Jandt 9e_01_PPT updated and enriched GEG MH.pptx
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Adapted by M. Hatakka Chapter 1 Defining Culture and Communication Where it started What identity means Culture: basic concepts Communication: basic concepts Where it all started Shared ancestry from one group in Africa A diversity of ways to understand the world of languages Verbal Non-verbal Effec...
Adapted by M. Hatakka Chapter 1 Defining Culture and Communication Where it started What identity means Culture: basic concepts Communication: basic concepts Where it all started Shared ancestry from one group in Africa A diversity of ways to understand the world of languages Verbal Non-verbal Effect of historical relationships between countries BP=Before Present Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 3 What regulates identity Social networks developed in the complex world and environment to regulate life so that we can survive See definition of a society here: http://www.visualdictionaryonline.com/society.php - developed in different ways, as groups of people lived apart from each other >explains our past >provides insights about the present >predicts our future Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio (2010) -transfers from one generation to another Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 4 One way of looking at identity Source: https://immi.se/intercultural/nr19/meyer-ulrike.htm Forum discussion: Tell us of an example of a confusing cultural situation and comment on three others on the discussion forum (BB link in content) Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 5 Six Sources of Human Identity and Conflict Six forms of regulators for social networks of human life: 1. Religion 2. National identity 3. Class 4. Gender 5. Race 6. Civilization Sir David Cannadine (2013) Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 6 1. Religion and Identity Oldest source of human identity and conflict Regulator of how we live our lives Provides a sense of identity Possible for different religious groups to co-exist without conflict, but often conflict arises… Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 7 …Religion and Identity: Conflicts rusades C C16th wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants The 1990s war in Yugoslavia; due to a Orthodox, Catholic, and Muslim divide(Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks) The divide between Sunni and Shiite in Iraq Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 8 2. National identity C18th national identity superseded religious identity as a primary identity in many parts of the world Good to recognize different people see world differently, but can also result in conflict, if one view is seen as better than another (viz. origin of word “barbarian”) Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 9 3. Class and Identity a) Identities based on the relationship to the means of production (Marx and Engels) -owner/labourer b) Class is determined by skill and education (Weber) -wealth, power and prestige e.g. Wealth and Population Growth (Hans Rosling) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTznEIZRkLg Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 10 …Class and Identity Social class: A position in a society’s hierarchy based on income, education, occupation, or neighborhood Class distinctions: upper class / middle class / lower class https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O87 jhET-YI (1:03:57) Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 11 Class in Emirati society Emirati society: two social categories: the nationals ( Al-Muwateneen ) and the foreign immigrants ( Al-Wafedeen ) Citizens are subdivided into four main social classes: (1) the ruling sheikhly families, whose members hold the highest political positions and power and have immense wealth and prestige, (2) the merchant class, known as al-tujjar , traditionally pearling merchants who now sell international consumer goods, (3) the new middle class, represented by increasing numbers of professionals who have benefitted from free state education, and (4) the low-income groups, represented by newly settled Bedouin nomads and former pearl divers and oasis farmers Immigrants are divided into hierarchical groups that receive different economic and social rewards: (5) top professionals and technocrats with international contracts, who earn high salaries and other benefits, (2) middle-range professionals such as school teachers, skilled technicians, and company salesmen, (3) low-paid semi-skilled and unskilled workers, primarily Asian (Read more: https://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-Arab-Emirates.html#ixzz6O2bgjefJ ) Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 12 4. Gender and Identity Biological gender, but also defined more by one’s culture > How a culture deals with gender reveals much about that culture’s values Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 13 5. Race, Skin Colour and Identity Source: https://www.franceculture.fr/sciences/le-concept-de-race-peut-il-sappliquer-lespece-humaine Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 14 …Race, Skin Color, and Identity Biological definition of race (stable, fixed) 1735: Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus classified humans: Africanus, Americanus, Asiaticus, and Europeaeus(now more, e.g. Caucasian) Sociohistorical definition of race (unstable, socially determined) e.g.1 South Africa and Australia; different cultures, same ancestries =same people e.g.2 USA; people of many ancestries = same people Australian school children See: The myth of race: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnfKgffCZ7U Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 15 …Race, Skin Color and Identity Indicators of race caused by recent adaptation to climate and diet e.g. if not a lot of ultraviolet light, then skin lighter >> nobody is superior to anyone else Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 16 …Race, Skin Color, and Identity C19th: “Racial sciences” ordered races from primitive to most advanced (created by power-holding Europeans) C20th: Genetic studies found no single race-defining gene; popular indicators of race Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 17 6. Civilization and Identity Taylor’s (C 19th) developmental stages: Savagery > barbarism > (Western) civilization (idea that Western nations are superior) See: A simple explanation of civilization: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2exRx5QMRU Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 18 …Civilization and Identity /CONFUCIAN Huntington’s (C20th) civilizations Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 19 Define your identity Task 1b Task 1a 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Religion National identity Class Gender Race Civilization Source: https://immi.se/intercultural/nr19/meyer-ulrike.htm Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 20 Chapter 1 Defining Culture and Communication Culture: a definition Subculture Ethnicity Co-culture Subgroup / Microculture See Focus on Skills 1.1 in book Culture = a community with a population large enough to produce new generations of members Symbols: verbal and non-verbal language Rituals: socially essential collective activities Values: Feelings not open for discussion within a culture about what is good/bad, beautiful/ugly, normal/abnormal which are present in a majority of members Heroes: real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a culture (see myths that are often the subject of novels and other forms of literature e.g. the rugged, individualistic cowboy (USA) Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 22 Subculture resembles a culture usually encompasses a relatively large number of people exists within dominant culture often a subdivision based on geographic region, ethnicity, or economic or social class e.g. Shi’a muslims in the UAE, historically Bedouins and pearl divers Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 23 Ethnicity = a term referring to a group of people of the same descent and heritage who share a common and distinctive culture passed on through generations = distinguishing characteristics can be language, accent, physical features, family names, customs, and religion e.g. in the UAE: Emirati 11.6%, South Asian 59.4% (includes Indian 38.2%, Bangladeshi 9.5%, Pakistani 9.4%, other 2.3%), Egyptian 10.2%, Filipino 6.1%, other 12.8% (2015 est.) Source: https://www.indexmundi.com/united_arab_emirates/ethnic_groups.html Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 24 Co-culture Suggests that no one culture is inherently superior to the other coexisting culture; but mutuality may not be easily established e.g. Catholic Egyptians, Upper Egyptians e.g. American Indians Labels, Nations within a nation Sovereignty; challenges from U.S. Supreme Court Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 25 Cultural Subgroups exist within a dominant culture and are dependent on that culture provide members with relatively complete values and patterns of behavior and in many ways pose similar communication problems as cultures Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 26 Microculture / Subgroup Group bound together by a shared symbol system, behaviors, and values Could be used instead of ‘subculture’ as does not sound like it is ‘less’ Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 27 What cultural groups and subgroups do you belong to? Culture Subculture Ethnicity Co-culture Subgroup Microculture Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 28 Chapter 1 Defining Culture and Communication Cultural definition of communication Styles of communication The communication process Media of intercultural communication COMMUNICATION Culture and Communication - See TED talk by Pellegrino Riccardi: 00-09:15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMyofREc5Jk Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 30 Why we communicate To learn behaviours and means by which the behaviours are regulated within our own culture To interact with individually or as a group with individuals and groups of another identity “Culture is code we learn and share and we learn and share by communicating.” (Smith, 1966) Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 31 Issues in intercultural communication Anxiety/uncertainty appears when communicating with people of a different identity, because their rules may not be clear/known >>hyperawareness that there are cultural differences Mindless communication: using stereotypes to predict behaviour (See: City of Life https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3m3I7iMnvw ) Mindful communication: preconceived categories become more specific and accurate >>by increasing your knowledge of similarities and differences between your groups and strangers’ groups, anxiety will decrease and your ability to predict their behaviour will increase Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 32 Cultural Definitions of Communication ulture is a code we learn and share, and learning C and sharing require communication e.g. Asian countries stress harmony. For example, * a Confucian perspective on communication would define it as an infinite interpretive process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship, whereas in a Western perspective, communication is one-way, top-down, and suited for the transmission media. For example, in Berlo’s model of communication the source is viewed as more active and more important than the receiver and encoding (speaking) is viewed as superior to decoding (listening). *see about five effects Confucianism has on interpersonal communication in book See Focus on Skills 1.2 in book Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 33 How communication happens Idea > how you express it > the method you use>how the listener understands it > idea for them What can go wrong? Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. DeVito, 1986 34 The Media of Intercultural Communication The use of media can help increase contact and communication between cultures Human couriers Telephone Text messaging Internet Social media Language Design elements Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 35 …The Media of Intercultural Communication Internet Over 2.5 billion users in every part of the world Issues as computers are English-oriented Social media Nearly 1 billion users International and nation-specific platforms Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 36 To sum up Where it started Six sources of human identity and conflict Culture: subculture, ethnicity, co-culture, subgroups, microculture Cultural definition of communication Media of intercultural communication Discussion: See Discussion Questions at the end of Chapter 1 Jandt, An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 9e. © SAGE Publications, 2018. 37
