The Life and Legacy of Jose Rizal PDF

The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |1 THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF JOSE RIZAL At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Analyze Rizal’s family, childhood and early education 2. Evaluate the people and events and their inf...

The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |1 THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF JOSE RIZAL At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Analyze Rizal’s family, childhood and early education 2. Evaluate the people and events and their influence on Rizal’s early life 3. Appraise Rizal’s relationship with other Propagandists 4. Analyze the factors that led to Rizal’s execution 5. Analyze the effects of Rizal’s execution on Spanish colonial rule and the Philippine Revolution I die just when I see the dawn break, Through the gloom of night, to herald the day; And if color is lacking my blood, thou shalt take, Poured out the need for thy dear sake. To dye with its crimson the walking ray” -Mi Ultimo Adios Dr. Jose P. Rizal Jose Rizal the national hero of the Philippines was a versatile genius. He was a physician, poet, dramatist, essayist, novelist, architect, historian, painter, sculptor, educator, linguist, musician, naturalist, ethnologist, surveyor, engineer, farmer, businessman, economist, geographer, cartographer, bibliophile, philologist, grammarian, folklorist, philosopher, translator, inventor, magician, humorist, satirist, polemicist, sportsman, traveler, and prophet. Jose Rizal is a product of mixture of races. In his veins flowed the blood of both East and West – Negrito, Indonesian, Malay, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish. Predominantly, he was a Malayan and was a magnificent specimen of manhood. Google.com  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |2 Rizal was the seventh of the eleven children of Francisco Mercado Rizal and Teodora Alonso Realonda. He was ten siblings, namely Saturnina, Paciano, Narcisa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria, Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad and Soledad. The family of Rizal belonged to principalia. The had a simple, contented and happy life. Their family ties were intimately close. The parents of Rizal were very strict and they taught their children to love God, to behave well, to be obedient, and to respect people, especially the old folks. Whenever their children including Jose Rizal, got into mischief, they were given a sound spanking. The real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado, which was adopted from Domingo Lamco. The name Rizal was given to the family Rizal by the alcalde mayor of Laguna. Thus, Jose Rizal was the only one who used the name because his family preferred the name Mercado. Early Life Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in the lakeshore of Calamba, Laguna. Accordingly, his mother Doǹa Teodora had difficulty and almost died on his delivery because he had a big head. In June 22, 1861, he was baptized in the Catholic Church of Calamba, Laguna by the parish priest, Father Ruffino Collantes, with Father Pedro Casanas as a sponsor. It was in 1865 when Jose Rizal JoseRizal.com experienced by his first sorrow when his younger sister, Concha, died of sickness. It was the first time he shed tears caused by love. Jose and his father left Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to Antipolo in order to fulfill his mother’s vow which was made when Jose was born when he was 5 years old. It was the first trip of Jose across Laguna de Bay and his pilgrimage to Antipolo. At the age of 8, Rizal wrote his first poem entitled “Sa Aking Mga Kababata” (To my fellow children) in the native language. He also wrote his first dramatic work which was a Tagalog comedy and it was staged in Calamba festival. Criticisms There is no original manuscript that exist Rizal’s own hand writing. The said poem was published a decade after Rizal’s execution as a appendix to: “ Kung Sino Man ang Kumanta ng Florante: Kasaysayan ng Buhay ni Francisco Baltazar at Pag-uulat nang Kanyang Karununga’t Kadakilaan” by: Herminigildo Cruz.The latter claimed that he received the poem from his friend Gabriel Beato Francisco who got it from a certain Saturnino Racelis of Lukban, a friend of Rizal. But the name of Racelis did not appear in any journal, diaries and writings of Rizal. Allegedly, Racelis received the poem personally from Rizal. The poem could not have been written when Rizal was 8 years old because during that time words were spelled with a letter “c” instead EDUCATIONAL of “k”. Also, the word kalayaan appeared twice in the poem when in BACKGROUND th fact during the 19 century Jose Rizal studied his thebasic wordeducation ws not widely used. in the And of school howMaestro can Rizal use theAquino Justiano word kalayaan Cruz whereathis thebrother, age of 8 Paciano when he first also encountered the afternoon studied. In the word at theofage hisofclass, 21? Did JoseRizal metreally Pedro, write the poem? Did he write it at the age of 8? his bully classmate, and he challenged the latter a fight. Jose Rizal defeated the bigger boy  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |3 because he has knowledge on wrestling. His classmate, Andres Salandanan, challenged him to an arm-wrestling match and because of having a weak arm, Jose lost. In the succeeding days he had other fight with the boys of Biñan. ATENEO MUNICIPAL At the age of 11, he studied at Ateneo Municipal. He took the entrance examinations on Christian doctrine, arithmetic and reading at the College of San Juan de Letran and passed them. Jose matriculated at the Ateneo Municipal. At first, Father Magin Ferrando refused to admit him because he was Rizal is late for registration and he was sickly and undersized for his age. However, with the help of Father Manuel Xeres Burgos, he was admitted at the Ateneo. When he graduated, he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors. Criticism If it is not because of the help of Fr. Manuel Xerez Burgos, Rizal will not be admitted in Ateneo Municipal. Does this show that Rizal was only admitted to Ateneo due to palakasan system? FIRST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-73) His first professor in Ateneo was Fr. Jose Bech. Because Rizal was newcomer and he knew little Spanish, he was placed at the bottom of the class. After the first week, he progressed rapidly and became “emperor”. He was the brightest pupil in the whole class and he was awarded a prize. To improve he took private lessons in Sta. Isabel College during his noon break and he paid three pesos for those Spanish lessons. In the second half of his first year in Ateneo, Rizal did not try enough to retain academic supremacy. He placed second at the end of the year, although his grades were excellent. Jose Rizal at age 13 KnightsofRizal.com SUMMER VACATION 1873 (MARCH) Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation. He visited his mother in prison without telling his father. He told her mother about his grade in Ateneo. SECOND YEAR IN ATENEO (1873-74) Rizal studied harder to regain his lost class leadership and he became “emperor” again. At the end of the school year, he received excellent grades in all his subjects and a gold medal.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |4 SUMMER VACATION 1874 Rizal visited his mother and he told her to about his scholastic triumphs in Ateneo and funny tales about his professors and fellow students, in their conversation, Doǹa Teodora told Rizal about her dream and the latter interpreted it. Rizal told her mother that she would be released from prison and during that the time Rizal was already in Manila. THIRD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-75) Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies as in the previous year despite of his family’s happiness. His grade remained excellent in all subjects but he received only one medal. He himself was not impressed in his scholastic work. FOURTH YEAR IN ATENEO (1875-76) He became an interno in Ateneo. Rizal was inspired by Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez to study harder and to write poetry. He topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school year. LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-77) Rizal finished his last year in Ateneo in blaze of glory. He obtained the highest grades (sobresaliente) in all subject. Accordingly, Rizal was the most brilliant Atenean of his time. Criticism It was discovered that there were only 12 students in the class of Rizal and nine of them including Rizal graduated sobresaliente. So, is Rizal the most brilliant Atenean of his time? UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS Rizal matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas taking the course on Philosophy and Letters. During his first year, Rizal also studied Cosmology, Metaphysical, Theodicy and History and also Philosophy. After Rizal finished first year, he transferred to medical course because of the advice of the rector of Ateneo, Fr. Pablo Ramon and his mother’s growing blindness. While studying in Santo Tomas, Rizal also studied in Ateneo and he took a vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor. As usual, Rizal excelled in all subjects and obtained gold medals in agrimensor and topography. At age of 17, Rizal passed the final examination as surveyor but he was not granted the title because he was below age. The title was issued to him on November 25, 1881. Although Rizal was Tomasian, he frequently visited Ateneo not only because of surveying course but because of his loyalty in Ateneo. SUMMER VACATION 1878 Rizal experienced brutality of Spanish officer. Rizal did not salute nor say “Good Evening” to a vague figure who turned out to be a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil. The  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |5 lieutenant whipped out his sword and sashed Rizal on his back. Rizal reported the incident to the Spanish government of the Philippines but nothing came out of his complain because the abusive lieutenant was Spaniard. 1879 Rizal won first prize on a literary contest by the Liceo Artistico-Literary. He received a silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon for his prize-winning poem, A La Juventud Filipino (To the Filipino Youth). Rizal was congratulated by Jesuits, his professors in Ateneo and by his friends and relatives. 1880 The Liceo Artistico-Literary held another contest to commemorate the centennial death anniversary of Cervantes, the Spain’s glorified man-of-letters and famous author of Don Quixote, and it was opened for both Filipinos and Spaniards. Rizal joined the contest and submitted his allegorical drama entitled El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of Gods). Once again, Rizal won first prize but the Spanish community objected because the winning author was an Indio but despite of the objections, the prize was awarded to Rizal. 1882 After he finished his study in the University of Santo Tomas, Rizal decided to study in Spain without seeking his parent’s permission and blessings. Finishing his study was not the only reason why he wanted to go to Spain but also because of his secret mission. Paciano approved the mission of Rizal which was to observed the life, culture, language, customs, industries and commerce, and governments and laws of the European nation to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppress people from Spanish tyranny. Before his secret departure, Jose Rizal wrote a farewell letter for his parents and for Leonor Rivera. Criticism: Why does Rizal remain loyal to Ateneo even if he is a Thomasian? Unlike the Dominicans in Santo Tomas, the Jesuits Professors of Rizal in Ateneo loved him and inspired him to ascend to greater heights of knowledge. The Dominicans showed racial discrimination for Filipinos and Rizal doesn’t want to be treated that way. UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID Rizal enrolled in Universidad central de Madrid in two courses – Medicine, and Philosophy and letters. On June 1884, Rizal received his licentiate in medicine in the university. Rizal was involved in the student’s demonstrations in Madrid with his co- students in Central University. He studied and passed all the subjects leading to the degree of Doctor in Medicine but due to the fact that he did not present his thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his Doctor’s diploma.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |6 After his studies in Central University of Madrid, Rizal went to Paris to acquire more knowledge in ophthalmology. Rizal also studied painting and sculptor in Academy of Fine Arts in San Fernando; took lessons in French, German and English under private instructors; and practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell. Criticism Being a medical doctor and having a Licentiate in Medicine, Rizal was able to practice his profession but he could not carry the title “Dr.” or attached letters “M.D” after his name because he was not awarded the Doctor’s diploma. RIZAL IN BARCELONA Rizal reached Barcelona on June 16, 1882. In Barcelona, Rizal wrote the Amor Patria (Love of Country) under his pen-name Laong-Laan. He sent this article to his friend in Manila, Basilio Teodoro Moran, and publisher of Diariong Tagalog. His article appeared in Diariong Tagalog August 20, 1882. Basillio Teodoro Moran was impressed by the article so he requested Rizal for more articles. As response, Rizal submitted his second work, Los Viajes (Travels) and his third article, Revisa de Madrid (Review of Madrid) but it was returned to him because the Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication because of lack of funds. RIZAL’S LIFE IN MADRID In Madrid, Rizal budgeted his money and time. He spent his money on food, clothing, lodging, and books, and his leisure time in reading and writing, attending reunions of Filipino students at the house of the Paterno brothers, and practicing fencing and practicing shooting at the gymnasium. On Saturday evenings, Rizal visited the home of Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey who lived with his son (Rafael) and daughter (Consuelo). On March, 1883, Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid. He joined the Masonic lodge to secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines. Rizal transferred to Lodge Solidaridad where he became a Master Mason on November 15, 1890. Rizal experienced financial problem while in Madrid. There were times that his monthly allowance never arrived causing much suffering to him. He made a speech on the celebration of the victory party for Luna and Hidalgo’s winning art in the National Exposition of fine Arts in Madrid. When Rizal left Madrid for Paris after his schooling, he lived in Paris and worked as an assistant for Dr. Louis de Weckert, leading French ophthalmologist. In 1886, after gaining enough experience, Rizal left for Germany. He went to Heidelberg. For a short time, he lived with some German law students. After a few days, he transferred to a boarding house near the University of Heidelberg. He worked at the University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker. After he wrote the poem ‘A los Flores de  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |7 Heidelberg”, Rizal spent three-month summer vacation in Wilhelmsfeld and stayed at the vicarage of Ptr. Dr. Karl Ulmer. On July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote his first letter to Blumentritt and sent it to him with the book, Aritmetica, which was written in Spanish and Tagalog. When Rizal visited Leipzig and Dresden, he met some well-known personalities in different fields like, Dr. Adolph B. Meyer (Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum), Dr. Feodor Jagor (German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines), Dr. Rudolf Virchow (famous German anthropologist), and the latter’s son, Dr. Hans Virchow (professor of Descriptive Anatomy). He also met Dr. W. Joest and worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger, famous German ophthalmologist. Rizal became a member of the Anthropologist Society, Ethnological Society, and Geographical Society upon the recommendations of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer. Rizal lives in Berlin to gain further knowledge on ophthalmology, further his studies in science and languages, observed economic and political conditions of the German nations, associate with famous German scientist and scholars and publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere. The winter of 1886 was the darkest winter of Rizal. He lived on poverty because no money arrived and he was broken. The diamond ring that saturnine gave him was in the pawnshop. He could no pay his landlord and he eat only one meal a day. Rizal starved in Berlin and his health broke down because of lack of proper nourishment. During the printing of Noli, Rizal was suspected as a French spy. He was visited on his boarding house by a chief of police to see his passport but unfortunately, he could not give his passport, for he has none. The chief of police told him that he should secure a passport within four days, otherwise he could be deported. Immediately, Viola accompanied Rizal to the Spanish embassy to seek for help and the court of Benomar promised to attend to the matter but the ambassador failed to keep his promise because he doesn’t have the power to issue a passport. After four days, Rizal went to the office of the German chief of police and apologized for his failure to obtain a passport. Rizal asked the police chief why he had to be deported and the latter told him that they received a report that he made a frequent visit to villages and little towns in the rural areas, thereby arousing the suspicion of German’s government that he was a French spy. Rizal explained to the police chief that he was not a French spy but a Filipino physician and scientist, particularly an ethnologist. And as an ethnologist he needed to visits the rural areas to observe the customs and life-styles of their inhabitants. The police chief was impressed by the explanation of Rizal in fluent German language and he allowed him to stay freely in Germany. After the Noli Me Tangere was published, Jose Rizal and Maximo Viola tour around Europe. And on June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola to blow-out because it was his 26th birthday. They spent fifteen days in Geneva. After five years of Rizal’s sojourn in  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |8 Europe, he decided to return to the Philippines despite the warnings of Paciano and his other friends to operate on his mother’s eye; to serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants; to find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards. Near midnight of August 5, the steamer reached Manila to visit his friend and he found place the same as when he left it five years ago. After 3 days, He returned to Calamba, and his family welcomed him affectionately. The family of Rizal was worried about his safety. So, Paciano did not leave him during the first days of his arrival to protect him and his father did not allow him to go out alone. In Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic. His first patient was his mother. The new of the arrival of a great doctor from Germany spread and the patients from provinces and Manila went to Calamba. Rizal was called “Dr. Uliman” because he came from Germany. Within few months, Rizal was able to earned P900 and by February 1888, He earned a total of P5,000 as medical fees. Rizal suffered from one failure during his six months stay in Calamba, he was not able to see Leonor Rivera. He tried to go to Dagupan but his parents did not allow him to go because Leonor’s mother did like him for a son-in-law. One day, Rizal received a letter from Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero requesting him to go to Malacañan Palace. Rizal went to Malacañan. He was informed by Gov. Gen Terrero of the charge and he denied it, explaining that he merely exposed the truth but he did not advocate subversive ideas. The governor general was pleased with the explanation of Rizal and he asked for a copy of Noli. Unfortunately, Rizal had no copy of Noli so he asked a copy from his Jesuits fathers but they would not part with it. Rizal got a copy of Noli from his friend and gave it to the governor general. Gov. Gen. Terrero read the Noli and found nothing wrong with it and believed that the life of Rizal was in danger because of the friars so he assigned a Spanish lieutenant, Don Jose Taviel de Andrade, to be his bodyguard. Archbishop Pedro Payo sent a repost to the governor general about Noli containing subversive ideas. Dissatisfied with the reports of the Dominicans, Governor General sent a copy of Noli to the permanent Commission of Censorship. According to the report of the commission, headed by Fr. Salvador Font, the Noli contained subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and recommended that the importation, reproduction and circulation of the novel must be prohibited. The report of the censorship commission was published in newspapers which lead to the uneasiness of the friends of Rizal, glee of his enemies and made the novel popular. Despite of the prohibition, many Filipinos got a copy of the novel and read it at night. Governor General Terrero ordered the Civil Governor of Laguna Province to investigate about the agrarian conditions of their locality. Rizal helped his Calamba Folks on gathering facts and listing of grievances against the hacienda management. Due to this incident the friars pressure the Malacañan Palace to eliminate Rizal and they asked Governor General  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l |9 Terrero to deport him but the governor general refused because there’s no valid charge against Rizal received anonymous threats which alarmed his parents, relatives and friends that’s why they advised him to go away and even the governor general advised him to leave Philippines. Rizal could not disobey the governor general, so he chose to leave. In Hong Kong, Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel and was welcomed by the Filipino residents. A Spaniard, Jose Sainz de Varanda, shadowed the movement of Rizal in Hong Kong. When Rizal leaved Hong Kong for Macao and he was accompanied by Jose Maria Basa, he was surprised to see Jose Sainz de Varanda among the passengers. On Feb. 29, 1888, Rizal went to Tokyo and stayed From March 2-7 at Tokyo Hotel. While he was in Tokyo, he was visited in his hotel by Juan Perez Caballero and the latter invited to live at the Spanish Legation. Rizal realized that his movements in Japan were monitored by Spanish diplomatic authorities. He accepted the invitation so he could economize his living expenses and he believed that he had nothing to hide from Spanish authorities. During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal was embarrassed because he could speak in Japanese but he looked like Japanese. To avoid further embarrassment, Rizal studied the language and after few days, he was able to speak in Japanese. After few days when he moved to Spanish legation, Rizal saw O-Sei-San (Deiko Usul) and got attracted to her. The following afternoon, Rizal introduced himself to O-Sei-San. After their meeting, they met almost a daily and visited interesting spots in the city together. Rizal was tempted to live permanently in Japan but because of his heroism Rizal needed to live. After his visit to US, he lived in London. For the short time he stayed at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor but by the end of May he found a boarding place. He was a boarder at Beckett family. Rizal met Dr. Reinhold Rost and the latter was impressed by Rizal’s learning and character. Dr. Rost recommended Rizal to the authorities of British Museum. Rizal spent much of his time in British Museum and his Sundays at the house of Dr. Rost. Even Rizal was in London, he received both good and bad news about the injustices of Spanish authorities on the Filipinos and the Rizal family; and about Rev. Vicente Garcia, who defended Noli against the attacks of the friars which cheered Rizal. The greatest achievement of Rizal in London was annotating the Sucesos de Islas Filipinas of Morga. On Sep. 1888, Rizal visited Paris for a week in order to search for more historical materials in the Bibliotheque Nationale and he was entertained by Juan Luna with his wife. Rizal also went to Spain and visited Madrid and Barcelona. He contacted compatriots and surveyed the political agitation for Philippine reforms. For the first time, Rizal met Marcelo H. de Pilar and Mariano Ponce, two titans of Propaganda Movement. He exchanged ideas with these new friends and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 10 Rizal returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year’s Day with the Becketts. Mrs. Beckett gave Rizal a Christmas gift which is a book entitled The Life and adventures of Valentine Vox; The ventriloquist in London, Rizal learned that the Filipinos in Barcelona were planning to establish a patriotic society (Association La Solidaridad) which would cooperate in the crusade for reforms. On December 31, 1888, Association La Solidaridad was Inaugurated with the following officers: Galicano Apacible, president; Graciano Lopez Jaena, vice-president; Manuel Santa Maria, secretary; Mariano Ponce, treasurer; and Jose Ma. Panganiban, accountant. Rizal was chosen as the honorary president by unanimous vote. He wrote a letter addressed to the members of the Association La Solidaridad expressing his thank s for making him the honorary president and gave some advice. Then, Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a patriotic newspaper in Barcelona and two days after, Marcelo del Pilar wrote to Rizal about the La Solidaridad. On March, 1888, Rizal left London for Paris and on the same day he organized hid compatriots into a society called Kidlat Club. The club was purely social society in nature. It was founded by Rizal to bring together the young Filipinos so they could enjoy sojourning the city in the duration of the Universal Exposition. Rizal had difficulty in finding a quarter to live because the landlords took advantage the great demand for living quarters because of the Universal Exposition which attracted, many tourists. For a short time, Rizal lived in the house of Valentin Ventura where he finished his annotation on Morga’s book. He moved several times, transferring form one hotel to another and form one boarding house to another until he settled in a little room with two other Filipinos, captain Justo Trinidad and Jose Albert. In Paris, Rizal spent his time frugally and fruitfully. He spent most of his time in Bibliotheque Nationale and checking his annotations on Morga’s Book. He wrote letters to his family, and friends, exercised daily, and visited his friend. Rizal used to dine at homes of his friends like Pardo de Taveras, Venturas, Bousteads, Lunas, etc. Rizal was fascinated by the Universal Exposition. Rizal and his friends attended the opening ceremonies and saw the ribbon cutting by President Sadi Carnot of the Third French Republic. One of the features of the exposition was art competition which Rizal, Felix R. Hidalgo, Juan Luna and Pardo de Tavera participated. The painting of the friends of Rizal was awarded while he got no prize. Rizal was enchanted by the dignified and proud American Indians, and Rizal said that Filipinos should be proud of the name Indio and make the Spanish revised their conception of the term. In connection with this, Rizal formed a new society of Filipino, Indios Bravos, in replacement to Kidlat Club. Its members pledge to excel in intellectual and physical prowess. They practiced the use of sword and pistol, and Rizal taught them judo. Another society was founded by Rizal during the Universal Exposition which was the R.D.L.M. The existence and role in crusade reforms of the secret society was enigmatic. It was patterned after the Freemasonry. It had various degrees of membership, with members not knowing each other. According to Dr. Leoncio Lopez-Rizal, grandnephew of  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 11 Jose Rizal, the society symbol of represented by a circle divided into three parts by two semi circles having in the center the interlocked letters I and B which stands for Indios Bravos, and the letters R.D.L.M placed outside an upper, lower left and right sides of the circle. The letters R.D.L.M. are believed to stand for Redencion de los Malayas. Rizal’s outstanding achievement in Paris was the publication of the annotated edition of Morga’s book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinos, which he wrote in the British Museum. It was printed by Garnier Freses and the prologue was written by Blumentritt, upon the request of Rizal. Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium on Jan. 28, 1890 because the cost of living in Paris is high and the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel El Filibusterismo. Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved in Brussels, and they live in a boarding house run by Suzzane and Marie Jacoby but later, Albert left the city and was replaced by Jose Alejandro. In Brussels, Rizal was busy writing the El Filibusterismo, the continuation of Noli and he also wrote articles for La Solidaridad. He spent part of his time in medical clinic. For recreation, he had gymnastics, target practice and fencing. In spite of European education and his knowledge of foreign languages, Rizal loved his native language. He was the first to advocate the Filipinization of its orthography. The article of Rizal entitled Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (The new Orthography of the Tagalog Language) was published in La Solidaridad. Rizal received news from Juan Luna and Valentin Ventura that the Filipinos in Spain were destroying the good name of the Philippines by gambling too much. So, Rizal wrote to Marcelo del Pilar on May 28 to remind the Filipinos in Madrid that they did not come to Europe to gamble, but to work for their Philippines freedom. Rizal also received bad news from home. The Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worst. The management of the Dominican hacienda continually raised the land rents until such time that. Don Francisco refused to pay his rents and others tenants also refused to pay their unreasonable rents. The Dominicans filed a suit in court dispossess the Rizal family of their lands in Calamba while the other tenants were persecuted. Paciano and his brothers-in-law, Antonio Lopez and Silvestre Ubaldo, were deported to Mindoro. Another brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, was banished for the second time to Bohol. This sad news depressed Rizal: In his moment of despair, Rizal had bad dreams and feared that he would not live long. He was afraid to die but he wanted to finish his second novel before he went to grave. Rizal planned to go home because of the suffering s afflicted to his family. All his friends including Blumentritt, Jose Ma. Basa and Ponce, were horrified by Rizal’s plan to go back to Philippines. They warned him about the danger that awaited him at home but Rizal ignored their warnings. However, his plan changed because of the letter he received from Paciano. Instead, he decided to go to Madrid to supervise the handling of the case of his family against the Dominicans.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 12 Early in August, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He tried all legal means to seek justice for his family and Calamba tenants. He sought help from the Filipino colony, Asociacion Hispano-Filipino, and liberal Spanish newspapers in securing the justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants and his family. Rizal was accompanied by M.H. del Pillar, his lawyer, and Dr. Domingo Gomez, secretary of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipino, when he called on the Minister of Colonies, Señor Fable in order to protest the Injustices committed by Governor General Valeriano Weyler and the Dominicans against the Calamba folks. Unfortunately, nothing came out with the interview of Rizal with Señor Fable. Rizal received more terrible news form home about the deportation of his family members and the copy of ejectment order by the Dominicans against his father and other tenants in Calamba. Rizal experienced disappointments in Madrid. He was disappointed with the liberal Spanish statesmen who only gave him sweet Propaganda Movement, died in Barcelona. In the end of August, Rizal attended a social reunion of Filipinos and in the reunion, he almost fought Antonio Luna, who was drunk. Luna was frustrated because of his romance with Nellie Boustead and he blamed Rizal for his failure to win her. Out of jealousy and alcohol-befogged mind, Luna uttered unsavory remarks about Nellie which Rizal heard and the latter could not tolerate it so he challenged him to a duel. The Filipinos was shocked by the incident and they tried to pacify the two. Fortunately, Luna got sober and he immediately apologized and Rizal immediately accepted the apology. On another occasion, Rizal challenged Wenceslao E. Retana to duel because of the insult the latter wrote in an article. To save his own skin, Retana wrote an apology in the newspaper and the incident silenced Retana’s pen against Rizal. Later on, Retana developed an admiration for Rizal. On December, 1890, Rizal received a letter From Leonor Rivera announcing her marriage to an Englishman and asking his forgiveness. Toward the closing of 1890, a rivalry arose between Rizal and M.H. del Pilar purchased the La Solidaridad and replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as its editor. As a leader, Rizal instills to his compatriots his idealism that in order to gain prestige for the Propaganda Movement and respect from Spaniards they must possess high standards of morality, dignity, and spirit of sacrifice. Unfortunately, his idealism was not shared by certain frivolous countrymen and they declined Rizal’s leadership and become supporters of Del Pilar. The editorial policy of Del Pilar which was occasionally against to Rizal’s political view enhanced the rivalry between the two. The Filipinos in Madrid met in New Year’s Day to patch up their differences and to intensify the campaign for reform. It was decided in the meeting that leader, Responsable, must be chosen to direct affairs of Filipino community and to determine the editorial policy of the periodical. Del Pilar was opposed to the proposition on the ground that La Solidaridad was a private enterprise; however, he was willing to publish articles that would express the aspiration and demands of the Filipino people. So, the proposition that La Solidaridad must be under the control of Responsable was abandoned. Their meeting proceeded to the election for Responsable and they agreed the Responsable should be elected by two-thirds of vote.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 13 On the first week of February, 1891, the election took place. The Filipino were divided into two groups - the Rizalistas and Pilaristas. Rizal was winning the election but could not be proclaimed as Responsable because he did not reach the required nomber of votes. On the third day of election, Mariano Ponce appealed to the Filipinos to vote Rizal. And the voting resulted to Rizal’s victory but Rizal declined the position. He knew that some of compatriots who supported Del Pilar despised or dislliked him and he did not want to be the cause of disunity and bitterness among his countrymen. Rizal wrote a note for his compatriots thanking them for electing him as their Responsable before he leaved Madrid for Biarritz. Rizal notified for Propaganda authorities I Manila to cancel his allowance devote it to some better because he retired from Propaganda Movement and he desired to publish his second novel, and practice his medical profession. Rizal also stopped writing articles for La Solidaridad. Del Pilar wrote to Rizal realized the need for Rizal’s collaboration in both Propaganda and in the La Solidaridad. Del Pilar wrote to Rizal asking for forgiveness for any resentment and requesting him to resume writing. Rizal wrote to Del Pilar denying any resentment and explaining why he stopped writing for La Solidaridad. Rizal wrote to Jose Ma. Basa in Hong Kong and expressed his desire of going to Hong Kong to practiced ophthalmology in order to earn his living. He also requested Basa to advance him the amount of first-class steamer ticket from Europe to Hong Kong. Rizal also wrote to Basa informing the latter about his current negotiation to a printing firm. He told Basa that he can’t sent it yet but it will be sent to him by the next mail. He also told Basa that he will leave the publication of El Fili. to Antonio Luna if something happened to him. Oct. 18, 1891, Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hong Kong. During his Voyage he continued writing his novel but some reason he was not able to finish his third novel which is intended for Filipino readers. The other unfinished novels of Rizal were Makamisa, Dapitan, and Spanish novel about the life in Pili, Laguna, and two other novels without a title. While on board, Rizal was having his dinner alone and he heard the German ladies gossiping about in German language and he just kept silent. Suddenly, the door of dining room blew open because the steamer encountered a squall and the German ladies said that if Rizal would be a gentleman, he would close the door. Upon hearing it, Rizal closed the door and conversed with the German ladies in German language which embarrassed the latter and thereafter Rizal with admiration. Rizal wrote to his parents asking permission to return home and on the same day, Manuel T. Hidalgo wrote him a letter about the deportation of twenty-five persons in Calamba. Before Christmas, Rizal was glad because his father and Silvestre Ubaldo arrived in Hong Kong. Not long afterwards, his mother and sisters, Lucia, Josefa and Trinidad also arrived.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 14 To earn for himself and family, Rizal practiced medicine. A Portuguese physician, Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez, helped him to build up a wild clientele and later on he turned over to Rizal many of his eyes cases. In due time, Rizal became a well-known medical practitioner. Rizal was able to operate on his mother’s eyes. Aside from being an eye specialist, he is also a general practitioner. In the face of the bleak outlook of the Calamba folk under to regime of Governor Valeriano Weyler’s terroristic regime, Rizal conceived the establishment of a Filipino colony in North Borneo (Sabah). He planned to move the landless Filipino families to that British-owned Island and carve out its virgin wildness a “New Calamba”. New trends of events in the Philippines gave Rizal a new hope because Weyler was relieved from his gubernatorial office and new Gov. Gen. Eulogio Despujol announced to the Filipino people a fine program of government. In the belief that Gov. Despujol was sincere with his promises, Rizal wrote him a letter of felicitation and offering his cooperation but the governor general did not acknowledge his letter. Rizal went to Sandakan to negotiate with the British authorities for the establishment of Filipino colony. His mission was successful. The British authorities of Borneo were willing to give the Filipino colonist 100,000 acres of land, a beautiful harbor, and a good government for 999 years, free of all charges. Rizal’s friend in Europe enthusiastically endorsed the Borneo colonization. But Manuel T. Hidalgo was against it. After waiting for three months, he wrote again addressed to the governor general and he gave it to the ship captain to make sure it would the governor general’s hand. Again, Governor Despujol did not reply to his letter instead he notified the Spanish consul in Hong Kong to tell Rizal that he could not approved the Filipino Immigration to Borneo. In Hong Kong, Rizal continued his writings. He wrote “Ang Mga Karapatan ng Tao”, “A la Nacion Española” (To the Spanish Nation), “Sa Mga Kababayan”, “Una Vista a la Victoria Gaol” (A Visit to Victoria Gaol), “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles de isles Philippines”(Colonization of British North Borneo by the families from the Philippines), “Proyekto de Colonizacion del British North Borneo por los Filipinos”(Project of the Colonization of British North Borneo by the Filipinos) and “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand). The most important writing made by Rizal was the constitution of the Liga Filipina which was printed in Hong Kong but to deceive the Spanish authorities the printed copies carried false information about the printing. In the printed copies, it was written that it is printed in London Printing Press. Rizal decided to return to Manila to confer with the Governo Despujol regarding the Borneo colonization; to establish the Liga Filipina In Manila; and to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid. Lete’s article in La Solidaridad portrayed Rizal as coward, egoistic and opportunistic and Rizal protested to del Pilar on allowing that article to be published. Rizal confided to Ponce about it.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 15 Rizal wrote letters which was sealed and has an inscription that it will only be opened after his death because of the premonition he had about his death. The first letter was addressed to his parents, brethren and friends, while the second letter was addressed to the Filipinos. Rizal wrote to Governor Despujol about his homecoming on Manila and placed himself under the protection of the Spanish government. After his departure from Hong Kong, the Spanish consul-general, who issued the guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that the victim is in the trap. On the same day, a secret case was filed against Rizal and his followers for anti-patriotic agitation. Despujol ordered his secretary to find out of Rizal was naturalized German citizen. Rizal and his sister, Lucia, were unaware of Spanish duplicity. On July 26, 1892, Rizal and Lucia arrived in Manila. In the afternoon, Rizal went to Malacañan to talk with the Governor Despujol. The governor agreed to pardon his father but not the rest of his family and told him to return on Wednesday (June 29). After his conversation with the governor general, Rizal visited his sister, Narcisa and Neneng, in the city. Rizal also visited his friends in Malolos, San Francisco, Tarlac, and Bacoor. Rizal returned to Manila and not knowingly, he was shadowed by government spies who watch his actions. After Rizal’s interview with the governor general, he attended the meeting of the patriots at the home of the Doroteo Ongjunco of Liga Filipina and the patriots were impressed and approved the establishment of the Liga. During Rizal’s interview with Governor Despujol, the latter showed him some leaflets which were allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases. The leaflets were satire against the rich Dominicans friars who have fabulous riches contrary to their monastic vow of poverty. Rizal denied the accusation and demand for investigation but due to due process of law, he was arrested and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol. The Gaceta de Manila published a story about on Rizal’s arrest which produced commotion among the Filipinos, particularly the members of Liga Filipina. The article also contained the governor general Despujol’s decree on deporting Rizal in one of the islands in the south. RIZAL’S LIFE IN DAPITAN On July 15, 1892, Rizal was brought under heavy guard and captain Delgras to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. It was July 17 when they reached Dapitan and Captain Delgras handed Rizal to Captain Rizacrdo Carnicero, a Spanish commandant in Dapitan. The steamer that brought Rizal in Dapitan carried a letter from Fr.Pablo Pastells addressed to Fr. Obach, Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan. In the letter, it informed Fr. Obach about the conditions which can allow Riza to stay in the convent. Rizal did not agree to the conditions so he lived in the house of Carnicero. Carnicero was charmed by Rizal’s personality. He gave good reports to Governor despujol about Rizal. Rizal, Captain Carnicero and Francisco Equilor won the second prize of P20,000 in lottery. Rizal share on the prize was P6,200. Rizal gave P2000 to his father, P200 to  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 16 Basa and the remaining money, he invested it in purchasing agricultural lands. Rizal’s winning in Manila Lottery reveals that Rizal was a lottery addict. In Madrid, he always spent at least three presents a month in lottery which was his only vice. During Rizal’s exile in Dapitan, he had arguments with Fr. Pastells about religion which started when the latter sent Rizal a book by Sarda with the advice that Rizal should desist from his foolishness in viewing religion from prism of individual judgement and self-esteem. Rizal expressed his anti-Catholic but Rizal was not convinced so, he lived in Dapitan beyond the pale of his mother Church. In spite of the differences between Fr. Pastels and Rizal, they remained as good friends. Aside from the personal efforts of Fr.Pastels to persuade rizal, he instructed Fr. Obach and Fr. Jose Vilaclara to try their best to bring back Rizal into Catholic fold. Furthermore, he assigned Fr. Fransisco de Paula Sanchez to Dapitan. Upon the arrival of Fr. Sanchez, he visited Rizal Immediately. Almost daily, they had theological arguments in a friendly manner but all of the efforts of Fr. Sanchez were I vain because he was not able to convinced Rizal. In Dapitan, Rizal challenges Frenchmen to a duel when Antonio Miranda forwarded him a letter from the French businessman who purchased logs from his lands, Mr. Juan Lardet. Rizal read the letter of Lardet which flared up his anger because of the latter’s unsavory comment about the logs that were purchased. Captain Carnicero heard about the incident and advised Mr. Lardet to apologize to Rizal instead of accepting the challenge. Mr. Lardet wrote to Rizal apologizing for the insulting comment. Rizal accepted his apology and their good relationship were restored. Rizal had a pleasant life in Dapitan, Since August, his family took turns in visiting him to ease his loneliness. Rizal built a house by the seashore of Talisay, surrounded by fruit trees. Rizal was peacefully and happily in his house at Talisay with his mother and sister, Narcisa. On the night Nov. 3, a spy with assumed name of “Pablo Mercado” and pretending to be Rizal’s relative visited him. He introduced himself as a friend and a relative. He offered Rizal to be his secret courier of his letters and writings but Rizal was a man of prudence and keen perception became suspicious. Rizal wanted to throw “Pablo” out of his house because of his lies but being hospitable, he invited him to stay for the night and sent him away the next morning. Rizal learned that the spy was still in Dapitan so he reported the incident that happened in his house to the new Captain, Captain Juan Sitges. The Captain had the spy investigated and learned that his real name was Florencio Namanan and was a native of Cagayan de Misamis. He was hired by recollect friars to spy on Rizal’s activities and writings. Strangely, investigation to Governor general Blanco and kept the Documents highly confidential. Rizal was surprised by the turn of events. He asked a copy of documents of the proceeding but his request was rejected. Rizal practiced medicine in Dapitan and he has many patients. Most of them are poor but he also has rich patients who paid him generously. Rizal operated on his mother’s right eye and it was successful but his mother removed her bandages. Ignoring his son’s  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 17 instructions, this made the wound to be infected. Being a physician, Rizal got interest in local medicine and the use of medical plants. He studied the medical plants and its curative values. He prescribed the local medicinal plants to his poor patients who cannot afford the imported medicine. Rizal built a water system in Dapitan. H applied his knowledge in engineering in order to furnish clean water to townspeople. Aside from water system, Rizal spent many months in draining the marshes in order to get rid of malaria. He also equip the town with lighting system consisted of coconut oil lamps. Another community project of Rizal was the beautification of the town plaza. Rizal established a school which lasted until the end of his exile on July, 1896. The initial number of his students was three but it the course of time it increased to 21. His students did not pay any tuitions but he made them work in his gardens, fields and construction projects. Rizal taught his boys reading, writing, languages, geography, history, mathematics, industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. He also encouraged them to play games to strengthen their bodies like gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, stone-throwing, swimming, arnis and boating. Rizal wrote a poem entitled “Himno A Talisay” for pupils to sing. As contribution to science, Rizal collected specimens from Mindanao rich virgin fields. He explored jungles and coasts with his students to collect specimens and he sent him it to the museum in Europe, especially to Dresden Museum. In return, the European scientist sent him scientific books and surgical instruments. Rizal was able to collect 346 shells representing 203 species. He also discovered rare specimens which were named after him. Rizal also conducted anthropological, ethnological, archaeological, geological and geographical studies. In Dapitan, Rizal continued his study of languages and he learned the Bisayan, Subanum and Malayan languages. He wrote Tagalog grammar and made a comparative study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages. He also continued his artistic pursuits in Dapitan. He contributed his painting skills to the sisters of charity who were preparing the sanctuary of the Holy Virgin Mary in their private chapel. He made sketches of things and persons that attracted him. He modeled a statue representing the mother-dog killing the crocodile, by the way of avenging her lost puppy, and he called it “The Mother’s Revenge”. He also made a statue of a girl and called it “The Dapitan Girl”, a woodcarving of Josephine Bracken and a bust of St. Paul. As a farmer, Rizal devoted most of his to agriculture. He introduced and applied the modern methods of agriculture which he observed in Europe and America. He also imported agricultural machinery from the United States. Rizal also engaged in business. He made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries in partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant. Rizal organized a Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan. Doña Teodora  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 18 returned to Manila, she requested Rizal to write a poem again and as response Rizal wrote “Mi Retiro” (My Retreat) which was about the serene life of Rizal in his exile in Dapitan. In Dapitan, Rizal had a patient from Hong Kong who is blind. His patient was Mr. George Taufer who is accompanied by his adopted daughter, Josephine Bracken, with Manuela Orlac, their Filipino companion. Rizal was unable to cure Mr. Taufer because hiss allment is incurable. Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other. After one month, they agreed to get married. Taufer heard about their plan and he flared up violently. He tried to commit suicide but Rizal was able to prevent it. Due to this incident, Josephine went to Manila with Taufer. Mr. Taufer returned to Hong Kong alone and Josephine stayed in Manila with Rizal’s family. Later, Josephine returned to Dapitan. Since no priest would marry Rizal and Josephine, they held their hands together and married themselves before the eyes of God. They lived as man and wife. Fr. Obach was scandalized and many unsavory tales were circulated by gossips in Dapitan. On December 17, 1895, Rizal wrote to Governor Blanco offering services as military doctor in Cuba. In early 1896, Rizal was extremely happy because Josephine was expecting a baby. Unfortunately, Josephine prematurely gave birth to an eight-month old baby boy, who only three hours because of the prank played on Josephine frightening the latter so much. The lost son of Rizal was named “Francisco” in honor to his father. Dr. Pio Valenzuela went to Dapitan and brought with him a blind, Raymundo Mata, to camouflage his mission to inform Rizal about the plan of Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake. Dr. Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan in the evening. Rizal welcomed him to his house and they talked after the supper on the garden. Dr. Valenzuela told Rizal about the plan of Katipunan. Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s plan to plunge the country in bloody revolution. For Rizal Bonifacio’s plan was premature because the people are not ready for a revolution and the arms and funds must be collected before raising the cry of revolution. He also disapproved their plan of rescuing him. A letter arrived from Governor Blanco in Dapitan Notifying Rizal of the acceptance of his offer dated July 1. It also informed him that a politico-military commander of Dapitan would give him a pass so he could go to Manila and he would be given a safe-conduct to Spain. In Spain, the Minister of war will assign him to the Armies of Operations in Cuba. Rizal was very glad and his joyous thought of resuming his travel, he wrote a poem entitle “El Canto del Viajero” (The Song of the Traveler). It was July 31, 1896, when Rizal was able to leave Dapitan after four years of exile with Josephine, Narcisa, Angelica, his three nephews and six pupils. Almost all of his Dapitan folks bid him goodbye. When Rizal arrived in Manila, he was unable to catch the mail ship Isla de Luzon for Spain because it department the previous day. Near midnight of the same day Rizal was transferred to the Spanish cruiser Castilla, by order of Governor Blanco. Rizal stayed on the cruiser from August 6 to September 2, 1896.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 19 While waiting on the next steamer to take him Spain, important events occurred, indicating the downfall of Spanish power in Asia. Rizal heard about the eruption of revolution started and it would arouse Spanish vengeance against Filipino patriots. Rizal received two letters from Governor Blanco when was proclaimed in eight different provinces. One was addressed to him and the other was to general Marcelo de Azcarraga, Minister of war. Rizal wrote to his mother before his departure and he was transferred the steamer Isla de Panay which sailing for Barcelona, Spain. On Sep. 7, 1896, The Isla de Panay arrived in Singapore. Don Pedro Roxas, a passenger, advised Rizal to ignore their advised because he gave his word of honor Governor Blanco. Rizal was unaware that since departure from Manila Bay, Governor Blanco and the Ministers of War and colonies were exchanging coded telegrams and confidential messages plotting his arrest upon reaching Barcelona. Rizal heard from his co-passenger the news that he would be arrested by the order of Governor. General Blanco and he would be sent to prison in Ceuta. There was nothing official yet about his arrest, it was still a shipboard gossip. Then, Rizal was notified by the captain that he needed to stay in the cabin until the further orders from Manila and he complied with it. At 6:25 pm, the steamer anchored at Malta and he was unable to visit the island fortress because he was confined in the cabin. The steamer arrived in Barcelona with Rizal as prisoner on board. His jailor was General Eulogio Despujol, the one who ordered his banishment in Dapitan. Rizal was awakened by the guards and escorted to prison-fortness named Montjuic. He spent the whole morning in cell. In afternoon, he was escorted to the quarter of General Despujol. In their interview, General Despujol told him that he would be shipped back to Manila At 8:88pm, the ship left Barcelona. The diary of Rizal was confiscated and scrutinized by authorities before reaching fort said his diary was returned to him when nothing incriminating was found on it. When Rizal’s friend knew about his arrest and they sent telegrams to a lawyer, Hugh Fort, to recue Rizal from Spanish steamer on the ground writ of habeas corpus. Unfortunately, chief Justice Loinel Cox denied the petition of Atty. Fort to remove Rizal From the Spanish steamer because the warship of a foreign power was beyond the jurisdiction of Singapore authorities. On Nov. 3, the colon reached Manila. The Spanish was exulting with joy because of more reinforcements and military supplies while Rizal was transferred under heavy guard to fort Santiago. The Spanish authorities tortured some compatriots of Rizal and his brother, Paciano, to finished evidence against Rizal.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 20 \INVESTIGATION, TRIAL AND EXECUTION The preliminary investigation was done and Rizal was accused, appeared before the judge advocate, colonel Francisco Olive. He was subjected for five-day investigation and he was informed of the charges against him. He answered all the questions of the judge but he was not permitted to confront those who testified against him. Two kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal- Documentary and testimonial. Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case to Governor General Blanco and the letter appointed Captain Rafael Dominguez as special Judge Advocate to Institute the correspondence action against Rizal. Immediately Dominguez made a brief resume of the charges and returned the papers to Governor General Blanco and the latter transmitted them to the Judge Advocate General Don Nicolas de la Peña, opinion. After studying the papers, Peña recommended that the accused must immediately brought to trial; should be kept in prison; an order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount of one million pesos as indemnity; and should be defended in court by an army officer, not a civilian lawyer. Rizal was given a list of 100 first and second lieutenant in Spanish Army to Choose who would be his defender. He chose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade was the brother of his “bodyguard” in Calamba. Lt.Luis Taviel de Andrade gladly accepted the task. The information of charges was formally read to Rizal in prison with his counsel. He was accused of being the principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection, the founder of society, periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting and propagating ideas of rebellion. Rizal raised no objection on the jurisdiction of the court but pleaded not guilty to the crime of rebellion. He admitted that he wrote the constitution of Liga Filipina. He waived the right to amend or make further statements already made, except that he had taken no part in politics since his exile in Dapitan. Dominguez forwarded the papers on Rizal case to Malacañan Palace, the same day when General Camilio G. de Polavieja became the new Governor General of the Philippines with the help of the powerful Dominican friars. Rizal wrote a manifesto to his people to stop shedding blood and to achieved liberties by means of education and industry but his manifesto was not issued to the Filipino because Governor General Polavieja suppressed it. He spent his Christmas on cell. The court-martial of Rizal started at Cuartel de España. Seated behind the long table were the seven members of the military court, Dr. Rizal Lt. Taviel de Andrade, Capt. Rafael Dominguez, Lt. Enrique de Alcocer, and the inspectors - Josephine Bracken, newspapermen and many Spaniards. The trial was opened by judge Advocate Dominguez who explained the case against Rizal. After him, Prosecuting Attorney Alcocer arose and delivered a long speech summarizing the charges against Rizal and urged the court to give the verdict of death to the accused. Defense Counsel Taviel de Andrade took his seat; Rizal was asked if he has anything to say. Rizal then read a supplement of his defense which he wrote in his prison cell. In his supplement defense, he further proved his innocence.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 21 The military court remained indifferent to Rizal’s pleading. The president, Lt. Col. Togores Arjona considered the trial over and ordered the hall cleared. After the short deliberation, the military court unanimously voted for sentence of death. The court decision was submitted to Governor General Polavieja and he ought the opinion of the judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña on the court decision and latter affirmed the death verdict. Polavieja approve the decision of the court-martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at 7:00am of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field. During the last 24 hours on earth of Rizal, he was busy meeting visitors, including Jesuit priest, Josephine bracken and members of his family, a Spanish newspaper correspondent, some friends, and secretly, finishing his farewell poem. On December 30, 1896 Rizal turned his back on the firing squad and faced the sea. At exactly 7:03am, Rizal died at Bagumbayan Field at the age of 35 years, five months and eleven days. The Women in Jose Rizal’s Life (Rizal’s heterosexual orientation) The women characters of Rizal were not created from thin air. Rizal had a lot of experience with women. He grew up in a household that was predominantly female. Aside from his mother, Doña Teodora, were his nine sisters. There were also the servants. Outside the home were aunts, not to mention women of various ages, sizes and nationalities that entered his life at one point or other. From his mother, a devout Catholic, Rizal learned only too well how the institution indoctrinates so effectively. From his sisters, Rizal got a good briefing regarding the problems of women that are peculiar to their sex as well as the helplessness of children who come into the world unprotected from the hazards of childbirth, diseases and a hostile colonial society. From his sisters, Rizal learned that because women have wombs, they are subjected to many vicissitudes. Not only did they have to contend with a harsh colonial regime, they also had to face equally harsh of their biology. Pregnancy was a great risk to their lives. The frequency of pregnancies and too many children gave them no time for themselves so they could engage in intellectual pursuits or get involved in community work. Rizal was a keen observer of women. His diary is full of accounts of women. In Madrid, he took note of prostitutes; in Germany he extolled the virtues of the German women and felt so sad and apprehensive when he read advertisements of males in America calling for domestic helpers for overseas employment and for mail-order brides posted in the newspapers; in the Basque region he noted women’s industry; in France he observed the child-rearing practices of mother. Considering Rizal’s intelligence and his exposure to the predicament of women as a sex separate from men, his interest in them was not the usual male interest in the female species. He saw them not as sex objects but as creatures in need of liberation.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 22 His first love – Segunda Katigbak He experienced the first pangs of love at sixteen after his graduation from Ateneo with a fourteen-year old lass from Lipa, Batangas by the name Segunda Katigbak. It was during one of his visits to his maternal grandmother, who lived in Trozo, Manila, that he saw her. She was a sister of his friend, Mariano, who incidentally was his companion in that visit. Rizal described her as: “…rather short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others, rosy-cheeked with an enchanting and provocative smile, that revealed very beautiful teeth and the air of a sylph; her entire self-diffused a mysterious charm.” Segunda Katigbak OurHappySchool.com He oftentimes visited her at La Concordia College, where his sister Olympia was also studying. Although it was evident that they were in love with each other, and theirs was a case of love at first sight, their love was doomed from the start, since Segunda was engaged to marry her townmate, Manuel Luz. Rizal also, due to his shyness, failed to propose to her but he kept a record of his feelings and the end of his dream by saying: “…My virgin heart will always mourn the reckless step it took on the flower-decked abyss. My illusions will return, yes, but with different, uncertain, ready for the first betrayal on the path of love.” Jacinta Ibardo Laza (Miss L) Miss L was a lady from Pakil, Laguna and believed to be Rizal’s tutor. She was living at the house of Nicolas Regalado who happened to be a friend of Jose Rizal. He described Miss L as a “woman with fair and seductive eyes”. After visiting her several times, Rizal had a change of heart and gave two reasons for this namely a. he still could not forget the sweet memories of Segunda Katigbak and b. her father objected their relationship. Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela When Jose Rizal was a sophomore in his medical studies in University of Santo Tomas, he boarded at the Intramuros house of Dona Concha Leyva, they lived near Capitan Juan Valenzuela and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela, whom have three daughters and one of them being Leonor Valenzuela. The Valenzuela household was often visited by the students around the area who would gather to commune with each other, and Jose Rizal was a frequent visitor at the Valenzuela house and would often entertain his friends with card tricks. Using his knowledge in Chemistry, he courted Leonor, sent love notes in invisible ink which could only be read when heated over a candle lamp. Leonor Valenzuela Philnews.ph  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 23 Leonor Rivera Leonor Rivera was born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11, 1867 to Antonio Rivera and Silvestra Bauzon. Her father Antonio was Francisco Mercado's cousin, making her Jose Rizal's second cousin. She studied in Colegio de la Concordia. She was considered a beauty who also sang, and played the piano remarkably well. She is immortalized in Rizal's Noli Me Tangere as Maria Clara. On April 1880, Paciano Rizal accompanied the 18-year-old Rizal to their uncle Antonio Rivera's boarding house in Intramuros where he met Leonor Rivera, who was 13 at that time. In their letters, Rizal referred to Leonor as Taimis. And in his letters with his friends, they called her La Cuestion del OurHappySchool.com Oriente. They came up with these codes to avoid the prying eyes of Leonor's parents and friends from discovering the romance between them. Before Rizal's second departure in May 3, 1882, he expressed his wish to marry Leonor. However, he was faced with the disapproval of many people from both the Rizal and Rivera families. Don Francisco did not support Rizal, and even Paciano told him it would be selfish to leave his Leonor behind if ever she did become his wife. Rivera's family was concerned about Rizal's growing reputation as a Filibustero and did not want Leonor to have anything to do with him. Rizal kept his departure a secret from Leonor who was devastated by the news when it reached her. Rizal's friend Jose "Chenggoy" M. Cecilio writes to Rizal about Leonor on August 3, 1882: "There is a person who has felt deeply your absence and says that had she been here when you left you would not have succeeded in getting away. She deserves pity. You must have already received a letter from her by now as I write this. That she loves you there is no doubt now." Silvestra Rivera, Leonor's mother, intercepted letters and gifts from Rizal. It was even rumored that she went as far as bribing postmen to prevent Leonor and Rizal from corresponding with each other. This led to the two lovers' doubts about each other's faithfulness. In the autumn of 1890 at Madrid, Leonor wrote to Rizal about her engagement to British engineer Henry Kipping which was pushed forward by her mother despite her protests. Feeling betrayed, Rizal pours his heart out to Blumentritt who tells him, in a letter: "My wife cannot understand how a woman whom Rizal has honored with his love would be able to abandon him; she is disgusted with that girl. I myself feel it deeply, but only on your account, for I know how your heart is pained; but you are one of the heroes who conquer pain from a wound inflicted by a woman, because they follow higher ends. You have a courageous heart and you are in love with a nobler woman, the Motherland. Filipinas is like one of those enchanted princesses in the German legends, who is captive of a horrid dragon, until she is freed by a valiant knight."  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 24 Leonor married Kipping on June 17, 1890 in Dagupan, two days before Rizal's birthday. In exchange for her consent to the marriage, she made her parents, most especially her mother, swear upon three things. First, Silvestra Rivera must stand by her side on her wedding day, as it is really her wedding and not Leonor's. Second, she must not be asked to sing ever again. And lastly, her piano must stay locked up as long as she lives. Leonor burned Rizal's letters upon the instruction of her mother who told her that keeping another man's letters is considered a sin in a marriage. It was also speculated that she had sewed some of the ashes of Rizal's letters into the hem of her wedding dress. She never ceased to treasure these ashes until August 28, 1893 when she died giving birth to Kipping's second child. Leonor requested that she would be buried in the saya she wore when she and Rizal have come to an understanding about their relationship, and that the ashes of Rizal's letters would be kept with her. Upon receiving news of his sweetheart's death from his sister Narcisa on August 1893 when he visited his family in Dapitan, it is said that Jose Rizal grew pale and still. He sat alone for the rest of the day holding a lock of Leonor's hair, and stayed silent for the next few days. To this day, the ashes of Rizal's letters to Leonor Rivera are kept in a box bearing the lovers' initials on the cover which is still kept by the Kipping family. Leonor Rivera's descendants keep her legacy alive through the Maria Clara museum in Tarlac, and, as guests of honor, by attend events in commemoration of Rizal. Consuelo Ortega y Rey Although Rizal's heart was still with Leonor, Rizal did not keep himself from associating with other women, just as when he was in Madrid, during which his attention was drawn to a young and beautiful Mestiza named Consuelo Ortega y Perez. Consuelo Ortega was the daughter of Don Pablo Ortega Y Rey, the mayor of Manila during the governorship of Maria de la Torre, who became vice president of the Council of the Philippines in the Ministry of Colonies in Madrid. He was so supportive and open to the Filipinos that his house became the common meeting place of Circulo Hispano Filipino members or the Filipino students in Madrid, one of which was Rizal. And that is how Rizal and Consuelo met. Rizal would visit her home and they would have conversations together, finding joy and solace in each other's company especially on the part of Rizal since he was lonely in a foreign land. Most of the records between Rizal and Consuelo are found in Ortega's diary of in which she wrote her feelings for Rizal and some of the events that suggest Rizal had feelings for her as well, such as when Rizal gave her gifts of native clothes from the Philippines, and wrote a poem solely dedicated to her titled, "A La Señorita C.O.y P." or "To Miss C.O. y P." However, what was holding them back from getting into Consuelo Ortega y Perez a deep and serious relationship was a man named Philnews.ph Eduardo de Lete, friend of Rizal who was madly in love  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 25 with Ortega. Consuelo had feelings for Lete, but she knew she was attracted to Rizal as well. As for Rizal, he knew he liked Consuelo, but he did not want to destroy his friendship with Lete over a girl. Therefore, he agreed with Lete that he should keep away from Consuelo while Lete was pressing on his courtship of Consuelo, and eventually Consuelo chose Lete over Rizal. In one of the last conversations Rizal and Consuelo had before Rizal went back to the Philippines, Rizal tells her he still doesn't know what she thinks of him. Consuelo answers, "As a friend. Would you want more?", which could have been an ambivalent answer with restrained feelings. However, what is more ironic is the answer of Rizal who Consuelo, "It's true that's enough." Could it have been an answer of self-control? Or was it really that Rizal gave up on Consuelo with no regrets at all because he did not harbor deep love for her because of Leonor? Nonetheless, Consuelo eventually got engaged to Lete. However, soon after the formalization of their engagement, Consuelo lost her humor. Their marriage presumably did not push through because of the sudden death of Consuelo's brother, Rafael, year after her father's death. According to Lete's accounts, "She was left alone and abandoned in Madrid. A romantic girl deprived of her mother at an early age, possessing an education rare in those times, she saw all her love affairs crumble and all her illusions wither." Seiko-Usui (O-Sei-San) Seiko, also known as O-Sei-San was born in 1865 to a samurai. In Febuary 1888, Jose Rizal left Hong Kong to accept the invitation of Don Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation to live with him in Azabu, Japan because he was offered a position in the Spanish Legation. Rizal spent almost two months in learning the language (Japanese), culture, and the way of life of the Japanese. He admired the country’s cleanliness. He noticed that their homes (in japan) are clean and that beggars were rare. Rizal met O-Sei-San or Seiko one spring afternoon at the Spanish Legation. He was captured by her charm and beauty. Rizal gathered information about her and finally found out her name and that she took walks every afternoon at that place from a gardener. O-Sei-San also knew how to speak in French and English so the language barrier isn’t a problem with the two. Seiko was impressed by Rizal’s wit, charm, and admiration for the arts that eventually the two started meeting every day and the two visited places in the city. O-Sei-San became Rizal’s tour guide. She helped Rizal in learning the Japanese language. myRizal150.com Rizal’s life was already perfect in Japan, a high-paying job, a clean environment and a loving significant other. However, his love for his country made him sacrifice his  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 26 love for Seiko. Rizal left Japan to go to San Francisco in April 1888. Rizal dedicated an entry in his diary to show his love for Seiko and how he will never forget her. “Japan has pleased me. The beautiful scenery, the flowers, the trees and the inhabitants – so peaceful, so courteous, and so pleasant. O-Sei-San – Sayonara! Sayonara! I have spent a lovely golden month; I do not know if I can have another one like that in all my life. Love, money, friendship, appreciation, honors – these have not been wanting…. To you I dedicate the final chapter of these memoirs of my youth. No woman, like you, have ever loved me. No woman, like you, has sacrificed for me…. Sayonara! Sayonara!” Gertrude Beckett In May 1888 when Jose Rizal was 27 years old, he went to stay in London. At 37 Chalcot Crescent Primrose Hill, landlord Charles Beckett's eldest daughter, Gertrude Beckett, caught our hero's attention. Gertrude was described as curvy, having blue eyes, brown hair, rosy cheeks, and thin lips. During his stay, Rizal was pampered with Gertrude's affections. He affectionately called her "Gettie," while she called him "Pettie." She was often present by his side to assist him in painting and sculpting. Despite the attention she was showering upon him, Rizal did not share the kind of feelings towards her. Out of his loyalty to Leonor Rivera and his "mission" to the motherland, Rizal ended their relationship before it grew into something more serious. Rizal has been quoted to saying, "I am not going to commit Gertrude Beckett the indignity of placing passion over pure and virginal love, OurHappySchool.com such as she might offer." He finished The Triumph of Death over Life, The Triumph of Science Over Death, Prometheus, and composite carvings of the heads of the Beckett sisters before he left London on March 19, 1889. He left the composite carvings to Gettie as a gift. Marcelo del Pilar says that he left London to avoid Gertrude. Petite Suzanne Jacoby After leaving Paris on January 28, 1890 because he was short of cash and Paris was expensive, Rizal settled in Brussels, Belgium where it was cheap and the architecturally impressive. He boarded with the Jacoby sisters, Marie Catherine (55) and Suzanne (44) and their niece Suzanne (17) but whose last name was Thill. To distinguish the two Suzannes, the aunt was called Tante Suzanne while the niece was called Petite Suzanne. There are ongoing debates as to really was the love interest of Rizal between the two Suzannes. Some say it was the aunt, and some say it definitely cannot be the aunt since Rizal was 29 years old and the aunt was 44, which was around the age of his mother. Besides, all of Rizal’s love interests were young women, and Rizal has even mentioned it himself that it was specifically the young women who brightened up the days of his life.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 27 Nevertheless, the Jacobys were delighted with Rizal's company and would often provide him with a tranquil and congenial atmosphere, even letting Rizal try his skills in the kitchen from where Rizal would surprise them with his arroz valenciana. And in such a peaceful environment Rizal began to develop affectionate sentiments toward Suzanne Jacoby; however, the relationship presumably was not very serious since Rizal did not mention anything about it in his letters to his intimate friends, to Blumentritt in particular. Besides, he was busy with writing El Filibusterismo and more importantly, he was still engaged to Leonor. OurHappySchool.com However, the letters Suzanne wrote to Rizal after he departed for Madrid by around the end of July 1890 suggest different on the part of Suzanne. She could have harbored deep feelings of affection for Rizal, since she writes, "I wear out the soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you.", "There will never be any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so you little bad/naughty boy (le petit diable) hurry up and come back." There are a lot of theories as to why she called Rizal "le petit diable" (naughty boy) but most of them give off sexual overtones. However, there is one unusual and interesting theory by Flores (2013), and this theory is based on the fact that the boarding house where Rizal stayed was just a few blocks away from Mannekin Pis, a world-famous statue built in Brussels in 1618 depicting a little boy urinating into the fountain basin. And the name by which the locals call this statue is "le petit diable." This leaves us imagining Rizal and Suzanne walking down the streets of where a naughty boy is shamelessly urinating in public and making funny antics together. This means that such contentious pet name could have been a private joke only the two could understand. Nevertheless, Rizal left Brussels after 6 months, leaving Suzanne brokenhearted. He never wrote back to her nor came back to her ever again. Nelly Boustead Nelly Boustead is one of the two daughters of Eduardo Boustead whose family claims Philippine citizenship since Eduardo’s married to a Genato family in Manila. Nelly, has been described as an intellectual, sure of herself, vivacious, good with foil, attractive, and serious with her religious beliefs. Philnews.ph Rizal had met Nelly in his frequent visits to the Boustead home along with his friends; Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce and Antonio Luna. Despite Rizal’s affection for Nelly, he denied it when Antonio Luna, who has been very inlove with her as well, ask him if he did like her. Antonio, therefore, tried to believe Rizal  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 28 despite the attention Nelly was giving more to him. Continuing his pharmaceutical studies, Antonio left for Madrid and sent Rizal a letter soon afterwards asking him for updates regarding the unresponsive Nelly. It was never mentioned whether Rizal wrote back or not. Josephine Bracken Josephine Bracken came into Rizal’s life at the right moment and at the right time. After a hard day’s work in Dapitan, he was lonely and felt that there was something missing in his life. Boredom had always crept in and he longed for something that he could not understand. He recalled his happy sojourn in the various places of the world, his happy childhood in Laguna, but more poignantly the death of Leonor Rivera. And one day, Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl of eighteen, described as a “slender, a chestnut blond, with blue eyes, dressed with elegant simplicity, with an atmosphere of light gayety” came into his life. She was born in Hong Kong on October 3, 1876, fifteen years younger than Rizal. Her parents were Irish, her father a corporal in the British garrison, and mother Elizabeth Jane Macbride, who died when she was born. She was later adopted by Mr. George Taufer, who later became blind. There was no ophthalmic surgeon in Hong Kong, but they had heard of the famous one in the Philippines, so that they came to Dapitan, to seek for the services of Dr. Jose P. Rizal. They were accompanied by a Filipina named Manuela Orlac and presented a card of introduction by Julio Llorente, a friend and a schoolmate. As fate would have it, Rizal and Josephine fell in love and after a whirlwind romance, they decided to get married, but Father Obach of Dapitan refused to marry them without the consent of the Bishop of Cebu. This reached the ears of Mr. Taufer, who got mad and even attempted to commit suicide. To prevent further embarrassment and untoward incidents, Josephine went with Mr. Taufer to Manila by the first available steamer. Mr. Taufer returned to Hong Kong uncured, because his blindness was venereal in nature and incurable, while Josephine stayed with Rizal. Since there was no priest who would marry them, they married themselves by holding their hands and making their vows before God. After that, they lived as husband and Josephine Bracken wife, much to the irritation of Father Obach. Google.com The couple were happy and lived an idyllic life in Dapitan. To Rizal, he found his complete. As he was used to do, he likewise wrote a poem to Josephine which is as follows: Josephine Josephine Who to these shores have come Looking for a nest, a home Like a wandering swallow; If your fate is taking you  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 29 To Japan, China or Shanghai Don’t forget on these shores A heart for you beats high Dapitan will always hold a part of Rizal, for in this territory, their premature eight- month old baby boy who lived for only three hours was buried. Rizal was extremely happy at the expectations of having a child, and one night played a prank on Josephine who was frightened and gave birth prematurely. RIZAL’S HOMOSEXUAL ORIENTATION Rizal is a symbol that is heavily proliferated in our everyday life, from the names of streets to our textbooks, from the money we use to the monuments we see. But in all his glorious ubiquity, could we be forgetting just how much we don’t know about our national hero? Much have been said about the women in Rizal’s life, but there were some issues circulating about Rizal being a homosexual. Although there were no substantiating evidences to prove that Rizal was gay, some Filipino scholars provided scenarios and situations in Rizal’s life which can indicate of his homosexual tendencies. Sometime during the Centennial of Rizal’s martyrdom, Isagani R. Cruz, local pop- culture provocateur and professor of literature and Philippine studies at the De La Salle University, wrote a column for the now-defunct Filmag: Filipino Magazien, shockingly titled "Bakla ba si Rizal?". The answer to this question, if Cruz is to be believed, is a resounding and categorical “Yes!” And he offers what he calls “biographical evidence” in order to arrive at this question’s confidently affirmative answer. First, Rizal was a homosexual because he was afraid of committing himself to the revolutionary cause. Second, Rizal’s homosexuality made itself apparent in his periodic “failings” in his relationships with the women to whom he was supposed to have been romantically linked. We all know Rizal had a lot of women in his life where most of them fell truly, deeply and madly in love with him. Rizal has had several girlfriends (or lovers) in his life but none of them ended up on the altar with him. We were all wondering what was wrong with all these beautiful women; or what was wrong with our hero? Rizal also had a lover named Nelly Boustead whose parents loved him for their daughter. It came to a point that Rizal would come over to Nelly's house and stay in her room and her parents were comfortable with it. The only thing that was missing in their relationship was marriage. Nelly wanted to marry Rizal but Rizal refused because she was a Protestant and he was a Catholic. But we all know that Rizal was anti-clerical so this excuse raised our eyebrows. We could tell Rizal was anti-clerical because of his two novels, the "Noli Me Tangere" and the "El Filibusterismo." In these two novels you could see how angry Rizal was at the Spanish friars and basically the Roman Catholic Church for making the Filipino's lives miserable. But that is not the only thing you would notice about the novels. In the novels, a love story would always be present and there is the love story of Crisostomo Ibarra and Maria Clara. Go through their story and you wouldn't find sex in it. There was  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 30 not a discussion, not even a hint about sex in their love story. Maybe Rizal is just really conservative but why is that he still managed to write about a girl being raped by a friar? Third, Rizal might not have even been the father of Josephine’s benighted baby boy, since—paraphrasing noted Rizalist historian Ambeth Ocampo’s feelings on the matter of Rizal’s “disputable paternity”—Josephine would seem to have been routinely sexually abused and consequently impregnated by her stepfather. Fourth, Rizal, unlike his compatriots, didn’t go “consorting” in the brothels of Barcelona and Madrid (at least, not very often). Fifth, He would write to Paciano, his brother, about his everyday life and adventures while he was away. He would tell Paciano every little thing down to the last detail. He was known to have never kept any secret from Paciano so a lot of us were wondering, with all that he told Paciano, how come he never talked about sex? We all thought about Rizal being conservative but he is still a man, Paciano is also a man, it would be normal for them to talk about girls, drinking and sex. But again, Rizal never did mention anything about his sexual life, or if he even had a sexual life. Lastly, Rizal also wrote to Blumentritt, a good friend of his, about his daily life. Whenever he would write letters to Paciano, he would address to him as "Paciano" and ends the letter with "Pepe"and with almost all of the peopke he wrote to, as simple as that. But with Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, a good friend of his, it was always different. He would address to him as "To my beloved Blumentritt." Is it not a bit intriguing? Let us determine how much you have learned from the lesson. MATCHING TYPE Directions: Match column A with the correct answer on column B. Write only the letter of answer on the blank provided before each number. Column A Column B _____1. Rizal sister who served as the mediator a. Olympia between the teenage lovers, Rizal and Segunda Katigbak. _____2. She was educated in Colegio de San Jose b. Teodora Alonso and highly cultured women from Sta. Cruz, Manila _____3. Rizal Shrine was located in Francisco c. Calamba Mercado St. cor. Jose P. Rizal St., Brgy. 5, Poblacion, in the province Laguna. _____4. The Uncle of Rizal taught about painting, d. Jose Alberto sketching and sculpture during his early childhood. _____5. Calamba priest who was esteemed and e. Leoncio Lopez respected by Rizal _____6. She became the custodian of his last and f. Trinidad greatest poem. ______7. Dona Teodora Alonzo was arrested on a g. 1896 malicious ground that she and _________, tried to poison his wife.  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 31 _____8.In 1872-73, Rizal first professor in Ateneo h. Francisco de Paula Sanchez _____9. Rizal established a medical clinic in i. Dr. Uliman Calamba, Laguna where they called him with this name because he came from Germany. _____10. On December 30 of what year did Rizal j. 1986 turned his back on the firing squad and faces the sea before he was shot. Take time to breath, digest, reflect and analyze before answering. 1. Students will write a short biographical essay that compare the student’s early childhood with Rizal’s own 2. Enumerate the factors which influence the life development of Jose Rizal a. Heredity b. Environment c. Divine Providence 3. Conduct an interview with OFW working abroad and compare with Rizal’s experiences abroad REFERENCES: Coates, Austin. Rizal: Filipino Nationalist and Martyr. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press Quezon City: Malaya Books, 1969 Ileto, Reynaldo. “Rizal and the Underside of Philippine History” In Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and Historiography. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998, pp. 29-78 Martir. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2007. Rizal, Jose. “ Memoirs of a Student in Manila,” Appendix Section of Gregorio Zaide’s Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings Schumacher, John. The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1885: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, The Making of a Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1997. Teodora Alonzo’s petition to Camilo Polavieja, Manila, 28 December 1986  The Life and L e g a c y o f J o s e R i z a l | 32 NAME:___________________________________ DATE:__________________ COURESE/ YEAR/SECTION:________________ EXPLORE IT OUT 3 BEYOND COLORS, DRAWINGS AND FILMS 1. Each student will be given respective topics from birth to death of Jose Rizal. Most likely the sequence will be based on alphabetical order. Just like our hero, try to unleash the artist in you by drawing experiences and capturing his memories using atsuete, charcoal and other natural color producing materials. You can make use of specialty board paper. Give it a title and write a one paragraph discussion about it. Also, list the lessons you gained in that particular chapter of Rizal’s life which do you think should be applied by today’s young generation. Rubrics for the Arts Appreciation Distinguished Proficient (4) Competent (3) Emerging (2) (5) Composition/Design/ The artwork is The artwork is The artwork The artwork Planning planned carefully; planned carefully; shows little shows no Level of understanding understanding of understanding of evidence of understanding of about instructions and all concept