ITP Midterm Examination PDF

MIDTERM EXAMINATION INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY …. = right answer 1. This is any observable action of living organisms, such as what we say or do, and is done through subtle changes in the brain brough by electrical activity. a. Vo...

MIDTERM EXAMINATION INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY …. = right answer 1. This is any observable action of living organisms, such as what we say or do, and is done through subtle changes in the brain brough by electrical activity. a. Volition = the power of choosing or determining b. Behavior = behavior is the observable and measurable actions, responses, and patterns of activity exhibited by individuals or groups. c. Mental Process = all the things that the human mind can do naturally d. Response = a reaction to a question, experience, or some other type of stimulus 2. One of the original ideas upon which psychology was founded is that: a. All human behavior is reducible to its neurological roots = neurological/ biological perspective b. Observable behavior is the appropriate subject for psychological study = behaviorism c. Mind and behavior can be subject to scientific investigation (The scientific study of state of mind and behavior is known as Psychology) d. Humans are irrational animals 3. He is considered the “Father of Scientific Psychology”. a. Wilhelm Wundt = Father of Psychology or Father of Experimental Psychology b. John Locke = Father of Liberalism c. William James = Father of American Psychology d. Rene Descartes = Father of Modern Philosophy 4. The terms “purposive behaviorism” and “sign-gestalt learning” are used to describe the learning theory developed by which of the following psychologists? a. John Watson = Theory of Behaviorism a branch of psychology that focuses on how people learn through their interactions with the environment. It is based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, which is a process of reinforcement and punishment. b. Clark Hull = Drive- Reduction Theory of Learning the theory claimed that no learning occurred unless a drive produced tension and impelled the organism into activity to procure a reward that would reduce the drive and satisfy its related physiological need. c. Edward C. Tolman = Sign Learning Theory A neo-behaviorist theory that presents a bridge to cognitivism. purposive behaviorism, cognitive behaviorism, sign-gestalt theory, or expectancy theory. Purposive behaviorism = It combines the study of behavior while also considering the purpose or goal of behavior. Tolman thought that learning developed from  knowledge about the environment and how the organism relates to its environment. Gestalt = it's the idea every individual is a blend of mind, emotions, body, and soul with unique experiences and realities. (an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts. Sign-gestalt = He theorized that the environment had an influence in determining which gestalts were chosen. Learning then becomes a unique experience for each individual. d. B.F. Skinner = Theory of Learning Operant conditioning = a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, while behavior that is punished is prone to happen less. 5. This refers to any behavior done with full volition or will. a. Irrational behavior = actions or decisions that are not based on reason or sound judgment b. Complex behavior = actions that require the involvement of many decisions or events performed simultaneously or in succession. c. Voluntary behavior d. Normal behavior 6. A psychologist who wanted data on conscious experience asked participants to describe their experiences of a flashlight. This is called: a. Focused attention b. Laboratory psychoanalysis c. Introspection = the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes. d. Observation 7. One of the fundamental assumptions of the behavior approach is that: a. The probability of a behavior depends on past consequences of that behavior. b. The probability of a behavior depends on people’s beliefs and expectations. c. People have free will that differentiates their behavior from that of other species. d. The best way to uncover the reasons behind people’s behavior is simply to ask them for self-reports 8. Dr. Tom researches changes in people’s intellectual abilities as they grow older. Dr. Tom’s specialty area is __________ psychology. a. Social = a theory of social behavior that proposes that new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others. b. Educational = the study of how humans learn and retain knowledge c. Developmental = a field of study that focuses on people's change and growth across their lifespan  d. Biological = personality is influenced by biological factors such as genetics and biochemistry and that certain personality traits are influenced by these factors 9. Psychology is a science, primarily because: a. It’s research findings are understood by only intelligent people b. It’s intellectual roots are in philosophy c. It attempts to understand mental and behavioral processes d. It utilizes scientific method to study behavior and mental processes 10. Sigmund Frued’s psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for being: a. Appropriate for female patients, but not male patients b. Only applicable to research settings, not therapy settings c. Based on large groups, not individual causes d. Unscientific and unverifiable 11. Attempting to describe or understand conscious experience was of LEAST interest to: a. The structuralists, such as Edward Titchener Structuralism = personality is influenced by biological factors such as genetics and biochemistry and that certain personality traits are influenced by these factors b. The early behaviorists, such as John B. Watson Behaviorism = personality is influenced by biological factors such as genetics and biochemistry and that certain personality traits are influenced by these factors c. Gestalt psychologists, such as Max Wertheimer Gestalt psychology suggests that humans don't focus on separate components but instead tend to perceive objects as elements of more complex systems. d. Cognitive Psychologists, such as Roger Shepard Cognitive psychologists, sometimes called brain scientists, study how the human brain works — how we think, remember and learn. They apply psychological science to understand how we perceive events and make decisions. 12. Psychologists generally prefer the experimental method to other research methods because: a. Experiments are more likely to support psychologist’s hypothesis b. Experiments can show cause-effect relationships. c. It is easier to obtain a random sample for an experiment d. Experiments are more likely to result in statistically significant findings. 13. Franco, a nursery school student, hypothesizes that boys have fights with the finger paints more than girls do. He tests his hypothesis by casually watching the finger-painting table for three days of nursery school. a. Field experiment = a research method that uses some controlled elements of traditional lab experiments, but takes place in natural, real-world settings  b. Case study = a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. c. Informal survey d. Naturalistic observation = a method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment. The goal is to look at behavior in a natural setting without intervention. 14. Joseph collects survey data that indicates that students who spend more time preparing for the Psychology test tend to score better than the other students. Joseph can now conclude that: a. Studying improves exam grade b. A relationship exists between studying and exam grades c. A significant correlation exists between studying and exam grades d. Better students tend to study more 15. Some psychologists consider Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies to be unethical because of which ethical considerations? Milgram’s Shock experiment = His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger. The shocks weren't real, but study participants were made to believe that they were. Participants were told by an experimenter to administer increasingly powerful electric shocks to another individual. Unbeknownst to the participants, shocks were fake and the individual being shocked was an actor. The majority of participants obeyed, even when the individual being shocked screamed in pain. a. Improper sampling procedure b. Risk of long-term harm c. Debriefing = Nagdebriefing sila after nung experiment dahil sa shock na naexperience ng mga participants pero di siya included sa unethical d. Anonymity 16. The life cycle begins with the egg nucleus and sperm fuse to create a new individual. The egg and the sperm each contribute ________. a. 1 chromosome b. 23 pairs of chromosomes c. 23 chromosome d. An XY chromosome 17. The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if it receives: a. An X chromosome from its mother b. An X chromosome from its father c. A Y chromosome from its mother d. A Y chromosome from its father 18. You have a cousin named Heroden who flunked out of the three expensive schools and was arrested for wandering in the streets of Manila using his parent’s credit card. Heroden is intelligent but cannot seem to get motivated toward any career. What conflict would Erikson say Heroden is struggling with? a. Autonomy vs Authority = The defining mark of the state is authority, the right to rule. The primary obligation of man is autonomy, the refusal to be ruled. b. Identity vs Role Confusion = Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. c. Integrity vs Despair = involves a retrospective look back and life and either feeling satisfied that life was well-lived (integrity) or regretting choices and missed opportunities (despair). d. Industry vs Inferiority = Industry is referred to as being productive upon receiving an evaluation of one's work. Inferiority means that an individual becomes discouraged, feels inferior, or incompetent upon receiving an evaluation of one's work. In this stage, children will aim at developing a sense of industry, failing this stage will lead to a feeling of inferiority. 19. Harmful agents or substances that can cause malfunctions or defects in an embryo or a fetus. a. Viruses b. Hazards c. Teratogens = any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy d. Amnion = The amnion, or amniotic sac, represents the fetal membrane that directly surrounds the fetus. 20. A preschool child says, “The sun is sad today”. The child is demonstrating which of the following concepts. a. Animism = the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. b. Centrism = the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others. An example of centration is a child focusing on the number of pieces of cake that each person has, regardless of the size of the pieces. c. Irreversibility = refers to a child’s inability to reverse the steps of an action in their mind, returning an object to its previous state. For example, pouring the water out of the glass back into the original cup would demonstrate the volume of the water, but children in the preoperational stage (Jean Piaget) cannot understand this. d. Object Constancy = ability to retain a bond with another person — even if you find yourself upset, angry, or disappointed by their actions. People who lack object constancy cannot see the 'good' in themselves and others when they are acting 'bad' and vice versa (dagdag ko lang hehe) Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive development always follows this sequence. Stages cannot be skipped. Each stage is marked by new intellectual abilities and a more complex understanding of the world. Sensorimotor (Birth through 2 years old) infants are only aware of what is right in front of them. They learn with their senses and motor skills, focusing on what they see and do (visual and physical interactions) within their immediate environment. They're constantly experimenting because they don't yet know how things react. They shake or throw things, put things in their mouth, and learn about the world through trial and error. The later substages include goal-oriented behavior that leads to a desired result. For instance, they may cry to see if you’ll attend to them. Object permanence = infants begin to realize that an object exists even though they can no longer see it. (5-8 months) Near the end of the sensorimotor stage (18-24 months), infants reach another important milestone -- early language development -- a sign that they are developing some symbolic abilities. Preoperational (Toddlerhood through early childhood (2-7 years old)) Children can think about things symbolically, like using symbols to represent words, things, pictures, people, and ideas. As a result of being able to think symbolically, they can also mimic behavior (imitation), play pretend or make-believe, draw, develop mental imagery, and describe events verbally. They may also engage in egocentric thinking, where they can’t understand that others think differently from them or see things from another person’s perspective. Concrete operational. Ages 7-11 years old show logical, concrete reasoning Children at this age gain the following skills: - Decentering - Children's thinking becomes less focused on themselves.), - Conservation - The child becomes aware of their surroundings and learns that things remain the same despite existing in a different form. - Reversibility - The child learns that things can return to their original state unchanged. For example, they learn that the juice poured into the glass cup can return to the bottle unchanged. - Class inclusion - The child can now group objects based on shape or type. - Relations - The child can use logic to perceive and organize a series of gradually changing items, such as arranging objects by size. But during this stage, most children still can't think abstractly or hypothetically. Formal operational (Adolescence through adulthood, 12 years and older) Can use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. They can think about things in systematic ways, come up with theories, and consider possibilities. They also can think about abstract relationships and concepts such as justice. Children in this stage may become even more self-conscious and magnify their experiences or circumstances over how others might. A child with a pimple might believe it is bigger than what it is and that others see it the way they do. Although Piaget believed in lifelong intellectual growth, he insisted that the formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development. He also said that continued intellectual development in adults depends on the buildup of knowledge. 21. The symbolic play of children is considered very important in their development primarily because it reflects: a. Willingness to cooperate with other children b. Proficiency in the use of metacognitive skills c. An understanding of what it means to be a member of a group d. The ability to have one object or concept stand for one another 22. The lifeline through which the embryo receives nutrients. a. Placenta = provide oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, whilst removing carbon dioxide and other waste products b. Amniotic Sac = the fluid-filled sac that contains and protects a fetus in the womb. c. Amniotic Fluid = a clear, slightly yellowish liquid that surrounds the unborn baby (fetus) during pregnancy d. Umbilical Cord = This structure allows for the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the maternal circulation into fetal circulation while simultaneously removing waste products from fetal circulation to be eliminated maternally. 23. In developmental psychology, the phrase “out of sight, out of mind” best describes which of the following? a. The “A not B” error = It refers to their tendency to search for an object in a previously successful hiding place, even after witnessing it being hidden in a new location. b. Lack of object permanence Object permanence = describes a child's ability to know that objects continue to exist even though they can no longer be seen or heard. c. Poor visual recognition memory d. Primary circular reactions = children will discover pleasurable actions around their bodies. It occurs in the first four months of their lives. Hallmarks of this stage include wiggling their fingers, kicking their legs, or sucking their thumbs. 24. A newborn who turns her head toward something that touches her cheek is most likely exhibiting which of the following? a. The rooting reflex When you gently stroke the corner of your baby's mouth with your nipple, they should instinctively turn their head toward it to nurse. This reflex helps your baby find and latch onto a bottle or your breast to begin feeding. b. The babinski reflex (infants to 2 years old) The Babinski reflex occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot. The other toes fan out.  c. The moro reflex The Moro reflex is a normal reflex for an infant when he or she is startled or feels like they are falling. The infant will have a startled look and the arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed. d. The startle reflex The Moro reflex is often called a startle reflex. That's because it usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. In response to the sound, the baby throws back his or her head, extends out his or her arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in. The startle reaction is induced by an auditory stimulus which shows clear habituation in premature infants, whereas the Moro reflex does not stimulate due to any auditory cues. 25. Two children are playing in a sandbox. One is talking about sand castles, while the other is talking about going out for lunch. They are taking turns talking, but neither is really listening to the other. The two children are engaged in which of the following types of play: a. Solitary = Children play alone as they have yet to develop the social skills to play with others or prefer to play alone. b. Pretend = Children play alone as they have yet to develop the social skills to play with others or prefer to play alone. c. Parallel = a form of play in which children play adjacent to each other, but do not try to influence one another's behavior d. Cooperative = involves children playing together to solve a problem or work on a project to achieve shared results 26. According to Erik Erikson theory, the process of development occurs: a. Throughout life in a series of psychosocial stages b. As a consequence of biological maturation c. Through increasing gains in moral reasoning d. In response to exposure to environmental stimuli B yung sagot ni sir, ano ba tama HAHAHAHA 😭 27. Which of the following is considered a likely reason for the cognitive declines that affect many people after middle-age? a. Decreased processing speed b. Decreased ability to store memories c. Decreased visual acuity d. Increased susceptibility to environmental stimuli 28. When he was thirteen, Harry experienced several changes; his testicles started to enlarge, his height and weight increased and his voice deepened. Harry experienced: a. Spermarche = the ability to produce sperm, typically occurs around 13.5 years of age b. Maturity = the quality or state of being mature; especially : full development. c. Puberty = the process of physical maturation where an adolescent reaches sexual maturity and becomes capable of reproduction. d. Nocturnal emission = happen after stressful dreams in REM sleep which activate the sympathetic nervous system hence leading to ejaculation 29. A woman helps her daughter tie her shoes by providing a good deal of help at first and then providing less and less help until the child is able to do it by herself. This is an example of: a. Modeling = when an observer imitates a role model, or when a person produces a specific behavior (acting as a model) that may then be imitated. b. Child Support c. Scaffolding = The breaking down of information or of parts of a new skill into pieces that are digestible for the learner. A process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed d. Intervention 30. Eight-old David received a large inheritance from his grandfather. Rather than using the money to pay his tuition, he decided to buy a new sports car. According to Sigmund Freud, David shows signs of: a. Strong Id b. Strong Ego c. Strong Super Ego d. Weak Preconscious 31. Which of the following is a part of the nervous system that primarily deals with visceral muscles and glands? Viscera: The internal organs of the body, specifically those within the chest (as the heart or lungs) or abdomen (as the liver, pancreas or intestines). a. Limbic System = to process and regulate emotion and memory while also dealing with sexual stimulation and learning. an aggregation of brain structures that are generally located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral cortex, and above the brainstem. b. Somatic System = voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles c. Autonomic System = regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal d. Parasympathetic Nervous System = a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger. Sympathetic Nervous System = a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response. (Dagdag q lang uli) LIMBIC SYSTEM (1) Thalamus = Body's information relay station.Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory. (2) Pineal Gland = state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information by the production and secretion of the hormone melatonin. (3) Hippocampus = Memory, learning, and emotion. Its largest job is to hold short-term memories and transfer them to long-term storage in our brains. (4) Basal Ganglia = Handling complex processes that affect your entire body. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including regulating voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit formation, conditional learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion. (5) Hypothalamus = Acts as your body's smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. (6) Amygdala = A key part of emotional control and processes. The amygdala is also involved in tying emotional meaning to our memories, reward processing, and decision-making. (7) Cerebellum = Maintaining balance, coordinating movement. The cerebellum times muscle actions so that the body can move smoothly. (Pituitary Gland = Produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including growth and metabolism.) Cerebrum = Initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature. Areas within the cerebrum control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. Pituitary Gland = Produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, including growth and metabolism. (part of endocrine system) 32. Which sentence most closely describes neural transmission? a. An electric change is created in the neuron, the charge travels down the cell, and chemicals are released that cross the synapse to the next cell. b. The electric charge produced chemically inside a group of neurons causes chemical changes in surrounding the cells. c. Neurotransmitters produced in the hindbrain are transmitted to the forebrain, causing electric changes in the cerebral cortex. d. Neural transmission in an electrochemical process both inside and outside the cell How a synapse work = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvVl8rOEncE 33. The space between the axon of a sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of a receiving neuron. a. Axon terminal = transmit messages to other cells via use of neurotransmitters at synapses. End part of an axon that makes a synaptic contact with another cell. b. Sac or vesicle = synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. c. Synaptic gap/ synaptic cleft = the space in between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another d. Threshold 34. Information travels to and from the brain mostly by the way of the spinal cord. The neurons of the spinal cord are called _______. a. Motor neurons = transmit impulses from the spinal cord to skeletal and smooth muscles, and so directly control all of our muscle movements. b. Sensory neurons = activated by sensory input from the environment c. Sending neurons d. Interneurons = Neurons that are found exclusively in the central nervous system. They carry sensory information and regulate motor activity. Central Nervous System = The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord: The brain controls how we think, learn, move, and feel. The spinal cord carries messages back and forth between the brain and the nerves that run throughout the body. Peripheral Nervous System = that part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord. It plays a key role in both sending information from different areas of your body back to your brain, as well as carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your body. 35. The three major categories researches use to organize the entire brain are the: a. Old brain, new brain, cerebral cortex b. Lower, middle, and upper brain c. Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain Hindbrain = sleep, respiration, motor coordination and organization, and reflexes. Midbrain = a relay system, transmitting information necessary for vision and hearing Forebrain = The forebrain handles higher cognitive functions, the midbrain controls motor movement and sensory processing, and the hindbrain manages coordination, balance, and autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate.  d. Brain stem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex Cerebral Cortex = the outermost layer of your brain. Its surface has many folds, giving it a wrinkled appearance. The folds consist of many deep grooves called sulci and raised areas called gyri. Sulci = A furrow, groove, or fissure, esp. on the surface of the brain. Gyri = a ridge-like elevation found on the surface of the cerebral cortex 36. Usually, the sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the: a. Autonomic nervous system = a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. b. Skeletal nervous system = a component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles. c. Automatic nervous system d. Peripheral nervous system = part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord 37. Which of the following is a brain structure that plays a crucial role in regulating and moderating an organism’s emotional responses and learning about emotional events. a. Amygdala = It's a key part of emotional control and processes. b. Hippocampus = Its largest job is to hold short-term memories and transfer them to long-term storage in our brains. c. Corpus Callosum = thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres d. Occipital cortex = visual processing area of the brain 38. Blindness could result from the damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain. a. Visual cortex in the frontal lobe b. Visual cortex in the temporal lobe c. Visual cortex in the occipital lobe d. Sensory cortex in the parietal lobe Frontal Lobe = the part of the brain that controls high-level cognitive skills and primary motor functions. Parietal Lobe = The parietal lobe is vital for sensory perception and integration, including the management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell. Occipital Lobe = The visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation. Temporal Lobe = It is located just behind the ears, and it houses the auditory complex that has function in sound perception. Plays a role in managing your emotions, processing information from your senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language. 39. Antidepressant drugs like Prozac are often used to treat disorders. According to what you know about their function, which neurotransmitters system do these types of drugs try to affect? a. Serotonin = influencing learning, memory, happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger. Lack of enough serotonin is thought to play a role in depression, anxiety, mania and other health conditions. Serotonin is involved in emotions, but it also affects digestion and metabolism. Dopamine is involved in movement, coordination, and feelings of pleasure and reward. b. Acetylcholine = regulating cardiac contractions and blood pressure, intestinal peristalsis, glandular secretion c. Endorphins = As natural hormones, they can alleviate pain, lower stress, improve mood, and enhance your sense of well-being. d. Morphine = to relieve pain. 40. When brain researchers refer to brain plasticity, they are talking about: Brain plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity, is the brain's biological, chemical, and physical capacity to reorganize its structure and function. Neuroplasticity is the brain's capacity to continue growing and evolving in response to life experiences. a. The brain’s ability to quickly regrow damaged neurons b. The brains versability caused by the millions of different neural connections c. Our adaptability to different problems ranging from survival needs to abstract reasoning d. New connections forming in the brain to take over for damaged sections 41. In most people, which of the following is a specific function of the left hemisphere that is typically not controlled by the right hemisphere? a. Producing speech b. Control of the left hand c. Spatial reasoning d. Abstract reasoning Right Hemisphere = The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. Left Hemisphere = The left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing 42. The pituitary gland releases hormones that influence growth as well as other activity of the other glands. The pituitary gland is part of the ________. a. Endocrine gland = made up of glands that make hormones b. Peripheral Nervous System = The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. c. Sympathetic Nervous System = a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response. d. Central Nervous System = The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord 43. The endocrine system, the second and slower bodily communication system, produces messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect other issues. The chemical substances are: a. Hormones = After being made in one part of the body, they travel to other parts of the body where they help control how cells and organs do their work. b. Neurotransmitters = Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body. c. Micronutrients = vitamins and minerals needed by the body in very small amounts. d. Body fluids 44. Paralysis of the left arm might be explained a problem in the: a. Motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere b. Motor cortex in the frontal lobe in the right hemisphere c. Motor cortex in the parietal lobe in the left hemisphere d. Motor cortex in the occipital lobe in the right hemisphere Base sa nasearch ko, both right and left hemisphere ay may motor cortex and located ito sa frontal lobe. Yung right hemisphere ay nagcocontrol sa left side ng body, and the left hemisphere ay nagcocontrol sa right side ng katawan. Pero yung sagot ni sir dito ay B huhu correct me if I’m wrong nalang. 45. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone your pituitary gland releases that plays a large role in how your body responds to stress. a. Liver b. Pituitary gland = produce and release several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions c. Pancreas = it is an organ of the digestive system and of the endocrine system d. Gonads = glands that produce hormones that are involved in reproduction and other functions of the body. Those hormones include estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. Estogen = a steroid hormone associated with the female reproductive organs and is responsible for developing female sexual characteristics.  Progesterone = prepare the endometrium (lining of your uterus) for a fertilized egg to implant and grow. Testosterone = primary male hormone regulating sex differentiation, producing male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility. 46. Sensation can be defined as the: a. Process of converting physical energy into neural energy = Transduction b. Detection of the external stimuli around us c. Process of organizing external stimuli into meaningful concepts = Perception d. Mental processes necessary to locate and identify external stimulus 47. The task of sensory organs is to: a. Interpret sensory information into something meaningful b. Convert one type of physical energy into neural energy which the brain can use c. Convert neural energy into physical energy so that the sensory experiences can be interpreted d. Organize sensory information so that the brain can understand the external environment 48. The smallest possible strength to a stimulus that can be detected by our sense organ is called ________. a. Just noticeable difference b. Absolute threshold c. Sensitivity d. Adaptation SENSORY THRESHOLD Sensory threshold is the weakest stimulus that an organism can sense. Our world is full of stimulus energy information (i.e. frequency, hertz, etc.), and our senses can detect much of it. Some animals have senses that can detect types of stimuli that we cannot. Signal detection theory predicts when and how we can detect a faint stimulus (signal) in the presence of background stimulation (noise). (For example, may hinihintay ka na call. Ang ingay ng paligid pero nung tumunog yung cp mo, narinig mo agad) The effects of a high sensory threshold can easily be seen among children. Children with a high sensory threshold have a higher absolute threshold and therefore need more stimuli to react. These children might not respond to whispering and need to be spoken to at a louder volume to react. Absolute Threshold = Absolute Threshold refers to the minimum amount of stimulation that can be detected on a sensory channel. Differential Threshold = Differential Threshold refers to the ability of a sensory system to detect changes or differences between two stimuli. (napapansin mo if may nagbago sa sa stimuli or wala) 49. Which of the following depth cues would be LEAST useful to an artist attempting to create an impression of depth in a flat painting: a. Accommodation = changing older ideas and concepts into new and completely different concepts and ideas because of experiencing new information. Assimilation = a cognitive process that manages how we take in new information and incorporate that new information into our existing knowledge. b. Linear perspective = a type of depth prompt that the human eye perceives when viewing two parallel lines that appear to meet at a distance c. Interposition = a perceptual cue in which the distances of two separate objects are judged based on the fact that one object partially obscures or overlaps the other object. d. Relative Size = a perceptual clue which allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size Linear Perspective Interposition Relative Size 50. The blind spot in our eyes results from: a. The shadow that pupils makes on the retina b. The lack or receptors at the spot where the optic nerves connects to the retina c. Floating debris in the space between the lens and the retina d. Retinal damage from the bright light Blind spot, also known as scotoma. 51. Smell and taste are called ______ because _______. a. Energy senses; they send impulses to the brain in the form of electric energy b. Chemical senses; they detect chemical in what we taste c. Flavor sense; smell and taste create flavor d. Chemical sense, they send impulses to the brain in the form of chemicals 52. Weber’s Law determine: Weber’s law = the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli is a function of the magnitude of the original stimulus. This means that the larger the original stimulus, the larger the just noticeable difference needs to be for it to be detected.  a. Absolute Threshold b. Level of subliminal messages c. Amplitude of sound waves d. Just-noticeable difference 53. What behavior would be difficult without our vestibular sense? Vestibular Sense = Vestibular sense refers to sense of balance (equilibrium), orientation, and posture. a. Writing our name b. Integrating what we see and hear c. Reporting the exact position and orientation of our limbs. d. Walking a straight line with our eyes closed. 54. Which of the following is false regarding why the Snellen Chart is not always the best way to measure visual acuity? a. It tests acuity only at distances somewhat less than 20 feet b. It does not distinguish between spatial and contrast acuity c. It is inappropriate for non-readers d. Both B and C are correct 55. When you are sitting in your living room and you notice that you can just barely hear the siren of a fire truck in the distance, you are experiencing: a. A form of difference threshold = difference between two stimulus b. Receptor fatigue c. A crude measure of absolute threshold = minimum stimulus na naeexperience d. A quantum of vibrational energy 56. Your grandmother has difficulty hearing sounds with higher frequencies but can hear lower frequencies as well. It is likely that her difficulty is due to: a. Damage in her inner ear b. Damage in her outer ear c. Inflexibility of the eardrum d. Growth of hair cells Cochlea = The cochlea is a fluid-filled, spiral-shaped cavity found in the inner ear that plays a vital role in the sense of hearing and participates in the process of auditory transduction. 57. The technical term of hearing is _______. a. Olfaction = smell  b. Gustation = taste c. Audition = hear d. Vision = sight 58. Our sense of taste is influenced by more than the substance being tasted. It is also influenced by: a. Increase pain perception b. Our genetic makeup c. The smell of the substance d. All of the above influence our sense of taste 59. Acupuncture appears to work by stimulating fibers that: a. Increase pain perception b. Increase biological sensitivity c. Reduce pain activity d. Close a pain gate Acupuncture Acupuncture acts as a pain-reliever by stimulating the acupuncture points. The needles move to create a steady stream of non-pain impulses transmitted to the substantia gelatinosa causing the gate to close. Once the gate is closed the pain impulses are stopped. Gate Control Theory of Pain = This theory postulates that specific nerve fibers transmit a pain signal to the brain via the spinal cord, and input of other nerve fibers can inhibit the pain signal transmission. 60. If you are blindfolded and your friend Deanne calls your name, it will be easiest for you to tell where she is standing if she is: a. Directly behind you b. Directly in front of you c. Directly above you d. Standing to one side of you 61. To construct meaning out of our external environment, we select, organize and interpret sensory information. This process is _______. a. Sensation b. Analyzation c. Perception d. Cognition 62. These are false beliefs organized from both perception and memory, in which a persona may mistake its own identity. a. Hallucination = a hallucination includes seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, or feeling something that isn't there  b. Illusion = a thing that is or is likely to be wrongly perceived or interpreted by the senses. c. Delusion = delusions are false beliefs despite evidence to the contrary. d. Dreaming = a state of consciousness characterized by sensory, cognitive and emotional occurrences during sleep 63. The ability to anticipate future events not known by any rational means. a. Telepathy = able to read other people's thoughts or to send messages without using any words or gestures b. Precognition = knowledge of an event before it occurs c. Clairvoyance = The ability to see things and events that are happening far away and locate objects, places, and people using a sixth sense. d. Psychokinesis = the supposed ability to change matter, energy, space or time by using your mind 64. These are serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with the daytime functioning and cause objective distress. a. Stress = a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation. b. Sleep Disorder = Sleep disorders (or sleep-wake disorders) involve problems with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, which result in daytime distress and impairment in functioning. c. Jet lag = occurs when a person's circadian rhythm is out of sync with the time zone they are in d. Comatose = of or in a state of deep unconsciousness for a prolonged or indefinite period, especially as a result of severe injury or illness. C yung sagot ni sir, correct me if I’m wrong nalang 😭 65. A soldier dresses in a dark splotchy “camouflage” clothing while hiding in a terrain of the same color, trying to make it more difficult for the enemy to see. Camouflage interferes with which gestalt principle of perceptual organization? a. Good Continuation b. Closure c. Figure-ground d. Similarity 66. Even if some of the bulbs in an electric sign are burned out, we tend to see complete letters. This is due to the principle of: a. Constancy b. Closure c. Figure-Ground d. Similarity 67. It is the condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep. a. Parasomnia = a sleep disorder that involves unusual and undesirable physical events or experiences that disrupt your sleep b. Sleep Apnea = Anything that could narrow your airway such as obesity, large tonsils, or changes in your hormone levels can increase your risk for obstructive sleep apnea c. Somnambulism = sleepwalking. d. Insomnia = a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping. They may have difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep for as long as desired. 68. It is characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic and frightening hallucinations, with no recall of the episode in the morning. It usually occurs at stage 3 or 4. a. Night terror = sleep disturbances where you partially wake up and experience fear and panic symptoms b. Sleep Walking = when someone walks or carries out complex activities while not fully awake c. Somnambulism = sleepwalking. d. Nightmare = Nightmare disorder involves disturbing or scary dreams that awaken you, causing distress or preventing adequate sleep. 69. If a bug is drawn larger than a person, the person seem to be: a. Stereoscopic = the ability of humans to view with both eyes, but in slightly different ways. The images from both eyes are superimposed and processed into a single image, which provides the illusion of 3-dimensional (3D) images and thus depth.  b. Farther away c. Moving away from the observer d. Two-dimensional = Two-dimensional things are flat — they can be measured in length and width, but they have no depth 70. Which of the following is an example of a stroboscopic method? Stroboscopic Method The stroboscopic effect is the optical sensation that objects move at a slower speed than reality. The resulting stroboscopic effect makes moving objects appear to be at rest or in a different state of motion than they actually are. a. The movement of Bugs Bunny in a cartoon b. The apparent movement of an object viewed in a stereoscope c. A feeling of motion when everything around you is moving d. Trying to stand still after spinning rapidly in circles. 71. You are placed in a dark room. A circle of light shown on a screen, and begins to ultimately increase and decrease in size. According to the principle of size constancy, you would expect to perceive it as ________ such cycle. a. Changing speed from fast to slow b. Approaching and then moving away with c. Growing brighter and dimmer with d. Changing hue from more red to more blue 72. In an accident you received damage to the left occipital lobe. You now have an inability to recognize visually presented words. Your deficit would be called a(n) a. Prosopagnosia = a condition where you have difficulty recognising people's faces b. Agnosia = a rare disorder whereby a patient is unable to recognize and identify objects, persons, or sounds using one or more of their senses despite otherwise normally functioning senses c. Pure alexia = an acquired reading disorder in which the patient is unable to read, despite preservation of other aspects of language such as spelling and writing. d. Aphasia = a language disorder that affects how you communicate 73. By the time a child is 4 months of age, her perceptual abilities include: a. The same as the ones as used by adults b. Size constancy = the ability to perceive an object as being the same size despite the fact that the size of its retinal image changes depending on its distance from the observer c. Color constancy = recognize a familiar object as being a consistent color regardless of the amount or wavelengths of light reflecting from it at a given moment. d. All of the above  😭 Sagot ni sir B, pero present na daw po yung size constancy ng early infancy huhu yung color constancy yung 4 months of age (but not before) na nakukuha ng bata. 74. If an animal is deprived of visual stimulation from birth: a. The visual system will be nonfunctional if the deprivations lasts over 14 days. b. The longer the deprivation, the greater the visual deficit. c. Visual function will be relatively normal if the visual anatomy is genetically normal d. Up to a year, visual function will be greatly diminished for a long time but will return 75. Do a genetic factor or do an experimental experiences play a larger role in a perceptual development? a. Environmental experience b. Genetic factors c. They both play minor or subtle roles d. They are equally important 76. It refers to the personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment. a. Perception b. Sensation c. Consciousness d. Extra sensory perception 77. A mental state that is noticeably different from normal awareness, produced by drugs, hypnosis, sleep or meditation, for instance, is known as: a. A hallucination b. An illusion c. Motor tactile extra sensory perception d. An altered state of consciousness 78. The instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure the brain’s electrical activity is called ______. a. Electroencephalograph Electroencephalography is the PROCESS of making an electroencephalogram, the RESULT b. Electroencephalogram = An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures electrical activity in the brain. c. Electrocardiogram = a test to record the electrical signals in the heart d. Electrogram = a recording of electrical activity of organs such as the brain and heart, measured by monitoring changes in electric potential. 79. The two primary functions of consciousness are expressed when we ____ and ______ ourselves and our environment. a. Observe; mediate b. Describe; attend to c. Monitor; control d. Change; delineate 80. You are not thinking actively yesterday’s mid-day meal, but you could bring these memories to conscious awareness, these memories are: a. Preconscious memories = facts of which we are not currently conscious but which exist in latency and can be easily called up when needed. b. Repressed memories (unconscious) c. Unconscious level of awareness d. Paranormal 81. As you close your eyes and enter a state of quiet resting, your brain would register a relatively low frequency wave known as a(n) _______ wave. a. Alpha b. Beta c. Delta d. Theta 82. Characterized by the experience of gentle falling or floating during sleep. a. Hypnagogic Sleep = occurs during the transitional period of wakefulness to sleep Sensory or tactile hypnagogic hallucinations refer to when a person feels bodily sensations that are not actually occurring, like the feeling of falling or weightlessness. b. Sleep Walking = when someone walks or carries out complex activities while not fully awake c. Sleep Jerk = involuntary muscle contractions you may experience as you are falling asleep. d. Floating Sleep Float Therapy is a solution for sleep disorders like insomnia because of its stress-relieving properties and deep state of relaxation. 83. After flying from California to Manila, Ian experiences a restless, sleepless night; the next day, he is irritable and cannot concentrate on his work. Ian’s problem are likely due to: a. Disruption in his circadian rhythm b. Stress travel c. Jet lag = occurs when a person's circadian rhythm is out of sync with the time zone they are in d. Sleep problems 84. As one moves from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep, one becomes: a. Less easily awakened b. More easily awakened c. Likely to dream d. More physiologically aroused because one is getting closer to REM sleep. 85. Dr. Caceres believes that sleep promotes physiological processes that repair and rejuvenate the body and mind. Dr. Caceres’ view is consistent with the ______ theory of sleep. a. Evolutionary b. Activation-synthesis c. Wish-fulfillment d. Restorative 86. If you gave an individual a drug that induced immediate entry into REM sleep, the person would show symptoms similar to: a. Sleep apnea = a widespread condition that disrupts a person's breathing while they sleep. b. Narcolepsy = a sleep disorder that makes people very drowsy during the day. People with narcolepsy find it hard to stay awake for long periods of time. They fall asleep suddenly. c. Insomnia = a sleep disorder in which you have trouble falling and/or staying asleep d. Hypersomnia = when a person feels sleepy despite getting enough sleep 87. Dyne sits in a relaxed position, closes her eyes, and begins to recite her mantra. Dyne is practicing: a. Hypnosis = a changed state of awareness and increased relaxation that allows for improved focus and concentration. Hypnosis usually is done with the guidance of a health care provider using verbal repetition and mental images. b. Meditation = a practice that involves focusing or clearing your mind using a combination of mental and physical techniques. c. Dissociation = a mental process where a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity. d. Relaxation 88. Judy often becomes aware that she is dreaming while she is still asleep. Sometimes she can consciously guide the direction of the dream, and even if she wakes up, she can go back to sleep and continue her interrupted dream. This example illustrates: a. Lucid dreaming = when you're conscious during a dream b. Sleep inertia = a temporary disorientation and decline in performance and/or mood after awakening from sleep. People can show slower reaction time, poorer short-term memory, and slower speed of thinking, reasoning, remembering, and learning. c. Cataplexy = sudden and brief muscle weakness that's triggered by strong emotions, like laughter  d. Parasomnia = Parasomnias include unusual behaviors that disrupt sleep, like sleepwalking, sleep talking, and nightmares. 89. What is the purpose of a dream according to Freud? a. To restore the dreamer both physically and psychologically b. To convert manifest content to latent content c. To isolate the brain from sensory to motor stimulation d. To fulfill wishes in disguised forms 90. A sleep cycle lasts about: a. 30 minutes b. 90 minutes c. 2 hours d. Half of the day 91. Under the influence _______ individuals enter a psychological state in which they are highly susceptible to suggestions. a. Meditation b. Hypnosis = Hypnosis is a human condition involving focused attention reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion. c. Sleep d. Psychoactive drugs 92. Psychoactive drugs a. Prescription medicine used in treatment of mental illness b. Those which can cause physical dependence when used repeatedly c. Those which can lead to psychological dependence with long-term use d. Drugs that alter behavior, consciousness and mood Psychoactive drugs = A drug or other substance that affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior. 93. Psychologists are resistant to accept the existence of parapsychological phenomena (Psi) because: a. None of the studies show statistically significant results b. The methodology of the experiments is too complex c. Results of studies cannot be replicated by other researchers d. They are stubbornly prejudiced against this evidence, and have no valid basis for In parapsychology, psi is the unknown factor in extrasensory perception and psychokinesis experiences that is not explained by known physical or biological mechanisms. 94. William believes he can influence the mechanical systems within slot machines with the power of his mind alone. William is claiming to process the power of ________. a. Telepathy = the supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses. b. Clairvoyance = The ability to see things and events that are happening far away and locate objects, places, and people using a sixth sense. c. Psychokinesis = movement of physical objects by the mind without use of physical means d. Precognition = knowledge of an event before it occurs 95. On 85 out of 100 trials, Ruth successfully identified a card selected by a machine in another room. This could be evidence for: a. Clairvoyance b. Telepathy c. Precognition d. Psychokinesis 96. When Coco discovers that a sheep is not a dog and creates a “sheep schema”, he is demonstrating the process Piaget called: Schema = a schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. a. Conservation = child's ability to understand how things can remain the same regardless of changes in physical attributes b. Accommodation = occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. Rather than make the new information fit into an existing schema, you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information. c. Assimilation = the process for how we add information or experiences into our existing structures of knowledge or schemas d. Centrism = the tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other. 97. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a result of maturation? a. Prenatal bodily changes b. Developing a personal identity c. Growth changes during adolescence d. Crawling and creeping 98. Piaget would suggest that all children progress through his stages of cognitive development: a. In varying orders, depending upon their environment experiences b. And have qualitatively different abilities at each stage c. But that some children may skip one stage altogether (must not skip a stage dapat) d. But can be taught to think morally in ways that are developmentally more advanced 99. A major difference between the psychoanalytic stage theories of (FREUD and ERIKSON) and the more cognitive stage theories (PIAGET and KOHLBERG) is: a. The psychoanalytic theories are less empirical Empirical = based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic. b. The psychoanalytical theories were based exclusively on data from children with development disorders c. Freud and Erikson studied only young children, while Piaget and Kohlberg studied the full range of development d. The psychoanalytic theories are continuous, the others are discontinuous. The continuity theory says that development is a gradual, continuous process. The discontinuity theory says that development occurs in a series of distinct stages. 100. In Kohlberg’s theory the ________ level of moral reasoning, known as _______ requires that people formulate abstract ethical principles. a. Middle; post conventional b. Highest; post conventional morality c. Highest; authority orientation d. Middle; social-contract orientation KOHLBERG’S STAGE OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Heinz Dilemma Kohlberg asked a series of questions such as: 1. Should Heinz have stolen the drug? 2. Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife? 3. What if the person dying was a stranger, would it make any difference? 4. Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if the woman dies? By studying the answers from children of different ages to these questions, Kohlberg hoped to discover how moral reasoning changed as people grew older. LEVEL 1 = PRECONVENTIONAL MORALITY (Lasting until approximately age 8) During this level, children accept the authority (and moral code) of others. Preconventional morality is when people follow rules because they don’t want to get in trouble or they want to get a reward. At the preconventional level, children don’t have a personal code of morality. Instead, moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules. Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation = The child/individual is good to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong. Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange = At this stage, children recognize that there is not just one right view handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints. LEVEL 2 = CONVENTIONAL MORALITY Conventional morality is the adolescent phase of moral development focused on societal norms and external expectations to discern right from wrong, often grounded in tradition, cultural practices, or established codes of conduct. A social system that stresses the responsibilities of relationships and social order is seen as desirable and must influence our view of right and wrong. People who follow conventional morality believe that it’s important to follow society’s rules and expectations to maintain order and prevent problems. Authority is internalized but not questioned, and reasoning is based on the group’s norms to which the person belongs. Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships = The child/individual is good to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers relate to the approval of others. Stage 4. Law and Order Morality = The child/individual becomes aware of the wider rules of society, so judgments concern obeying the rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt. LEVEL 3 = POSTCONVENTIONAL MORALITY Postconventional morality is the third level of moral development and is characterized by an individual’s understanding of universal ethical principles. Postconventional morality is when people decide based on what they think is right rather than just following the rules of society. This means that people at this level of morality have their own ethical principles and values and don’t just do what society tells them to do. At this level, people think about what is fair, what is just, and what values are important. They also think about how their choices might affect others and try to make good decisions for everyone, not just themselves. Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights = The child/individual becomes aware that while rules/laws might exist for the good of the greatest number, there are times when they will work against the interest of particular individuals. The issues are not always clear-cut. For example, in Heinz’s dilemma, the protection of life is more important than breaking the law against stealing. Stage 6. Universal Principles = People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the law. The principles apply to everyone. E.g., human rights, justice, and equality. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment. Kohlberg doubted that few people had reached this stage.