pardo de Tavera taking the role of Legazpi - **November 27, 1878**- Rizal told [Enrique Lete] that he **"learned the solfeggio, the piano, the voice culture in one month and a half"** - By sheer determination and constant practice, Rizal came to play the flute fairly well. He was a flutist in various impromptu reunions of Filipinos in Paris - **Alin Mang Lahi (Any Race)**-a patriotic song written by Rizal which asserts that [any race aspires for freedom] - **La Deportacion (Deportation)**- a sad danza which Rizal [composed in Dapitan] during his exile **IN HISTORIC HEIDELBERG** - **February 1, 1886**- Rizal reluctantly left gay Paris fro Germany - **February 3, 1886**- Rizal arrived in [Heidelberg], a historic city in Germany famous for its old university and romantic surroundings - **Chess Player's Club**- a club wherein the students made Rizal as a member because of being a good chess player - **Dr. Otto Becker**- distinguished [German ophthalmologist] where Rizal worked---**University Eye Hospital** - **April 22, 1886**- Rizal wrote a fine poem **"A Las Flores de Heidelberg" (To the Flowers of Heidelberg)** - In the [spring of 1886], Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks of the Neckar River. Among them was his favorite flower---**the light blue "forget-me-not"** - **Wilhelmsfeld**- a mountainous village near Heidelberg where Rizal spent a [three-month summer vacation] - **Dr. Karl Ullmer**- a kind Protestant pastor where Rizal stayed, who became his good friend and admirer - **June 25, 1886**- Rizal ended his sojourn at Pastor Ullmer's home - **May 29, 1887**- Rizal wrote from Munich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz), son of Pastor Ullmer - **July 31, 1886**- Rizal wrote his [first letter in German] (which he had improved after his stay with the Ullmers) to [Professor Blumentritt], Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria - **Aritmetica (Arithmetic)**-Rizal sent this book he mentioned and was published in two languages---Spanish and Tagalog---by the University of Santo Tomas Press in 1868. the author was **Rufino Baltazar Hernandez**, a native of Santa Cruz, Laguna - **August 6, 1886**- the famous [University of Heidelberg] held its fifth centenary celebration **IN LEIPZIG AND DRESDEN** - **August 9, 1886**- Rizal left Heidelberg - **August 14, 1886**- boarded by a train. Rizal arrived in Leipzig - **Professor Friedrich Ratzel**- a famous German historian, Rizal befriend with him - **Dr. Hans Meyer**- German anthropologist, a friend of Rizal - In Leipzig, Rizal translated [Schiller's William Tell from German into Tagalog] so that Filipino might know the story of that champion of Swiss independence - Rizal also translated into [Tagalog for his nephews and niece Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales] - Rizal found out that the cost of living in Leipzig was [cheapest in Europe] so that he stayed [two months and a half] - Because of his knowledge of German, Spanish, and other European languages, Rizal worked as proof-reader in a publisher's firm - **October 29, 1886**- Rizal left Leipzig for Dresden where he met **Dr. Adolph B. Meyer**, [Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum] - Rizal heard Mass in a Catholic church; evidently, this Mass impressed him very much, for he wrote on his diary: **"Truly I have never in my life heard a Mass whose music had greater sublimity and intonation."** - **Morning of November 1, 1886**- Rizal left Dresden by train reaching Berlin in the evening **BERLIN** - Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its [scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice] - Rizal met for the first time **Dr. Feodor Jagor**, celebrated German scientist-traveler and author of [Travels in the Philippines], a book which Rizal read and admired during his student days in Manila - **Dr. Rudolf Virchow**- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist - **Dr. Hans Virchow**- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy - **Dr. W. Joest**- noted German geographer - **Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)**- famous German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked - Rizal became a member of the [Anthropological Society], the [Ethnological Society], and the [Geographical Society of Berlin], upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer - **Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog Metrical Art)**- Rizal wrote this [scholarly paper in German] which he read before the society in April 1887 -this paper was published by the society in the same year, and elicited favorable comments from all scientific quarters - Rizal lived in Berlin, famous capital of unified Germany for five reasons: *(1) to gain further knowledge of ophthalmology (2) to further his studies of sciences and languages (3) to observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation (4) to associate with famous German scientists and scholars (5) to publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere* - **Madame Lucie Cerdole**-Rizal's professor of French in order to master the idiomatic intricacies of the French language - **Unter den Linden**- the most popular boulevard of Berlin wherein Rizal enjoyed promenading, sipping beer in the city's inns and talking with the friendly Berliners - **March 11, 1886**- one of Rizal's important letters written while he was in Germany that addressed to his sister, [Trinidad] -in this letter, Rizal expressed his [high regard and admiration for German womanhood] -The German woman, said Rizal to his sister, is serious, diligent, educated, and friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome - Aside from the German women, Rizal admired the German customs which he observed well