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Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Operating Systems Evolution of OS Windows 10 and Mobile OS Lesson 1 OPERATING SYSTEMS Lesson Objectives: In this lesson, you will learn about the features and functions of modern operat...

Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Operating Systems Evolution of OS Windows 10 and Mobile OS Lesson 1 OPERATING SYSTEMS Lesson Objectives: In this lesson, you will learn about the features and functions of modern operating systems. You will also learn how to start the computer and how to access various features of the operating system. Upon completion of this lesson, you will be familiar with: the function of an operating system and popular desktop operating systems, and updates user accounts and profiles power on and power off procedures and power options using the Start button, navigating the Windows Desktop, and using the taskbar accessing the Settings app/ Control Panel customizing the Windows Desktop the features of mobile operating systems slide 2 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 WHAT IS A N OPERATING SYSTEM? A computer is essentially a collection of electrical and mechanical parts referred to as hardware. The operating system (or OS) is a computer program. A program is a sequence of instructions that guides the computer through the performance of a specific task or sequence of tasks. The individual lines of instruction are referred to as code. The term software refers to any program that makes a computer run – including operating systems and application programs. slide 3 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 What is an Operating System? Application programs, allow you to be productive – to create documents or complete specific tasks such as creating a budget, removing red-eye from a photograph, searching the Internet or scheduling a meeting. The operating system: manages hardware devices, controls communication among hardware devices, controls communication between application programs and hardware devices, and manages files stored on the computer. slide 4 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Evolution of the Modern OS Interface An interface is a point where two systems (or people, or networks, or devices) meet and exchange information. Anytime you use a computer, join a network, or plug in a device, you communicate with it through an interface. Today’s modern operating systems communicate with you through a graphical user interface (GUI), or “gooey.” A GUI lets you use menus and clickable buttons or icons to start programs, move files, or perform other tasks. slide 5 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Propriety & Open-Source Operating System Proprietary software are commercial software programs that are owned by an individual or a company, usually the person or company that created it. When you install software you must agree to the terms of the end user license agreement (EULA). In most cases the license agreement is quite restrictive. All versions (including mobile versions) and editions of Windows, Mac OS X and UNIX are proprietary Open-source software license makes the source code of the software freely available and users are permitted slide 6 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Desktop Operating Systems A desktop operating system is one that is used on desktop and laptop computers and It offers many features, and provides a great deal of power and control over how the computer runs. An operating system version refers to the specific code base that was used to develop the operating system. The Desktop is the central place from which a user interacts with the computer. slide 7 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 7 slide 8 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 8 slide 9 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 10 slide 10 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Mac OS X Version 10.9 – Maverick slide 11 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Version 10.10 – Yosemite slide 12 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Version 10.11 – El Capitan slide 13 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Version 10.14 – Mojave slide 14 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Popular Desktop Operating Systems Linux Linux is a free and open-source operating system. You can find Linux installed on supercomputers – such as those used by Google and NASA. Versions of Linux are called distributions – or “distros” for short slide 15 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Common Operating System Features User Account An account name (and usually a password) is associated with each account. Before you can run programs, open files or use the computer to accomplish any type of work, you must log on using a valid user account. slide 16 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Common Operating System Features Account Types Creation of different types of accounts in windows. Administrator Account Enables you to make changes to the system that will affect other users. Administrators can change security settings, install and uninstall software and hardware, and create or make changes to other user accounts on the system. Standard User Account Enables you to use most of the capabilities of the computer. However, you can't install or uninstall some software and hardware, you can't delete files that are required for the computer to work, you can’t access other users' files stored on the computer, and you can't change settings that affect other users or the security of the computer. slide 17 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Common Operating System Features A user profile is a collection of settings that make the computer look and function in a particular manner. A profile includes settings for elements such as the Desktop background, lock screen, screen saver, pointer preferences, date and time format. In a Built-In Power Off Procedures, the computer runs a set of self-diagnostic programs to ensure that critical hardware is working properly, and then it loads the operating system into memory. Power options affect the way your computer uses energy. slide 18 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Understanding Windows P o w e r Options Windows 10 several power options Sleep Clicking Sleep leaves the computer on, but puts it into a mode where it uses less power than when it is awake. Hibernate Hibernate mode uses no power. Hibernate mode is useful if you will not be using your laptop for an extended period of time, but you do not want to close your documents. Shut The computer closes all files and programs, closes Down the operating system and turns off the power. Restart Windows closes all open files and programs, exits the operating system and restarts the computer without turning off the power. slide 19 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Looking at the Windows 10 Desktop slide 20 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Search Box/Cortana Just to the right of the Start button is the search box. Click in the search box and begin typing. When you first use Windows 10 the search box may display a circle icon and the text “Ask me anything.” These elements are part of Cortana, the Windows 10 personal assistant. If you click in the box, the Cortana feature will open for initial setup. To use Cortana, you must sign into the system with a personal Microsoft account. slide 21 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 The Setting A p p You can configure several commonly-accessed settings through the Windows 10 Settings app. Click Start, and then Settings to open the main window of the Settings app. From this window, you can browse the categories or use the search box at the upper right corner to find what you are looking for, including advanced options on specific pages in the Control Panel. slide 22 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 The Windows Control Panel The Control Panel is the area in Windows where you can access features to customize settings for devices on your system. You can access the Control Panel by: type in search box the word Control Panel slide 23 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 The Windows Control Panel The default view for Control Panel topics is Category view. Provides options for firewall settings, power options and file System and Security history (backups). Set up or modify how your system connects to a network or the Network and Internet Internet, and to share files with others. Hardware and Sound Set up or modify devices such as printers, speakers and monitors. Provides access to system management tasks such as installing Programs and uninstalling programs. Provides options for setting the computer up to be used by more User Accounts than one person Appearance and Customize your screen with screen savers, desktop backgrounds, Personalization and so on. Clock, Language, and Change the format of dates, times, currency, or numbers to reflect Region regional standards or languages Provides options for changing accessibility specifications, such as Ease of Access turning on voice recognition or altering visual displays. slide 24 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems Mobile operating systems are optimized for touch screen technology, small screen size, fast file transfer, and accessing cellular networks. These can accomplish an amazing array of tasks including phone calling, video calling, streaming audio and video, Internet browsing, texting, connecting to Wi-Fi, and pairing with Bluetooth devices. slide 25 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems Android - is from Google, is based on Linux and is open-source. Android releases are named for sweet confections; for example, version 4.3 is Jelly Bean, 4.4 is KitKat, 5.x is Lollipop, and 6.x is Marshmallow. Releases prior to 2.0 were used exclusively on mobile phones. It has the largest install base in the world and runs on phones manufactured by a wide variety of vendors including Samsung, HTC, Google, Sony, Motorola and LG. slide 26 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems iOS (previously known as iPhone OS) - is from Apple. It is closed-source and proprietary and is derived from OS X. The Apple iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and second-generation Apple TV all use iOS. In previous versions, you had to “jail break” your phone in order to install third-party apps. slide 27 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems Windows 10 Mobile (formerly called Windows Phone) - is from Microsoft. It is closed-source and proprietary and it is integrated with Microsoft services such as OneDrive and Office, Xbox Music, Xbox Video, Xbox Live and Bing. Most Windows phone devices are made by Nokia, HTC and Samsung. slide 28 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems BlackBerry 10 - is from BlackBerry and is closed-source and proprietary. It runs only on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry. slide 29 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems Various phones and mobile operating systems recognize specific actions and gestures for navigating and performing tasks on a touch screen. Generally, you can use the following motions and gestures to interact with a smart phone or tablet: Tap (lightly tap items with your finger tip) Touch and Hold (touch an item with your finger and maintain contact) Drag (touch and hold on an item, and then move it to a new location) Pinch and Spread (pinch the screen using your thumb and forefinger, or spread by moving your fingers apart) To turn on a smart phone or tablet, press and hold the power button until the device starts up. On most phones the power key is also the lock key – you can press it to lock the device. slide 30 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems A lock screen displays until the user performs the required gesture, or enters the correct information (similar to entering your user account password in Windows). Swipe - unlock the phone by swiping the screen. This option provides no security. Pattern – you create a pattern by dragging your finger across a grid of dots, and you re-enter that pattern to unlock the phone. This is considered a medium-level security setting. PIN – set and then enter a personal identification number (PIN) of at least four digits. This option provides medium to high security. Password – you create a password for unlocking the screen. This option provides high security. Fingerprint – you can use fingerprint recognition to unlock the screen. This option provides medium to high security. None – you can set your phone to never use a lock screen. slide 31 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems Home Screen slide 32 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems The Home Screen Displays new messages and emails notification, information about Notification Icons available software updates, and so on. Displays information about the state of the phone hardware, Status Icon including signal strength, battery level, the current time, and so on. Bar across the top of the phone that displays the status icons (on the Status Bar right side) and notification icons (on the left side). App Shortcuts Shortcuts to installed apps. Tap once to launch the app. App Folder Several apps can be grouped into a folder. Self-contained application (not a shortcut) that runs on the Home screen. There are widgets for clocks, calendars, Internet bookmarks, Widget stock prices, weather, and even those that display the number of unread messages in your email Inbox. slide 33 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Mobile Operating Systems The Home Screen Indicates which Home screen is currently displayed. You can tap an Homes Screen indicator icon to move to that Home screen page, or swipe left or right Indicator to access the various Home screen pages. An area along the bottom edge of the screen (in the figure, the dock Dock contains icons for Phone, Contacts, Chrome, Messages, and Apps) which displays on all Home screen pages. Allows quick access to all the installed apps, including the Settings App Screen app. Home screen is highly customizable; you can add wallpapers, apply themes, add apps and widgets, create folders, affect the display of the date and time, and so on. slide 34 of 35 Living in the IT Era Lesson 1 Reference/s ISE Enhanced Discovering Computers ©2017 (Shelly Cashman Series) Vermaat, Misty E.; Sebok, Susan L.; Freund, Steven M.; Campbell, Jennifer T.; Frydenberg, Mark ISBN 10: 1305657454 ISBN 13: 9781305657458 Guide to Computer User Support for Help Desk A guide to managing and Maintaining your PC Gmetrix – Digital Literacy – Living Online slide 35 of 35 Living in the IT Era  Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 Hardware Hardware Basics Connecting Peripherals Lesson 2 HARDWARE Lesson Objectives: In this lesson, you will look at different types of computers, learn about various types of computer hardware and examine ways to connect devices. On completion you should be familiar with: the relationships among hardware device drivers, firmware, and platforms common measurements used in computing standard internal computer components memory and storage identifying different types of computers keyboards, microphones and touch screens typical smart phone hardware Windows power plans connecting peripheral devices wireless connection technologies slide 2 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 WHAT MAKES HARDWARE TICK? Software programs (including operating systems, application programs, and device drivers) control the hardware and make it useful, and within the device itself, firmware provides basic functionality. Operating systems use small programs called device drivers to communicate with installed hardware devices. Device drivers are software that allows your computer to communicate with and control the devices connected to it. Firmware is built-in programmable logic (software) that is embedded in a piece of hardware and controls how the device functions. Firmware is device- specific: it is developed for one particular model and release of a device. (ex: Android version 5.1.1 (Lollipop) w/ firmware G920VVRU48OK7). Software apps (and mobile apps) run on a hardware device within an environment created by the operating system. slide 3 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 ABOUT THE NUMBERS A bit is the smallest unit of data a computer can understand. A bit can have one of two values: a 0 or a 1. Bits are grouped in sequences of 0s and 1s to represent data. A group of eight bits is called a byte. Storage capacity (that is, the amount of space available to store data either on disk or in memory) is measured in bytes. Measurement Abbreviation Equal to … Bit A single binary digit Byte B Eight bits Kilobyte KB 1,024 bytes (a thousand bytes) Megabyte MB 1,024 KB (a million bytes) Gigabyte GB 1,024 MB (a billion bytes) Terabyte TB 1,024 GB (a trillion bytes) Petabyte PB 1,024 GB (a quadrillion bytes) slide 4 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 ABOUT THE NUMBERS The microprocessor is a silicon chip that performs calculations and logical operations in the computer. The microprocessor is also referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU) or simply as the processor. Different CPUs process information and instructions at different speeds, and processor speed is measured in units called hertz. One hertz is equal to 1 cycle (or oscillation) per second. Measurement Abbreviation Multiplies by Equal to … Hertz Hz 1 cycle per second Kilohertz KHz One Thousand 1,000 cycles per second 1,000,000 cycles per Megahertz MHz One Million second 1,000,000,000 cycle per Gigahertz GHz One Billion second 1,000000,000,000 cycles Terahertz THz One Trillion per second slide 5 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 ABOUT THE NUMBERS Network connections (for example, those in a cellular network or in an IP network such as the Internet) move data from one location to another at a particular volume per unit of time. The measurement of this volume is called bandwidth, and it is expressed in bits per second (bps). Measurement Equal to … Bps Bits per second Kbps Thousand bits per second Mbps Million bits per second Gbps Billion bits per second slide 6 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 THE BASICS – WHAT’S INSIDE? System Board/Mother Board - this is a printed circuit board that contains most of the computer's circuitry and provides pathways for communication among all the components and connected devices. “Gigabyte Aorus Intel Z370 Gaming 5 motherboard” slide 7 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 THE BASICS – WHAT’S INSIDE? Processor - the silicon chips that control the hardware components and manage the flow of data and instructions slide 8 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 THE BASICS – WHAT’S INSIDE? Input Devices - these allow you to send information to the computer. Examples include a keyboard, or touchscreen. slide 9 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 THE BASICS – WHAT’S INSIDE? Output Devices - these allow the computer to send information to you. Examples include a monitor, or a display screen. slide 10 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 THE BASICS – WHAT’S INSIDE? Storage devices - these include memory chips and other storage media slide 11 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 THE BASICS – WHAT’S INSIDE? Power Supply - converts AC current from a wall outlet into low- voltage DC power for the components. In portable devices, the DC power is stored in a rechargeable battery. slide 12 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 MEMORY AND STORAGE In order to run programs and create and use files, a computer needs both memory and storage space. Every file used by a computer has a specific byte size, and there must be sufficient memory to “hold” the file when it is in use, and sufficient storage space to store the file when it is not in use slide 13 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) amount of installed system memory. This type of memory is also called Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM is used for the temporary storage of information. Data and programs are read into memory from a storage location and then passed from memory to the CPU. Without RAM, a computer could not run programs or be used to create or edit files. slide 14 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) How Much RAM Do You Need? All software (including operating systems) requires RAM, and lists the minimum amount required to run the program successfully. Some programs use very little memory (for example, Notepad can run with less than 1MB of memory), while some programs require significant amounts. For example, Adobe Photoshop requires a minimum of 2GB (although 8GB is recommended); AutoCAD 2016 requires a minimum of 4GB (8GB is recommended). Determining how much RAM you will need depends on which programs you want to run. The general rule of thumb is, the more RAM, the better. slide 15 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 STORAGE A computer loads software programs into RAM while you are working; however, the software programs must be stored on the computer when they are not in use. Additionally, any files that you create using a software program must also be stored if you want to be able to retrieve them in the future. slide 16 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 STORAGE Common Storage Devices Commonly-used storage devices include hard disks, external drives, flash drives and memory cards. Hard Disk (HDDs) Some computers use magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs), which include moving parts. A magnetic hard drive stores data on platters, which are metal or plastic disks that are coated with magnetic material. A motor spins the platters around a spindle, while read/write heads (small recording/playback devices) hover close to the surface of the platters and read or write data to the magnetic coating. slide 17 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 STORAGE Hard Disk (SSDs) Solid state drives (SSDs), which do not have any moving parts. A solid state drive stores data on a set of interconnected flash memory chips that save the data even when the power is off. slide 18 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 STORAGE External drives are hard drives contained in a case and attached to a computer with a cord as a peripheral device. External drives provide extra storage capacity for user documents, pictures, video, etc. You do not, however, install software on external drives slide 19 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 STORAGE Flash drives (also called jump drives or thumb drives) are portable mass storage devices that use flash memory chips. Flash drives are small (averaging between 2½” (60mm) and 2¾” (70mm) long and around ½” (16mm) to ¾” (20mm) wide), weigh less than 1 oz. (28g) and can store gigabytes of information. They are durable and reliable because they do not contain moving parts and can last for several years. slide 20 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 STORAGE SD cards are small, high-capacity flash memory storage devices. You use an SD card in the same way you would use a flash drive – insert it into the designated slot on your device. A card reader/writer is integrated into the device that uses the SD card. You can write (store) data on the card, and then retrieve (read) it. You can also pop the card out of one device and insert it into a reader on another device for the purpose of transferring files from one device to another. SD cards are popular storage devices for digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones, tablets, MP3 players, and GPS systems. slide 21 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 STORAGE Optical disc drives are designed to read Compact Discs (CDs) and Digital Versatile/Video Discs (DVDs). The drive spins the disc and a laser reads the data stored on the disc. A CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) or DVD-ROM drive is similar to a player in an audio/video entertainment system. The information is written (or burned) onto the surface and retrieved with a laser beam and you can only read the data. slide 22 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 IDENTIFYING TYPES OF COMPUTERS Servers In contrast to the other types of computers (desktops, laptops, tablets, and smart phones) which are used for personal computing, servers are used to support other computers for business purposes. A server is a computer that provides files or services to other systems on a network. For example, a server may provide email services, or host a web site, or store databases or documents for everyone in a school or business, or provide telecommunications or transaction services. A server runs an operating system designed specifically for use on a server. Examples of common server operating systems include Windows Server 2012, Mac OS X Server, or Linux Server. slide 23 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 IDENTIFYING TYPES OF COMPUTERS Three basic designs or “Form Factors” Tower Server - look like desktop PCs. These were the original model and they require individual monitors, keyboards, network cards and cabling. Usually found in small businesses where perhaps only one or two servers are required. slide 24 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 IDENTIFYING TYPES OF COMPUTERS Rack Server - designed to be installed into a framework called a rack, which contains multiple slots into which servers can be inserted. The server is secured into the rack system using mounting screws. The rack system enables you to stack multiple servers vertically. slide 25 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 IDENTIFYING TYPES OF COMPUTERS Blade Server - are stripped down servers designed to minimize power consumption and to take up very little physical space. This type of server must be inserted into a blade enclosure which can hold multiple blade servers, and which provides electrical power, cooling, and networking connections. slide 26 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 DESKTOP COMPUTERS Desktop computers are designed to sit on or beneath a desk. They are fairly large, although many are available in compact configurations so that they require less space. Macintosh PCs - produced by Apple. These machines feature a sleek design in which the monitor and processing unit are housed within the same case. Only Apple produces the Mac. Macs are designed to run the Mac OS X operating system. slide 27 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 DESKTOP COMPUTERS PCs - produced originally by IBM, and later produced by several manufacturers. Traditionally, in a desktop PC, the processing unit is housed within a case, and an external monitor, keyboard, and mouse are attached with cables. The fully assembled combination is sometimes referred to as a work station. slide 28 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK) COMPUTERS Laptop (or notebook) computers are designed to be portable. They are small and light enough to sit on your lap. They are also self- contained; everything you need (display, keyboard, camera, speakers, pointing device) is included in one unit. slide 29 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CHROMEBOOKS A Chromebook is a specialized laptop designed primarily to run cloud- based applications instead of programs that are installed on the hard drive. Instead of running the Windows or Mac OS X operating system, these portables run the Chrome OS operating system, which is easy on system resources and streamlined for accessing the Internet. They can be set up in minutes and will boot up in two to three seconds (much faster than Windows or Mac operating systems). slide 30 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 TABLETS tablet is a portable computer small enough to hold in your hands. The computer circuitry, a battery, and a flat touch screen display are all rolled into a single hand-held device. Tablets come with a microphone, speakers, and sensors that let the tablet “sense” which direction is up. slide 31 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 TABLETS Two types of operating systems are used in tablets – desktop-based and mobile-based. Tablets that run a desktop-based operating system are thicker and heavier than the other type. They require more cooling and they have a shorter battery life. Tablets that run a mobile-based operating system are lighter, run cooler, and offer much longer battery life. However, these tablets run only mobile apps. (Mobile-based operating systems are also used on smart phones.) slide 32 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 TABLET Tablets have become so popular that many laptops now offer tablet-style features. These 2 in 1 “convertible” devices are laptops with special touch-screen displays that you can fold all the way back (360 degrees) so that you can use the laptop like a tablet. Such devices offer the power, comfort, and document-editing capability of a laptop with the high-definition, high-speed streaming, touch screen capabilities of a tablet. slide 33 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 SMART PHONES Smartphones are hand-held devices that combine the features of a standard cell phone with those of a personal computer. You can use them to make calls, send text messages, download music or electronic books from the web, take pictures or video, check your email, browse the Internet, access cloud storage, open and edit documents, use GPS navigation, make mobile payments and watch movies – all in the palm of your hand. slide 34 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Keyboards The keyboard is the primary tool for sending information to the computer. Yo u use it to enter data or to run commands in an application. Keyboards can by ph ysical or virtual. In computing, a virtual device is one that does not physically exist, but is madeto appear and act as if it exists by software. slide 35 of 5 9 Living i n the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Typewriter Keys Use these keys to type text and enter commands. Modifier/ Extender On a Windows keyboard, these include the keys WINDOWS key, the ALT key and the CTRL key. On a Mac keyboard, these include the COMMAND key, the OPTION key and the CONTROL key Function keys These are located across the top of the keyboard and are labeled F1 through F12. Each application program assigns a special meaning or function to each key. Cursor movement/ This keypad is located at the far right of the numeric keypad keyboard, and can be toggled on and off by pressing the NUMLOCK key in the pad. slide 36 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Connections Keyboards are connected to desktop systems using a USB connection. This connection can be wired or wireless. Although a keyboard is integrated into laptops, you can also connect a separate keyboard via USB. You can also purchase Bluetooth keyboards which connect to a system using Bluetooth technology. Most laptops, tablets and smart phones support Bluetooth. Some tablets include special connections that allow you to use them with detachable physical keyboards designed specifically for the tablet. In some models, the keyboard is part of a tablet case that doubles as a stand so that you can set up the tablet as a viewing screen to work on a document or to watch streaming media. slide 37 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Pointing Device A pointing device enables you to select or activate items on the screen by placing the pointer arrow on the item and performing the required action; for example, you can click to select a file or click and drag to select text. Pointing devices come in many forms but the traditional pointing device is a mouse. slide 38 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS A mouse moves the pointer around on the monitor. Sliding or dragging the mouse across a flat surface such as a desk or a mouse pad causes the mouse pointer on the screen to mirror the movement. The traditional mouse used a ball that rotated to initiate this movement as you moved the mouse device on the desk. Newer mouse models use an optical light or diode technology to move the pointer on the screen. A trackball has a ball on the side where your thumb rests; you rotate the ball to move the pointer. slide 39 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Press and hold the left mouse button as you move the Left Drag mouse to move or select multiple items on the screen. Press and hold the right mouse button as you move the Right Drag mouse to move or copy items. On release of the mouse button, a shortcut menu appears with further options. Roll the wheel between the buttons to scroll through the contents on the screen. Most software applications will Scroll Wheel zoom in or out when you press the CTRL key while rolling the scroll wheel. An additional button on the side of the device where your Thumb thumb would rest. This can be set to perform specific Button tasks, such as starting a program or working as an alternate CTRL key. slide 40 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Touch Pad A touchpad device enables you to use your finger to move the mouse pointer around on the screen. This is common on a laptop, although these devices can be purchased separately for use with a desktop computer. A touchpad has two buttons that work in the same manner as the left and right buttons on a mouse. slide 41 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Stylus A stylus is an input device that looks similar to a pen and can be used instead of your finger to select or activate an item on a touch screen. Press the stylus lightly on the option on the screen you want to select or activate. For example, on a smart phone or a tablet you may use the stylus to “dial” the digits of a phone number, start an application, or write text. Depending on the system and the programs available for that device, you can also use the stylus to draw shapes or diagrams. Pointing devices of this type are typically designed in a pen format but are also available in various designs and can also be referred to as a digital writer. slide 42 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 KEYBOARD, MICE, AND TOUCH SCREENS Touch Screens A touch screen is a display device that allows you to interact with a computing device by touching areas on the screen. Tablets and smart phones rely on touch screens for receiving user input. These devices present virtual keyboards and dial pads to the user, and the user “types” by tapping the appropriate on-screen keys. Some laptops feature touch screen displays, and you can also purchase standalone monitors with touch screen functionality slide 43 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 POWER PLANS Working with Power Plan Settings A Windows power plan is a collection of hardware and system settings that manage how your computer uses power. Power plans will automatically adjust the screen brightness, turn off the display, or put the computer to sleep after a specified amount of time. Advanced settings in a power plan may also turn off the wireless networking card or hard disk after a certain period of inactivity. slide 44 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 POWER PLANS slide 45 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 POWER PLANS Windows includes three customizable built-in power plans: Balanced – provides full performance when you need it and saves power during periods of inactivity. Power saver – saves power by reducing screen brightness and system performance. You might use this plan to get the most from a single battery charge. High performance – this plan maximizes screen brightness and may increase system performance. This plan uses a lot more energy than the other plans. slide 46 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 POWER PLANS To choose what the power buttons do or what happens when you close the lid of the laptop, click the Choose what the power buttons do or Choose what closing the lid does option from the panel at the left of the main Power Options window. Options set here determine what happens with the power for Standby/Sleep, Hibernation, or Shut Down mode slide 47 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS wireless technology. Cables are attached to the devices at one end, and the “free” end is terminated in a specialized connector designed to attach to the system unit through a special socket called a port. Most computer systems include (at least some of) the following ports: Video ports – these allow you to connect monitors, projectors, and even televisions to the computer for the purpose of displaying output. slide 48 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS Network ports – these allow your computer to connect to various networks. Audio ports – deliver sound from the sound card to external speakers or headphones. These ports are sometimes called jacks. slide 49 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports – these allow you to attach a wide variety of devices (printers, scanners, cameras, flash drives, keyboards, mouse devices, and so on) to the computer. Because USB ports also deliver electrical power, they can be used to power peripheral devices or to re-charge the batteries of connected devices. slide 50 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS Video Ports and Connectors – Video ports allow you to connect a monitor, projector, or television to a computer in order to display video output. Most desktop systems include at least two video ports. High performance systems and gaming systems often include more. Video Graphics Adapter (VGA) - is an analog interface between a PC and monitor that was widely used prior to DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort. Digital Video Interface (DVI) - is a video connection standard created by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) - is a proprietary audio/video interface for transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from an HDMI-compliant source device (display controller, computer monitor, video projector, digital television, digital audio) slide 51 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS Monitors – The monitor is an output device that enables you to view information the computer displays. Monitors come in a wide variety of sizes, resolutions, and types; the larger the screen, the larger the image will be on the screen and the more expensive the monitor will be. Resolution, or the monitor’s ability to display images, is a measurement based on particular mathematical levels of sharpness and clarity, and is also a factor in the price. Some monitors include touch screen technology. slide 52 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS Connecting a Second Display Device – Physically connecting a second display device to a laptop or desktop system is a simple matter of connecting the correct video cable. You can then configure the appropriate settings for how you want to use the additional display. In Windows 10, you can use the Settings app or the Control Panel. slide 53 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 CONNECTING PERIPHERALS If you click Identify, Windows will display a number “1” on the first display, and a number “2” on the second one so that you know precisely which display each number refers to. Scroll further down to access the Multiple displays drop-down list. The choices include: Duplicate these displays – this option sends the same output to monitor 1 and monitor 2. Extend these displays – this option allows you to show different output on each monitor. For example, you can look at your email on monitor 1, and work on a spreadsheet on monitor 2. Or you can display a large spreadsheet across both monitors. Show only on 1 – this option shows output only on the monitor designated as number 1. Monitor 2 goes blank. Show only on 2 – this option shows output only on the monitor designated as number 2. Monitor 1 goes blank. slide 54 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 NETWORK PORT AND CONNECTORS A network port on a computer allows you to connect to a local area network (LAN) using a network cable. The port (technically an RJ-45 jack) is known by several names, including: Ethernet port, network port, and LAN port. An Ethernet port (which looks like an over-sized telephone jack) and an Ethernet cable called an Ethernet cable). You connect one end of the cable into the port on your computer, and the other end into a LAN port in a wall jack or into a LAN port on a networking device such as a network switch or network router. slide 55 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 AUDIO PORTS AND CONNECTORS A typical sound card for a desktop system includes 3.5mm audio ports called “jacks” for various types of audio devices and game adapters (joysticks). Audio jacks may be marked with an icon, or are identified by color coding: Pink – Microphone Light blue – Line In (for example, a tape player or CD player) Lime green – Line Out (speakers or headphones) slide 56 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 USB PORTS AND CONNECTORS Universal Serial Bus (USB) connections make it possible to connect a wide array of peripheral devices to a computer. USB is used for mass storage (such as in flash drives), and for connecting human interface devices (such as mice, keyboards, joysticks, tablets, etc.). Because it also delivers power, it is used as a charging standard for devices with re-chargeable batteries. The following figure shows two USB 3.0 ports. slide 57 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 USB PORTS AND CONNECTORS widespread use today, and version 3.1 (Generation 1 and 2) breaking onto the scene. USB Version 2.0 can transfer data at a top speed of 480Mbps. The usual color coding for USB 2.0 ports and connectors is black or white. USB Version 3.0 (called SuperSpeed USB) has a theoretical top speed of 5Gbps (although this speed is seldom realized in real-world use). Version 3.1 Generation 1 is almost identical to USB 3.0, except that it supports new connectors. The usual color coding for USB 3.0 ports and connectors is blue. USB Version 3.1 Generation 2 promises speeds of up to 10Gbps. The usual color coding for USB 3.1 ports and connectors is teal blue slide 58 of 59 Living in the IT Era Lesson 2 REFERENCE/S ISE Enhanced Discovering Computers ©2017 (Shelly Cashman Series) Vermaat, Misty E.; Sebok, Susan L.; Freund, Steven M.; Campbell, Jennifer T.; Frydenberg, Mark ISBN 10: 1305657454 ISBN 13: 9781305657458 Guide to Computer User Support for Help Desk A guide to managing and Maintaining your PC Gmetrix – Digital Literacy – Living Online slide 59 of 59 Living in the IT Era  Living in the IT Era Lesson 3 N e t w o r k and Mobile Devices Basic Network Technology Wired and Wireless Connection NETWORK AND MOBILE DEVICES Lesson Objectives: In this lesson, you will examine different types of networks, explore subscription and contract costs, and examine connection technologies and hardware. You will also learn how to configure and use voice mail and how to manage mobile data usage. On completion you should be familiar with: the benefits of networking, basic data network how to obtain Internet service and broadband technologies and speeds LAN hardware and addressing, Ethernet connections Wi-Fi connections and wireless security basic cellular network concepts and how to obtain cellular service how smart phones and tablets connect to the Internet basic telephone network concepts and how to configure and use voice mail WHAT IS A NETWORK? There are networks all around us – transportation networks, cellular networks, data networks, cable television networks, and the telephone network. At its very simplest definition, a network is a system for moving objects or information. In computing, a network is simply an arrangement of computers (and additional computing devices) that are connected in such a way that they can communicate and share information. Individual networks can also be connected to other networks, and this practice is referred to as internetworking. A network can consist of two or three computers in a single room, while an internetwork can consist of millions of computers connected across the globe.  WHAT IS A NETWORK? Infrastructure is the basic underlying physical structure or framework needed for the operation of a service or an enterprise. In the case of networking, infrastructure is the hardware that supports high-speed communications and data transfer.  WHY NETWORK? Networks are in wide use today because they are practical and useful. They enable users to share many things, including: Files – for example, Betty can create and store a file on her computer, and her fellow network user Barney can open and work with Betty’s file without having to obtain a copy of the file. Resources – printers and scanners are commonly shared on a network. An entire office can share one or two printers, eliminating the need to purchase and attach a printer to each computer. Internet connections – networks within a home or office allow several users to share an Internet connection.  WHY NETWORK? Internet Connection Sharing Stream audio and video to various devices. Share stored media (such as audio files, or photographs) among your devices. Share and backup files (including documents, pictures, scans, and so on.) Play games online. WHY NETWORK? Downloading is the process of copying a file (any type of file) from a server on the Internet to your device. When you download a file, you can access it (play it) any time you like, even when you do not have an Internet connection. Streaming is the process of having a file delivered to your device in a constant and steady stream. Streaming is like listening to a song on the radio – you can listen to it as soon as the stream starts (no waiting). Streaming requires an Internet connection.  BASIC TECHNOLOGY Home networks, school networks, business networks, and even the Internet are data networks. They transport data from one location (computing device) to another. This data is prepared for transport through a process called packetization – that is, the data is broken down into multiple pieces called packets. These individual packets are sent across the network, and when they arrive at their destination, they are re-assembled into their original form.  BASIC TECHNOLOGY Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol or TCP/IP- is a networking protocol that controls the process of breaking data down into packets, sending it across the network, and re-assembling it when it reaches its destination. All major operating systems (Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and UNIX) use TCP/IP as their networking protocol. TCP/IP is the international standard protocol for both local and wide area networking, and it is the networking protocol used on the Internet.  BASIC TECHNOLOGY LANs and WANs Local area network (LAN) is a private, local set-up. Your home network, or a small office or school network is a LAN. LANs are private networks. LANs come in different sizes, but are generally confined to one geographic location. Wide area networks (WANs) are networks that connect computers in multiple locations using communication lines owned by a public carrier (such as the phone company or an Internet Service Provider).  BASIC TECHNOLOGY IP Addresses In order for the computers connected to a network to communicate with one another, each computer requires a unique address. This address is called an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Each computer on the local network (and each computer on the Internet) has an IP address that distinguishes it from all other computers on the network. A typical LAN IP address looks like this: 192.168.1.104 On the Internet, each web site has its own IP address which is associated with an easy to remember text address called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). For example, the URL www.yahoo.com is associated with the IP address 98.138.252.30.  BASIC TECHNOLOGY IPv4 and IPv6 IPv4 addresses are written in decimal form as a series of four decimal numbers, separated by periods. The LAN IP address shown previously is an IPv4 address. IPv6 addresses are written in hexadecimal form as a series of 8 hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. A typical IPv6 address looks like this: 805B:2D9D:DC28:0000:0000:FC57:D4C8:1FFF Since 2011, all major operating systems for personal computers and servers include built-in support for IPv6. Cellular providers use IPv6 addresses in all their 4G networks, which means that all cell phones (and other computing devices) with 4G capability, operate using IPv6 addressing (with optional support for IPv4).  BASIC TECHNOLOGY Finding Your IP Address Run Command Prompt (window + r) then type “cmd” then enter. Then type “ipconfig /all”  BASIC TECHNOLOGY Finding Your IP Address  BASIC TECHNOLOGY Finding Your IP Address You can also view your IP address from the Windows Network and Sharing Center. Right-click Start, Control Panel, then click View network status and tasks to open the Network and Sharing Center. Your connection(s) display in the right side of the screen.  BASIC TECHNOLOGY Finding Your IP Address Click a connection to open a connection status dialog box. Click the Details button to view specifics about the connection, including the IP address.  OBTAINING INTERNET SERVICE Accessing the Internet from your school or office is easy because the Internet service is already running, and you can access it either through Ethernet or Wi-Fi. However, at some point, someone at your school or office had to decide which service to purchase, and then arrange to have it set up. Service Providers If you want to access the Internet from within your home, you must obtain Internet service from an Internet Service Provider (ISP). An ISP is a company that provides Internet connections to the public for a fee. Typical service providers include: phone companies cable TV companies satellite TV companies  OBTAINING INTERNET SERVICE The term “broadband” is used to describe a fast Internet connection (technically, at speeds of 1.544 Mbps or higher). A broadband connection is considered a permanent network connection. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) – provided by the phone company. This service runs over copper telephone wiring and provides speeds of up to 3Mbps. Broadband Cable – provided by cable TV companies. This service runs over the copper coaxial cable that is part of the cable TV (CATAV) system. Cable provides speeds up to 30Mbps, depending on the provider, and monthly subscription rates. Fiber Optic Service (FiOS) – provided by several telecom companies (such as Verizon FiOS, AT&T and CenturyLink). This technology runs over fiber optic cable. This service is also called Fiber to the Home (FTTH) and is just starting to become available. FiOS offers speeds of 3Mbps up to 50Mbps  OBTAINING INTERNET SERVICE Satellite Internet – this technology is provided by satellite communications providers such as HughesNet and ViaSat, Inc. This technology involves three satellite dishes; one at the service provider’s hub, one in space, and one attached to your home. Wireless signals are sent from the ISP to outer space to you; or from you to outer space to the ISP. Satellite providers offer speeds from 5Mbps to 15Mbps  WHICH SERVICE SHOULD YOU USE? Upload Speed and Download Speed The terms uploading and downloading refer to the process of sending information from your computer to a server (uploading), and the process of receiving information from a server (downloading). Most users download much more information than they upload. Accordingly, most service providers offer service with two speeds: Downstream (download) – Data moves downstream as it reaches you from a web server. When your browser loads a web page, or when you stream a movie to your laptop, you are downloading. Downstream services are usually tremendously faster than upstream services. Upstream (upload) – Data moves upstream when you send or upload information. When you enter a URL into your browser address bar or you fill in and then submit an online form, you are uploading.  WHICH SERVICE SHOULD YOU USE? Typical Broadband Speeds Broadband providers advertise their top download speed with the words “up to.” This is because the top speed is almost never experienced by subscribers. Even though each broadband technology is defined by a specification that lists its top speed, that speed is theoretical, meaning, if all network conditions were perfect, the technology could operate at the cited top speed. Technology Speeds Pricing Comments Not available in all DSL Up to 3Mbps $30-$50USD per month areas Cable Up to 30Mbps $30-$50USD per month Shared service FiOS 3Mbps – 50Mbps $30-$100USD per month Not widely available Data allowance Satellite 5Mbps – 15Mbps $50-$100USD per month enforced by provider  WHICH SERVICE SHOULD YOU USE? How Much Speed Do You Need? If you want to stream HD movies from Netflix, for example, Netflix recommends that you use a 5Mbps connection for a good quality 1080-pixel stream. This amount of bandwidth is sufficient for one user; however, if you have multiple users streaming video to different devices, then you need more. If you want to stream ultra-high- definition (UHD) videos, then you need a 25Mbps connection.  CONNECTING THE INTERNET TO YOUR LAN Regardless of the technology used to get the Internet connection to your premises, the setup inside your home is pretty standard: you use a modem to connect to the service provider’s network. Broadband Modems (Modulator/ demodulator) A broadband modem converts the incoming signal (from your phone line, cable line, fiber optic line, or satellite dish) into a digital signal that can be sent to a computer (if you do not have a home network), or to a broadband router (if you have set up a home network). The modem is the place where the private LAN connects to the public WAN. The modem is a connection point which has two sides or “faces.”  CONNECTING THE INTERNET TO YOUR LAN Broadband Routers If your broadband modem provides only a single Ethernet port (and does not support wireless connections), and you want to share your Internet connection among multiple systems in your LAN, then you must add a broadband router to your network. Most broadband routers include at least four Ethernet ports for wired connections, and they have built-in wireless functionality, allowing additional systems to connect wirelessly. In setups where you use a broadband router, you would plug the router into the Ethernet port on the modem, and then connect the computer systems to the router.  CONNECTING THE INTERNET TO YOUR LAN Public and Private IP Addresses There are two types of IP addresses. A public IP address (also called an Internet- addressable address) is one that will be unique on the Internet. You must use a public IP address to participate on the Internet. A private IP address is one that is used within the LAN. There are three ranges of IPv4 addresses that are reserved for private use. The most commonly-used range is 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255. Private addresses within a LAN must be unique – but only within the LAN itself. That means, any network can use these addresses. Systems within your private LAN may use the exact same addresses as those in your next-door neighbor’s private LAN without causing any problem because these are not the addresses that your network actually uses to access the Internet.  CONNECTING THE INTERNET TO YOUR LAN I Have a Private Address – How do I Connect to the Internet? On the WAN side, the modem/router gets the public WAN-IP address when it connects to the ISP. (You can find your public IP address by visiting a Web-based IP address lookup service, such as WhatIsMyIPAddress.com.) On the LAN side, the modem/router performs several functions, including (but not limited to) the following: It assigns private network addresses to the systems connected to it (usually 192.168.1.x), thus establishing an internal LAN It uses a technology called network address translation (NAT) to replace the private IP address used by a system on the LAN with the Internet-addressable IP address that was provided with the purchase of Internet service. Viewing Your Public IP Address you can visit http://get-site-ip.com or you can visit www.myipaddress.com.  WIRED CONNECTION - ETHERNET A wired connection to a LAN is called an Ethernet connection because it uses a networking cable called an Ethernet cable. Using a wired connection provides the fastest, and most secure connection possible within the LAN. Ethernet Standards and Cables Ethernet is a network-cabling protocol for transmitting data across a LAN. You use Ethernet cables to connect computers and other devices to wired connection points in your network, such as LAN ports in a wall plate, or on a router. Gigabit Ethernet moves data at 1Gbps Fast Ethernet moves data at 100Mbps 10Base-T Ethernet moves data at 10Mbps  WIRED CONNECTION - ETHERNET Cables Ethernet cables are manufactured in different numbered grades or categories. Each cable grade is referred to by its category and number, for example, Category 5 or “Cat” 5. Ethernet cables can reliably transmit signals over a cable length of about 300 feet (100 meters). Cat 5 – supports data transfer at 10Mbps, and 100Mbps Cat 5e – supports data transfer at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1Gbps Cat 6 – supports data transfer at 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps Cat 6a – same as Cat 6 but designed for reduced signal interference  WIRED CONNECTION - ETHERNET Network Interface Card (NIC) An NIC (network interface card) sends and receives data back and forth between your computer and the network, and it includes its own Ethernet port. NICs are manufactured to support various data transfer rates, such as 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1Gbps. WIRED CONNECTION - ETHERNET Advantages and Disadvantages of Wired Connections On the plus side, wired connections are faster than wireless connections, they are secure, and they are reliable. Wired connections are ideal for handling a large volume of traffic. The main drawbacks to using wired connections are that they require cabling – and cabling can get messy and can get in the way. WIRED CONNECTION - ETHERNET When Should You Use an Ethernet Connection? If your computer (or other Internet-enabled device) does not include wireless capability, then the only way you can participate in a network is to use a wired connection. If you require the fastest speed possible, wired connections are faster. A Gigabit Ethernet connection is more than twice as fast as the fastest wireless connection. If you require guaranteed reliability, wired connections are not subject to the type of interference that wireless signals encounter. If you require security for transmitting sensitive and/or private information, wired connections are secure.  WIRED CONNECTION - ETHERNET Adding a Shared Printer to the Wired LAN Sharing a printer is a simple matter of enabling printer sharing on the host computer. To activate printer sharing in Windows 10, navigate to the Network and Sharing Center, then click the Change advanced sharing settings link. WIRED CONNECTION - ETHERNET Adding a Shared Printer to the Wired LAN  WIRED CONNECTION – WI-FI Wireless networking is a form of networking wherein systems use their Wi-Fi capability to send and receive radio transmissions over the air instead of over wired cabling. Wireless networking occurs in two distinct modes: Ad-hoc – systems communicate with one another directly using their Wi-Fi capability. This mode is highly insecure, and it does not provide access to the Internet. Infrastructure – systems connect to the network through a wireless router (or access point), and communicate with each other and with other systems on a wired Ethernet network through the router. This mode of communication can be secured, and it provides Internet access.  WIRED CONNECTION – WI-FI Adapters, Signals and Bands Devices that participate on WLANs must include a wireless adapter, which is the device that transmits and receives the radio signals. When you power on a wireless device, it picks up signals from all the wireless networks within the vicinity and displays the name of each available network. Most handheld devices like smart phones and tablets have a wireless adapter built in. For computers and laptops that do not contain one, you can either install one in a slot on the system board, or you can connect one through a USB port.  WIRED CONNECTION – WI-FI Wireless Standards Wi-Fi (short for wireless fidelity) is the consumer-friendly name we use to refer to a family of standards for wireless equipment and transmission technologies. These standards are part of the 802.11 wireless networking standard.  WIRED CONNECTION – WI-FI Wireless Security Because wireless networks use radio waves to send and receive information, they are susceptible to eavesdropping, interception, and unauthorized access. For this reason, it is highly recommended that you secure your wireless transmissions and use secure wireless networks whenever possible.  CELLULAR NETWORKS Wireless Security Cellular networks carry voice, text, and digital data through the transmitting and receiving of radio frequency (RF) signals. At its heart, a mobile phone is a two-way radio, and it sends and receives signals as it moves through a network of transmitters and receivers. Think of all the cell towers you see as you travel to and from work or school each day. These towers are part of the cellular network infrastructure. Cellular carriers (or providers) own and operate these towers and the networks they form. Each cellular network is divided into thousands of overlapping geographic areas called cells. You can think of it as a mesh of hexagonal cells (like honeycomb). Each cell has its own base station at the center and the cells overlap at the edges to ensure that users always remain within range of a base station.  CELLULAR NETWORKS Cellular Generations – All About the G’s 3G – third generation. These transfer data at up to 2Mbps (almost as fast as DSL), which makes it practical to use a mobile phone to surf the Internet and use web- based applications. 3G is considered the minimum requirement for using a smart phone today. 4G – fourth generation. This standard promises speeds in excess of 1Gbps when you are stationary and 100Mbps when you are highly mobile (such as when you are using your phone while traveling in a car). LTE / 4G LTE – fourth generation. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution. LTE devices were originally marketed as 4G technology. They are, however, significantly faster than 3G. LTE is the fastest cellular technology currently available.  CELLULAR NETWORKS Cellular Carriers A cellular carrier is a cell phone company that provides cellular service to mobile phone users. In the USA, the four biggest cell carriers are AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile, and Verizon. Carrier Types: GSM Carriers – (Global System for Mobile communication) these cell companies use GSM networks, and their phones identify with the carrier network through the use of a SIM card. CDMA Carriers – (Code-Division Multiple Access) these cell companies use CDMA networks, and CDMA phones use an ESN (Electronic Serial Number) to identify with the carrier network Pre-Paid Carriers – these are carriers that charge an up-front fee for services, and are run by either a CDMA or GSM carrier, or by a third party carrier who “piggybacks” services off a major carrier network.  CELLULAR NETWORKS How Cellular Service Differs from Internet Service Internet service comes to your home (or school or office) and that is where it stays. You may connect to it from different areas of your house or office or campus, but the service comes to your premises at one location, and you must be on the premises to use it. For all intents and purposes, Internet service is stationary. Cellular service, by its very design, travels with you and is available anywhere your provider has a cell network. When you wander outside of your carrier’s cell coverage area, your phone can roam and use services from another carrier. Cellular service is truly mobile.  OBTAINING CELL SERVICE Pre-Paid Services Pre-paid carriers provide cellular service on a month-to-month basis and do not require users to sign a contract that obligates them to continue to pay for service for a certain number of months. There are no overage fees – you buy your minutes, and when you use them up, you cannot make any more calls or send/receive any more texts until you purchase more minutes. Leftover minutes from one month (usually) roll over to the next month. If you use a cell phone only occasionally, you do not need to purchase a large quantity of minutes.  CELLULAR SERVICE PLANS Cellular service provides three elements in their pricing points, depending on which plan you choose. Generally, these are referred to as: Talk – refers to sending and receiving voice calls. Some plans allot a certain number of free talk minutes per month, and then charge a specific amount per minute for every minute that exceeds the allotted number of minutes. Text – refers to the sending and receiving of text messages (SMS) and picture and video messages (MMS). Some plans allow for a certain number of text messages per month, and charge a fee for each text message that exceeds the allotment. Data – refers to information that you upload and download to and from the Internet. This includes app updates, notifications, GPS information, as well as email, uploading or downloading large files, streaming audio and streaming video.  CELLULAR DEVICES Basic Cell Phones - The basic cell phone (think of the old model flip phone) is designed primarily for making and receiving voice calls. The call quality is sometimes better than what you can find on a smart phone. A cellular-enabled tablet looks and feels like a standard tablet, and it can even connect to Wi-Fi just like a “regular” tablet. But it has the extra capability of connecting to your carrier’s cellular network. When a smart phone, cell phone, or cellular-enabled tablet access the Internet using the cell carrier’s network, all data that is uploaded and downloaded is referred to as mobile data.  HARD-WIRED PHONES A hard-wired phone (or “landline” phone) is connected to a telephone jack in the wall using a standard telephone line (copper wiring). The telephone jack is connected to a local telephone switch, which is connected to the rest of the telephone network. The phone may be fixed or cordless. (A cordless phone is different than a mobile phone – a cordless phone handset sends and receives wireless signals from the cordless phone base station, but the base station itself is connected by a wire to a telephone jack.)  HARD-WIRED PHONES Advantages and Disadvantages Landline phones require voltage for ringing and dialing, and this power is delivered from the telephone network through the phone line itself. VoIP phones, which use the Internet, are dependent upon routers and modems (which all require AC power). You cannot use a VoIP phone during a power outage. Another advantage of landline service is that the service is extremely reliable and provides excellent sound quality. Landline phone is that the service is not portable. The phone must be connected to the telephone jack.  VOICE MAIL A voicemail system is a centralized system used in businesses for sending, storing, and retrieving audio messages. Residential and cell phone service plans also often include voice mail capabilities. Voice mail systems also provide notifications to the user to alert them when they have received new voice mail messages. Most systems provide multiple ways for users to check their voice mail, including accessing the voice mailbox through a PC, or from a landline phone or even a mobile phone.  VOICE MAIL Configuring Your Voice Mail A suitable business voice mail greeting should include the following information: Your name, department, and company name A brief apology that you cannot take a call right now An invitation to leave a message An indication of when the caller can expect a return call Any additional options that might be available to a customer, such as your web site address or the name and number of an associate within your company  VOICE MAIL Personal or Business - a voice mail greeting for a personal phone number can be less formal than one that you use for a business number. However, if you use your mobile phone for both business and personal calls, you should ensure that your greeting is suitable for both types of callers. Retrieving Messages - Your mobile phone will display an icon when you have new, unheard voice messages waiting for you. You must call the voice mail system and log in (enter your password) to access your mailbox. You can play your unheard messages, discard them, or archive them. You can also record greetings, and configure pager settings from within the voice mail system. Mailbox Full - If you receive a high quantity of voice mail messages and do not clear out your voice mailbox, the mailbox will become full and callers will not be able to leave new messages. The mailbox will remain full until you listen to and clear out the existing messages.  VOICE MAIL Leaving a Clear Voice Mail Message Many people freeze up when prompted to leave a voice mail message (especially when making a business call), and hang up the phone instead! A little preparation can help alleviate this issue. Before you place your call, prepare in advance a sentence or two that summarizes the nature and purpose of your call. A clear and understandable voice mail message is much more likely to get a response than one that rambles on and on.  VOICE MAIL Additionally, plan to include the following items in your voice mail message: Identify yourself by first and last name, and if appropriate, state the name of your company. State the number (or numbers) at which you can be reached, and if appropriate, during which time frames. You might also provide your email address if you are willing to accept a response via email. Mention the date and time you are calling. Briefly describe the nature and purpose of your call. Ask the person to call you back at their earliest convenience (or in whatever time frame is required). Repeat the number at which you can be reached. Thank them for their time.  REFERENCE/S ISE Enhanced Discovering Computers ©2017 (Shelly Cashman Series) Vermaat, Misty E.; Sebok, Susan L.; Freund, Steven M.; Campbell, Jennifer T.; Frydenberg, Mark ISBN 10: 1305657454 ISBN 13: 9781305657458 Guide to Computer User Support for Help Desk A guide to managing and Maintaining your PC Gmetrix – Digital Literacy – Living Online  Living in the IT Era Lesson 4 File Management Understanding Folders and Directory Structure Managing Electronic Media FILE MANAGEMENT Lesson Objectives: In this lesson, you will learn to use Windows File Explorer to find, move, open, and manage files. You will work with windows, learn about default locations, learn about file types and file permissions. Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to: navigate a directory and follow paths understand rights and permissions, use File Explorer, and work with windows recognize different types of files, work with files and folders, and find files work with the Recycle Bin, and describe default file locations share pictures on a smart phone, manage electronic media share files with other users and zip and unzip files  UNDERSTANDING FOLDERS AND DIRECTORY STRUCTURE On a personal computer, each storage device (or location) is referred to by a drive letter. This applies to internal storage devices, mapped network folders, and externally connected storage devices as well. The hard drive in a PC is drive C. This is where the operating system and application programs are installed. If your PC has two hard drives and a DVD drive, the primary hard drive is drive C , the secondary hard drive is drive D, and the DVD drive is drive E. The process of drive mapping is simply a matter of tracing the path to a particular network location and telling the operating system that you want to refer to this location using a particular drive letter. UNDERSTANDING FOLDERS AND DIRECTORY STRUCTURE The following figure shows a P C with one hard drive, two mapped network drives, and two connected flash drives (D: and F:) and an inserted SD card (E:). FOLDERS A N D SUBFOLDERS A folder is a container for files and provides a method for organizing information; A subfolder is simply a folder contained within another folder. A library is a collection of items, such as files and folders, assembled from various locations and presented in one central location.  DIRECTORIES A N D PATHS The organization of files and folders on a disk is called a directory or a directory tree. The root directory is always represented by the drive letter and a colon, followed by a backslash (\). Directory: Documents\Annual Reports\2016\Balance Sheet  CONNECTING “SMART” DEVICES A smart device is one that includes its own operating system like Smart phones, tablets, and eReaders. Once the device is connected, you can navigate its internal storage system just as you can a folder within your PC. File permissions are rules that determine whether you can access a file and what you can do with it. Two basic file permissions are: ⮚ Read - You can view the names of files and folders on the network, view the contents of files, and execute application program files. ⮚ Write - You can view the names and contents of files and folders, and can create new files and folders, modify the contents of files, and delete files and folders.  NETWORK ACCESS The network administrator controls which users can access specific network resources, such as printers, or servers, or files stored in network folders. A web server administrator maintains web server services that allow for internal or external access to web sites. A local location is a drive or folder on a storage location within the computer or immediately attached to the computer. A remote location is one that you access over a network (either wired or wireless) computers.  USING FILE EXPLORER File Explorer is the file management interface of Microsoft Windows and it provides a GUI for accessing and working with files. To open File Explorer: click the File Explorer icon in the taskbar; or click Start, then click File Explorer; or double-click a folder on the Desktop; or press WINDOWS+E.  USING FILE EXPLORER The following figure shows a typical File Explorer window. USING FILE EXPLORER Control Menu Click to display options to restore, move, size, minimize, maximize, or close the window. Quick Access Contains buttons for frequently used commands like Toolbar New Folder, and Customize Quick Access Toolbar buttons. Title Bar displays the name of the currently selected folder or application. Control (Minimize) Temporarily closes the window Buttons (Maximize) Displays the window full screen. (Restore Down) Restores the window to the size it was before it was maximized. (Close) Closes the window. File Menu Displays options for working in the current folder. Expand or Click (Expand the Ribbon) to expand the ribbon Minimize the and keep it expanded. Ribbon Button changes to (Minimize the Ribbon), which you can click to minimize the ribbon at any time. USING FILE EXPLORER Ribbon Tabs When you click on a tab, this expands to display the available commands. The File Explorer ribbon tabs are: Home tab includes commands for copying, moving, and renaming files. Share tab includes commands for emailing, printing, sharing, or compressing files. View tab includes commands for changing the display of the contents in the current folder. Help Click to open the browser to a page of Help topics related to using Windows 10 File Explorer. Navigation Use (Back) or (Forward) to navigate back and forth Buttons among previous views of files and folders. Address Bar Indicates the current location and facilitates quick and easy navigation. Previous Click at the right end of the path to open a drop- Locations down list of previously visited locations. Refresh Click to refresh the display in the Contents pane. USING FILE EXPLORER Search Box Use this box to search for a file for folder within the current folder (and its subfolders). Navigation Displays drives and folders in a tree view. The contents Pane of the Navigation pane are commonly called the Folder list. Contents Displays the contents of the drive or folder currently Pane selected in the Navigation pane. Split Bar This separates the Navigation pane from the Contents pane. Status Bar Displays properties or details about the item(s) currently selected in the Contents pane. View Buttons Affects the display in the Contents pane. Click to view details about each file or folder;  MOVING/ SIZING A WINDOW/ USING SCROLL BARS Maximized windows cannot be moved because they occupy the entire screen. You can only move a restored (that is, not maximized) window. Position the mouse pointer anywhere on the border (side) to be sized with the help of (vertical double-headed arrow) or (horizontal double-headed arrow). A scroll bar consists of three parts: an arrow button at each end of the scroll bar, a scroll box, and the scroll area. The scroll box is also called a thumb or an elevator.  WORKING WITH FILES A N D FOLDERS A file is created using a specific program; the type of program determines what type of file it is. Application File This type of file includes very detailed instructions for the microprocessor on what tasks to perform. Data File This type of file contains information you have entered and saved in one of the applications you have on your computer. System File This type of file also contains detailed instructions for the microprocessor on what tasks to perform, except that they are part of the operating system. An icon with a program symbol on it indicates that it is a shortcut to an application program file.  WORKING WITH FILES A N D FOLDERS You can create folders at any level, including directly on the Windows Desktop. Windows creates the new folder and waits for you to give it a name. Type a name for the folder and press ENTER. Right click the folder icon then click Rename. Right-click a blank area on the Desktop, click New, and then click Shortcut to create new shortcut.  WORKING WITH FOLDERS A N D FOLDER OPTIONS The Folder Options dialog box includes three tabs. The General tab (shown in the following figure) includes three sections: Open File Explorer to - Allows you to specify a default location to display within File Explorer when you first launch it. Browse folders - Specifies whether each folder will open in the same window, or in a different window so you can switch between the windows. Click items as follows - Provides options on whether to use a single- or double-click to open items. Privacy - Allows you to specify whether you want to show recently used files and folders in the Quick access section.  WORKING WITH FOLDERS A N D FOLDER OPTIONS There are different ways to display information for files and folders. You can use View Ribbon or right click > View.  WORKING WITH FOLDERS A N D FOLDER OPTIONS Views for files and folders: Extra Large Icons - Shows files and folders as very large icons. Large Icons -Displays files and preview the contents of picture files. Medium Icons - Displays overview of folders or files in a certain location Small Icons - Contents are sorted alphabetically in multiple columns from left to right. List - Displays the contents of a folder as a list of names preceded by small icons.  WORKING WITH FOLDERS A N D FOLDER OPTIONS Views for files and folders: Details - Lists the contents of the open folder and provides detailed information about the files and folders inside it. Tiles - Displays files and folders as medium-sized icons with the file names to the right of the icon with file format. Content - Displays any properties or reference information about the contents of the file. UNDERSTANDING FILE TYPES & FILE NAME EXTENSIONS A file name extension is a suffix added to the base name of a computer file, and separated from the base name by a dot (.). Audio files are generally produced using specialized sound/music applications, but can be played through Windows Media Player, Windows 10 Groove, music app,Winamp or iTunes..aiff Audio Interchange File Format – developed by Apple Computer, but most browsers can play AIFF files..mp3 or Motion Picture Experts Group MPEG – requires a player application.m4a such as iTunes, Apple QuickTime or Windows Media Player..wav Waveform Audio File Format – this is the native sound format for Windows. Most browsers include built-in support for WAV files..wma Windows Media Audio – developed by Microsoft, this format produces much smaller files than the.wav format. UNDERSTANDING FILE TYPES & FILE NAME EXTENSIONS Video files are generally produced using specialized video viewing applications, but can be played through Windows 10 Movies, Apple QuickTime, or VLC..avi Audio Video Interleave – standard video files for Windows..mov or Standard video formats for Apple QuickTime movies, and the.qt native format for Macintosh operating systems..mpg, & Motion Picture Experts Group – standard format for video files.mp4 on the Internet..swf Animation file created with Adobe Flash and played in web browsers through the Flash Player plug-in..wmv Windows Media Video – a compressed video file format originally designed for Internet streaming applications.  UNDERSTANDING FILE TYPES & FILE NAME EXTENSIONS Graphics files are images and these are supported in web browsers and most operating systems include built-in graphics viewers..gif Graphics Interchange Format – graphics format used for line drawings and illustrations..jpg or Joint Photographic Experts Group – graphics format used for.jpeg photographs and complex graphics..png Portable Network Graphics – graphics format commonly used on web pages..tif or Tagged Image File Format – graphics format commonly used.tiff for desktop publishing and medical imaging.  UNDERSTANDING FILE TYPES & FILE NAME EXTENSIONS Document files can be created using speciali