ITE 152 Mod 1 Notes (Chap 1) PDF

Margaret Yardegar 1/26/2025 ITE 152 notes Module one: Chap 1. The Impact of Technology **[Explain the Impact of the Internet of Things and Embedded Computers]** **1. Importance of Technology in Society** - Over the last **25 years**, technology has **revolutionized** daily life. - Tech...

Margaret Yardegar 1/26/2025 ITE 152 notes Module one: Chap 1. The Impact of Technology **[Explain the Impact of the Internet of Things and Embedded Computers]** **1. Importance of Technology in Society** - Over the last **25 years**, technology has **revolutionized** daily life. - Technology allows people to **access, search for, and share information** more effectively. - It helps with **managing finances, calendars, tasks, and entertainment (games, videos, etc.)**. **2. Digital Literacy** - **Definition:** Having current knowledge and understanding of **computers, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies**. - **Also called:** **Computer literacy**. - **Importance:** Essential for: - **Getting a job** - **Global communication** - **Participating in international communities** **3. Definition of a Computer** - **Computer:** An **electronic device** that operates under instructions stored in its **memory**. - **Functions:** Accepts **data**, processes it into **information**, and **stores it** for future use. - **Data:** Raw facts (e.g., text, numbers). - **Information:** Processed data that has meaning. **4. Components of a Computer** - **Hardware:** The **physical parts** of a computer (e.g., wires, cases, switches, electronic circuits). - **Software:** **Programs and apps** that tell the computer how to perform tasks. - **Role of Software:** Processes data into meaningful **information**. **[History of Computers]** **1. Evolution of Computing Devices** - **Early Tools:** People have used tools for calculations for **thousands of years** (e.g., **abacus**). - **19th Century:** The first computing machines were developed. - **Modern Era:** Advances led to **smartphones and tablets**, which are powerful handheld devices. **2. First Generation of Computers (1940s-1950s)** - Used **vacuum tubes** (large, unreliable, expensive, and generated a lot of heat). - **Examples:** **ENIAC and UNIVAC**. - Limited availability due to **size, power consumption, and heat issues**. **3. Second Generation (1950s-1960s)** - **Vacuum tubes replaced with transistors** → **Smaller, cheaper, and more reliable**. - Introduced **tape and disk storage, memory, operating systems, and stored programs** (still in use today). **4. Third Generation (1960s-1970s)** - **Integrated Circuits (ICs)** were developed, packing thousands of transistors onto a **silicon chip**. - **1971:** **Ted Hoff** and his team at **Intel & IBM** introduced the **microprocessor** (also called a **processor** today). - **Microprocessors:** **Faster, smaller, and cheaper** than integrated circuits. **5. Rise of Personal Computers (1970s-1980s)** - **1978:** **Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak** (Apple) introduced the **Apple II**, a preassembled personal computer with **color graphics and VisiCalc (spreadsheet software)**. - **1981:** **IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC)** → Market expanded as other manufacturers joined. **6. Modern Computers (1990s-Present)** - **Computers became more connected** via the **Internet and wireless networks**. - **Smartphones & tablets** are now used **instead of or alongside PCs**. - **Today\'s computers are smaller, faster, and more powerful** than older models. - **Fact:** A smartphone today has **more computing power** than the **Apollo moon mission computer (1969)**. **1. Definition and Role of IoT (Internet of Things)** - **IoT** = A network where **processors are embedded** in various devices (**things**) that communicate via the **Internet** or **wireless networks**. - **Examples of IoT devices:** - **Alarm clocks, coffeemakers, thermostats, streetlights, navigation systems**. - **Smart devices**: Devices that **communicate, locate, and predict** (e.g., smart thermostats, security systems). - Often controlled through **associated apps**. **2. IoT Communication Technologies** - **Bluetooth** - **RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Tags** - **NFC (Near-Field Communication)** - **Sensors** - **Function:** Sensors and tags **transmit data** to a server over a wireless network for **analysis and storage**. **3. Role of Big Data in IoT** - **Big Data** = Large-scale data storage and processing. - **Importance in IoT:** - **Stores and processes sensor data efficiently**. - **Allows mobile service providers** to quickly connect devices for fast data transmission. **4. Embedded Computers** - **Definition:** A **computer that functions as a part of a larger product** to perform a **specific function**. - **Characteristics:** - Small in size. - **Limited hardware** on its own. - Enhances the **capabilities** of everyday devices. - **Examples of embedded computers:** - **Printers** → Monitor ink levels, detect paper jams, check for paper shortages. - **Vehicles** → Assist with **backup cameras, blind-spot detection, road condition warnings, and electronic stability control**. **5. Embedded Computers in Vehicles** - **Functions:** - Backup cameras. - Blind-spot detection. - Alerts for unsafe road conditions. - **Electronic Stability Control (ESC):** Helps prevent skidding by assisting with steering. - **Safety Regulations:** - **All new cars must have backup cameras and ESC**. - Designed to **increase driving safety**. - **Criticism of In-Vehicle Technology:** - **Over-reliance on sensors** may cause drivers to miss hazards. - **False sense of security** → Drivers may drive faster or pay less attention to surroundings. **[ATMs and Kiosks]** **1. Definition and Purpose of ATMs (Automated Teller Machines)** - **ATMs are a familiar use of IoT** (Internet of Things). - **Functions of ATMs:** - Withdraw **cash**. - Deposit **checks**. - Interact with **bank accounts** (e.g., balance inquiry, transfers). - **Security Improvement:** - **Chip-and-PIN technology** → Uses an **embedded chip** instead of a magnetic stripe for **better security**. **2. Definition and Function of Kiosks** - **Kiosk:** A **freestanding booth** placed in **public areas** that contains a **display device** to show information or allow self-service transactions. - **Types of Kiosks and Their Uses:** - **Hotels & Airports:** **Self-check-in** for flights and hotel rooms. - **Healthcare:** Patients **check-in and enter insurance information**. - **Public/Event Information Booths:** Display schedules, maps, or general info. **[IoT At Home]** **1. Definition and Purpose of IoT at Home** - **IoT (Internet of Things) at home** allows users to **remotely manage devices**. - **Examples of IoT-enabled home devices:** - **Start a washing machine** at a specific time. - **View intruders** via a **webcam**. - **Adjust room temperature** remotely. **2. Personal IoT Uses** - **Wearable fitness trackers** collect and send data to a **smartphone or computer**. - **Data tracked by fitness devices:** - **Exercise activity** - **Number of steps taken per day** - **Heart rate monitoring** **3. Benefits of IoT in Home Management** - **Security:** Monitor your home with webcams and smart security systems. - **Energy Efficiency:** Adjust heating/cooling systems to save energy. - **Connectivity:** Devices can communicate and automate daily tasks. - **Voice Activation & Remote Access:** Use voice commands or control devices from anywhere. **[IoT In Business]** **1. IoT in Business Overview** - **IoT benefits all areas of business** by improving **efficiency, tracking, and automation**. - **Industries that use IoT:** - **Manufacturing** - **Retail** - **Shipping** - **Healthcare** **2. IoT in Manufacturing** - **Sensors monitor processes** to ensure **quality control** of finished goods. - **Example:** **Using a tablet to control a robotic arm** in a factory. **3. IoT in Retail** - **Track inventory** in real time using sensors. - **Send digital coupons to customers\' phones** while they shop. **4. IoT in Shipping & Logistics** - **Track truck mileage and location** for efficiency. - **Monitor driving times** to ensure **driver safety**. **5. IoT in Healthcare** - **Connects with wearable health devices** (e.g., **blood pressure monitors, glucose monitors**). - **Functions of IoT in healthcare:** - Sends **prescription updates** to pharmacies. - Tracks and **stores patient data** for follow-ups. - **Sends appointment reminders** to patients. **6. The Future of IoT in Business** - **IoT continues to expand** and **enhance business practices**. - **Connected devices** improve productivity and automation. **[Artificial Intelligence]** **1. Definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI)** - **AI is the use of technology to simulate human intelligence** using **logic and prior experience**. - AI enables computers to **learn, make decisions, and combine information** in new ways. **2. Capabilities of AI** - **Speech recognition** (e.g., voice assistants like Siri, Alexa). - **Virtual reality (VR)** (e.g., AI-powered simulations). - **Logical reasoning** (e.g., AI making predictions or problem-solving). - **Creative responses** (e.g., AI-generated music, art, or writing). **3. How AI Works** - AI **collects data** to make **decisions and conclusions**. - **Uses machine intelligence** rather than human intelligence. - Programmers **train AI with rules**: - **"If X happens, then do Y"** (AI follows **predefined conditions**). - The goal of AI is to **minimize the gap** between what a **machine** and a **human** can do. **[Virtual Reality (VR)]** **1. Definition of Virtual Reality (VR)** - **VR uses computers to simulate** a **real or imagined** 3-D environment. - **Users experience VR through**: - **3-D images** - **Visual and sound effects** - **Interactive simulations** **2. Uses of Virtual Reality** - **Gaming:** Interact with **virtual environments** and **digital beings**. - **Simulations:** Used for **training, education, and entertainment**. **3. Definition of Augmented Reality (AR) (A Type of VR)** - **AR combines real-world images with digital information.** - **Examples of AR:** - **Overlaid information on a location photo** (e.g., landmarks, directions). - **Football broadcasts showing a first-down marker.** **4. Role of AI in VR** - AI helps create **virtual creatures** that: - **Make decisions**. - **Change behavior based on interactions.** - **VR developers use AI, digital graphics, and animation** to create **3-D environments**. **[The Digital Divide]** **1. Definition of the Digital Divide** - **The digital divide** is **the gap between those who have access to technology and the internet** and those who **do not**. - Affects **individuals, households, businesses, and geographic areas**. **2. Causes of the Digital Divide** - **Socioeconomic factors** (income level, affordability). - **Demographic factors** (age, education level). - **Geographic location** (urban vs. rural areas). - **Government restrictions** (limiting or censoring Internet access). **3. Impact of the Digital Divide** - **Education:** - Students with **access to technology** benefit from **better learning tools, high-speed internet, and digital literacy skills**. - Students without access **miss opportunities** to **learn, research, and develop technological skills**. - **Economic and Career Opportunities:** - **Lack of access** to computers and the internet **limits job opportunities**. - **Businesses struggle** in areas with poor technology access. **4. Efforts to Reduce the Digital Divide** - **Corporations, non-profits, educational institutions, and governments** are working to: - **Expand access to technology**. - **Improve digital literacy programs**. - **Provide affordable internet and devices**. **[Personal Uses of Tech and AI]** **1. Personal Uses of Technology** Technology helps people: - **Access and search for information** quickly. - **Share personal content** (photos, videos, ideas). - **Communicate and meet new people**. - **Manage finances** (online banking, budgeting apps). - **Shop for goods and services**. - **Play games and access entertainment**. - **Network for jobs** (LinkedIn, job recruitment sites). - **Stay organized** (calendars, reminders, to-do lists). - **Complete business activities**. - **Increase productivity with AI and robotics**. **2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Its Uses** AI is used in: - **Strategic gaming** (e.g., AI opponents in chess). - **Military simulations** (training and strategy). - **Statistical predictions** (e.g., weather forecasting). - **Self-driving cars** (automated navigation and collision prevention). **Example:** Meteorologists use AI to analyze weather data and predict possible outcomes. **3. Everyday Interactions with AI** - **Virtual assistants** (e.g., Siri, Alexa) → Use **voice recognition** to answer and perform tasks. - **Social media and online ads** → Track data and show **personalized ads**. - **Video games** → AI adjusts difficulty based on **player actions and skill level**. - **Music & media streaming** → Suggests content based on **viewing and listening history**. - **Smart cars** → Automate driving tasks like **speed control and collision avoidance**. - **Navigation apps** → Provide **real-time traffic updates and best routes**. - **Security features** → Use **fingerprint scans, facial recognition, and motion detection**. **4. Natural Language Processing (NLP)** - **NLP is a form of AI that allows computers to understand spoken words and commands.** - Users may need to **train AI software** to recognize speech patterns, accents, and voice inflections. - **Examples of NLP:** - **Siri and Alexa** respond to voice commands and perform tasks. - **AI chatbots** provide customer support. - **Speech-to-text software** converts spoken words into digital text. **[Robotics and Virtual Reality]** **1. Definition of Robotics** - **Robotics** combines **engineering and technology** to **create and program robots**. - **Robots are used in situations where humans are impractical, at risk, or inefficient.** **2. Uses of Robots** - **Hazardous waste cleanup** (e.g., working in dangerous environments). - **Domestic tasks** (e.g., robotic vacuum cleaners like Roomba). - **Agriculture and manufacturing** (e.g., detecting weeds, spraying chemicals). - **Medical field:** - **Assist surgeons** → Robots provide **more precision and flexibility** than human hands. - **3-D cameras allow better visualization inside the body.** - **Robotic surgeries require smaller incisions, reducing healing time and infection risk.** - **Surgeons still control the robots and must be trained in their operation.** **3. Self-Driving Cars** - **Use cameras and sensors** to adjust speed based on traffic. - **Rely on GPS** to navigate the best and fastest route. - **Advantages:** - Reduce dangers caused by **human error**. - **Concerns:** - **Could increase distracted driving risks**. **4. Virtual Reality (VR) in Science & Medicine** - **VR is used outside of gaming for training and research.** - **Medical training:** - Medical students use VR to **practice emergency medicine**. - **NASA applications:** - Simulates **space flight and planetary environments**. - **Commercial use:** - **Virtual home tours** for potential buyers. - **Construction previews** of buildings before completion. **5. AI and Human-Like Decision Making** - **AI mimics human learning and decision-making processes.** - **Computers use past interactions, databases, and Internet searches to predict outcomes.** - **Facial and voice recognition** allow AI to identify users. **[Utilizing Tech in Daily Life]** **1. Daily Use of Technology & the Internet** - **Technology and the Internet are used daily** for: - **Finding information** - **Social media** - **Online shopping** - **Smart home automation** - **Devices help users connect to the Internet** to complete these tasks. **2. Examples of Embedded Computers & IoT in Daily Life** - **Smart home devices** - **Smart speakers set alarms**. - **Programmable coffee makers** start brewing at set times. - **Smart thermostats** adjust room temperature automatically. - **Public transportation apps** - Show **nearest subway station and routes**. - Enable users to **scan their phone to pay fares**. - **Screens in stations display alerts** for train arrivals and delays. - **Subways use sensors** to detect obstacles and track delays. - **Navigation & Driving Assistance** - **GPS helps drivers find destinations**. - **Cars with sensors adjust speed** to maintain safe distances. - **Parking apps help locate parking spots**. - **Car cameras assist with safe parking**. **3. Financial Transactions Using Technology** - **Banking apps check balances** and allow **money transfers**. - **Smartphone payment apps** allow users to store and use funds. **4. Retail & Shopping with Technology** - **Tablets used by sales associates** to look up customer profiles (purchase history, sizing). - **Self-checkout kiosks allow fast and convenient purchases**. - **Store loyalty apps provide coupons and discounts**. **[Assistive Tech for Users with Disabilities]** **1. Importance of Assistive Technology** - **Technology helps users with disabilities access resources, information, and services.** - **Addresses challenges** for users with: - **Visual disabilities** - **Hearing impairments** - **Mobility limitations** - **Learning disabilities** **2. Key Laws Supporting Accessibility** - **Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA):** - Requires companies with **15+ employees** to **accommodate workers with disabilities**. - **Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA):** - **Public schools must fund or purchase adaptive technologies** for students with disabilities. **3. Assistive Technology for Visual Disabilities** - **Screen adjustments:** - Increase **text size** or **change colors** for readability. - Adjust **color settings** to assist users with **color blindness**. - **Voice output (screen readers):** - **Computers speak** text that appears on the screen. - **Braille printers:** - Convert **digital text into Braille** for visually impaired users. - **Alt Text (Alternative Text):** - **Descriptive text for images** → Read aloud by screen readers. - Ensures users **understand the purpose of images** in documents or webpages. **4. Assistive Technology for Hearing Impairments** - **Visual notifications instead of sound alerts.** - **Captioning software** → Displays **scrolling text for videos**. - **Cameras that interpret sign language gestures** into text. **5. Assistive Technology for Mobility Issues** - **Alternative input devices:** - **On-screen keyboards** (for users with limited hand mobility). - **Keyboards with larger keys** for easier typing. - **Hand-mounted pointers, foot pedals, facial motion detectors, and pneumatic (air-controlled) instruments**. - **Less sensitive keyboards and mice** for users with involuntary hand movements. **6. Assistive Technology for Learning Disabilities** - **Speech recognition programs** → Convert **spoken words into text**. - **Graphic organizers** → Help users **structure information visually**. - **Audiobooks** → Read text **aloud** instead of relying on **printed words**. **7. Goal of Assistive Technology** - **Improves accessibility for all users.** - **Ensures equal opportunities** for work, learning, and daily life. **[Green Computing]** **1. Definition of Green Computing** - **Green computing** is the practice of **reducing electricity use and minimizing environmental waste** when using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies. - Helps **conserve energy** and **reduce e-waste (electronic waste).** **2. ENERGY STAR Program** - Created by the **U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).** - **Encourages manufacturers** to make **energy-efficient** devices. - **Devices with ENERGY STAR labels**: - **Use less electricity**. - **Have power-saving modes** (e.g., sleep mode after inactivity). **3. Ways to Reduce Electronic Waste (E-Waste)** - **Avoid replacing devices too often** (wait before upgrading to new versions). - **Recycle electronics** (e.g., computers, mobile devices, ink, toner). - **Donate used computers and equipment** to extend their life cycle. **4. Personal Green Computing Practices** - **Buy ENERGY STAR-certified devices.** - **Turn off computers and devices when not in use.** - **Use paperless communication** (email, digital notes instead of printing). - **Recycle paper, ink cartridges, and electronic devices.** - **Telecommute and use video conferencing** instead of traveling for meetings. **5. Green Computing for Organizations** - **Consolidate servers** to reduce energy use. - **Buy high-efficiency equipment** with lower power consumption. - **Use power-saving features** like sleep mode. - **Use natural cooling methods** (outside air for data centers). - **Encourage remote work (telecommuting)** to save gas and reduce vehicle emissions. **6. Environmental Impact of Green Computing** - **Reduces carbon footprint**. - **Lowers electricity usage and operational costs**. - **Minimizes toxic e-waste in landfills**. **[Enterprise Computing]** **1. Definition of Enterprise Computing** - **Enterprise computing** refers to the **use of technology in large businesses** to support various departments. - Each **department** within a company uses **technology specific to its function**. **2. Enterprise (Large Business) Characteristics** - **Many employees** working across **different functional units**. - **Technology helps streamline processes** and improve efficiency. **3. Technology Uses in Different Functional Units** **Functional Unit** **Technology Uses** --------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- **Human Resources (HR)** Tracks **employee data** (pay, benefits, vacation). **Accounting** Keeps track of **income and expenses**. **Sales** Manages **contacts, meetings, customer interactions, and orders**. **Information Technology (IT)** Maintains and secures **hardware and software**. **Engineering & Product Development** Designs, develops, and **tests new products**. **Manufacturing** **Monitors assembly processes** and **tracks inventory**. **Marketing** **Creates and analyzes marketing campaigns** for target audiences. **Distribution** **Tracks inventory and manages shipping**. **Customer Service** **Manages customer interactions** and support. **4. Importance of Enterprise Computing** - **Increases efficiency** by automating processes. - **Improves decision-making** with data tracking and analysis. - **Enhances customer experience** through **better service and order management**. - **Secures business operations** through IT management. **[Role of Tech in the Professional World]** **1. Importance of Technology in the Workplace** - **Technology is essential in nearly every job** for: - **Completing projects** efficiently. - **Exchanging information** with coworkers. - **Meeting customer needs** through digital tools and communication. **2. Technology in Job Preparation and Job Search** - **Job seekers use technology to:** - **Research job openings** on career websites (LinkedIn, Indeed). - **Submit online applications and digital résumés**. - **Network with professionals** through social media and business platforms. - **Prepare for interviews** using company websites and industry insights. **3. Role of Technology in Different Professions** - **Business & Finance:** Use of **spreadsheets, accounting software, and data analysis tools**. - **Healthcare:** **Electronic medical records (EMRs)** and **telemedicine** for patient care. - **Education:** **Online learning platforms, digital classrooms, and student management systems**. - **Marketing & Sales:** **Social media marketing, email campaigns, and data tracking**. - **Manufacturing & Engineering:** **Computer-Aided Design (CAD), automation, and robotics**. **4. Impact of Technology on Workplace Efficiency** - **Speeds up communication** (email, messaging apps). - **Automates repetitive tasks**, improving productivity. - **Enhances data management** and **decision-making**. - **Improves customer service** through chatbots, CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems, and online support. **[Ways Professionals Use Technology in the Workplace]** 1. **Remote Work & Telecommuting** - Workers use **smartphones, the Internet, and the cloud** to work remotely. - Technology allows employees to work from home or while traveling. 2. **Intelligent Workplaces** - Technology enables workers to **connect to company networks** and communicate. - Employees use **productivity software, apps, and web conferencing tools** for meetings. - Some companies provide employees with **computers and pre-installed software** for work. 3. **BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) Policy** - Some workplaces allow employees to use **personal devices for work tasks**. 4. **Collaborative Productivity Software** - Employees **share and edit documents online** (e.g., reports, spreadsheets). - Collaboration tools allow workers to make **comments and revisions in real-time**. **[Technology in K-12 Education]** 1. **Use of Social Networking Tools** - Schools use social media for **promoting events** and **group collaboration**. - Social networking helps teach concepts like **anti-bullying**. 2. **Online Productivity Software** - Enables students to **collaborate on projects**. - Assignments can be **submitted via email**, reducing paper usage. 3. **Intelligent Classrooms** - Technology is used to **enhance learning and communication**. **[Technology in Higher Education]** 1. **Learning Management Systems (LMS)** - Used for **web-based training sites** where students can: - Check **course progress** - Take **practice tests** - Exchange **messages with instructors & peers** - 2. **Online Learning** - Students can **view lectures, take classes, and earn degrees online**. 3. **Ebooks & Digital Content** - Students use **ebooks** for reading and studying on devices. - Ebooks often include **digital assets like videos** to supplement learning. **[Technology in Healthcare]** 1. **Use of Computers in Medicine** - Physicians use computers to **monitor vital signs** and **research symptoms & diagnoses**. 2. **Mobile Health (mHealth) Trend** - Healthcare professionals use **smartphones & tablets** to access **cloud-stored health records**. - Patients use digital devices to **monitor conditions & treatments**, reducing doctor visits. 3. **mHealth Apps** - Track **prescription information**. - Send **medication reminders & refill alerts**. 4. **Medical Monitoring Devices** - **Electronic bracelets** collect **vital signs & send data to specialists**. - **Smart pills** contain: - **Sensors** to monitor medication. - **Tiny cameras** for internal organ examination without invasive procedures. 5. **3D Printing in Healthcare** - Used to create: - **Skin for burn patients**. - **Prosthetic devices & casts**. **[Technology in the Transportation Industry]** 1. **Package Tracking & Scanning** - **Handheld computers** scan **codes on packages/containers** before loading onto vehicles. - Packages are **tracked in real-time** during transit. 2. **Route Optimization & GPS** - Computers **find the most efficient routes** for deliveries. - Drivers use **GPS to navigate safely, avoid traffic & hazards**. 3. **Self-Driving & Automated Vehicles** - **Self-driving trucks** will use **robotics for mechanical control**. - **Automated vehicles** provide **independent transport options** for people with disabilities. **[Technology in Manufacturing]** 1. **Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)** - **Streamlines production** and **speeds up shipping**. - **Robots perform dangerous, detailed, or repetitive tasks**. 2. **Role of Robots in Manufacturing** - Common in **automotive manufacturing**. - Example: **Robots paint car bodies** since painting is **complex & hazardous**. - **Human-robot collaboration** improves **quality, cost efficiency, and competitiveness**. 3. **Ordering & Assembling Products** - Computers & mobile devices **order parts & materials** for custom products. 4. **Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication** - **Monitors assembly lines & equipment** automatically. **[Explore Technology Careers ]** - The technology field offers **various career paths** for different skill levels. - **Demand for computer professionals** is continuously growing. **1. Software & Apps** - Involves **developing, manufacturing, and supporting** software for computers, web, and mobile. - Companies may specialize in **productivity software, gaming, or cloud-based services**. **2. Technology Equipment** - Includes **manufacturers & distributors** of **computers, mobile devices, and hardware components**. - Also involves **internal components production** (e.g., chips, cables, power supplies). **3. IT Departments *(Found in medium & large businesses)*** - Ensure **computer operations, mobile devices, and networks run smoothly**. - IT job areas: - **Management** → Plans, researches, develops, and integrates tech. - **Research & Development** → Designs and maintains IT systems. - **Technical Support** → Evaluates, integrates, and supports technology. - **Operations** → Manages computer equipment & network. - **Training & Support** → Teaches employees how to use systems. - **Information Security** → Protects data from unauthorized access. **4. Technology Service & Repair** - Provides **maintenance, installations, and repairs** for computers & devices. - Uses **diagnostic software & remote repair** via the Internet. - Some technicians are **certified specialists** for specific brands. **5. Technology Sales** - Salespeople need **technical knowledge & strong people skills, including listening and communicating**. - Work for **manufacturers, resellers, or retail stores**. **6. Technology Education, Training & Support** - **Schools, colleges, and businesses** need trainers for **technology education**. - **Corporate trainers** teach employees how to use business-specific tech. - **Help desk specialists** assist employees in troubleshooting problems. **7. IT Consulting** - IT consultants specialize in **software development, social media, or network setup**. - Companies hire them to **build networks, databases, or new IT infrastructure**. **8. System Development** - **Develops & programs** software, apps, websites, cloud services, & networks. - Ensures **business requirements, security, and structure** are met. **9. Web Marketing & Social Media** - Combines **marketing strategies with web platforms & social media**. - **SEO (Search Engine Optimization)** improves web content visibility. - Creates **social media plans, posts, and marketing campaigns**. **10. Data Storage, Retrieval & Analysis** - Involves **collecting, analyzing, storing, and reporting data**. - **Data scientists** use analytics for business strategies. - **Web analytics experts** measure website traffic & ad performance. - **Digital forensics examiners** analyze digital evidence to **solve crimes**. **11. Information & Systems Security** - Requires knowledge of **network threats (e.g., viruses, hacking, cyberattacks)**. - **Security specialists** protect and recover systems from digital attacks. **[Preparing for a Career in Technology]** - Use **social media & job search websites** to explore careers and connect with employers. - Create a **career networking profile, personal website, or blog** to showcase your skills. **1. Professional Online Presence** - Use **professional usernames** (avoid humorous or informal names). - Include a **professional photo**. - Upload a **PDF version of your resume**. - Provide **links to videos, publications, or digital content** you've created. - **Proofread** for spelling & grammar mistakes. - **Enable privacy settings** on personal social media accounts. - Avoid posting anything **you wouldn't want an employer to see**. - Use **professional networks (e.g., LinkedIn)** to: - Keep in touch with coworkers, instructors, and employers. - Search for jobs & research companies. - Join groups related to your field. - Take **online training courses** to update your skills. **2. Certifications in Technology** - **Certifications prove expertise** in a specific area. - Preparation materials: - **Online courses & books** help prepare for exams. - **Certification exams**: - Usually **do not require coursework**, just an exam. - Taken at **authorized testing centers**. - Can be **multiple choice or skills-based**. - Often require a **fee**. **3. Areas Offering Certifications** - **Application software** - **Data analytics, databases, web design** - **Hardware & networking** - **Operating systems** - **Programming** - **Cybersecurity** **4. Benefits of Certifications** - **Show commitment & proficiency** in your field. - **Increase job opportunities** and career growth. **[SUMMARY ]** **1. Computers in Daily Life** - **Embedded computers** are found in **vehicles, ATMs, stores, and smart home appliances**. - The **Internet of Things (IoT)** allows devices to communicate over the Internet or wireless networks. **2. Evolution of Computers** - Early computers were **large, inefficient, and expensive** (used **vacuum tubes**). - Modern devices are **smaller, more powerful, and connected** (e.g., PCs, smartphones). **3. Emerging Technologies** - **Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR)** - Used for **predictions, education, and entertainment**. - **Assistive technology** helps users with **disabilities** access and use computers. - **Green computing** reduces environmental impact. **4. Technology in Various Industries** - **Workplaces**: Intelligent systems enhance efficiency. - **Education**: Online learning, collaborative tools, and digital classrooms. - **Transportation**: GPS, package tracking, and self-driving vehicles. - **Healthcare**: mHealth, smart pills, and medical monitoring devices. - **Manufacturing**: Robotics, automation, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication. **5. Technology Careers** - Careers include **IT, security, software development, system administration, and more**. - **Preparing for a Career in Tech**: - Build a **professional online presence** (LinkedIn, personal website). - Obtain **certifications** to demonstrate expertise. ### **[Key Term Definitions]** 1. **Alternative Text (Alt Text)** -- A descriptive text added to images on websites to help visually impaired users understand content through screen readers. 2. **Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)** -- A U.S. law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities and requires accessibility accommodations, including in digital spaces. 3. **Artificial Intelligence (AI)** -- The simulation of human intelligence in computers, allowing them to learn, reason, and solve problems. 4. **Audiobooks** -- Recorded versions of books that can be listened to, often used for accessibility and convenience. 5. **Augmented Reality (AR)** -- A technology that overlays digital elements (graphics, sounds, and information) onto the real world through devices like smartphones or AR glasses. 6. **BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)** -- A workplace policy that allows employees to use their personal devices (phones, laptops, tablets) for work purposes. 7. **Chip-and-Pin Technology** -- A security feature for payment cards that requires users to insert their card into a reader and enter a PIN to authorize transactions. 8. **Computer** -- An electronic device that processes data, performs calculations, and executes instructions to complete tasks. 9. **Computer Literacy** -- The ability to use computers and related technology effectively, including software applications and the Internet. 10. **Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)** -- The use of computers and automated machines in manufacturing to control production processes and improve efficiency. 11. **Data** -- Raw facts and figures that can be processed to generate useful information. 12. **Digital Assistants** -- AI-powered software (e.g., Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant) that performs tasks, answers questions, and interacts with users using voice commands. 13. **Digital Citizen** -- A person who responsibly uses technology, the Internet, and digital resources while understanding online ethics and safety. 14. **Digital Divide** -- The gap between individuals or communities that have access to modern technology and those that do not. 15. **Digital Literacy** -- The ability to find, evaluate, and use digital information effectively, including navigating online resources safely. 16. **Embedded Computer** -- A specialized computer built into other devices (e.g., cars, appliances, medical equipment) to perform dedicated functions. 17. **Enterprise Computing** -- Large-scale computing solutions used by businesses and organizations for data management, communication, and operations. 18. **Graphic Organizers** -- Visual tools (e.g., diagrams, mind maps) that help organize information and ideas for learning and problem-solving. 19. **Green Computing** -- Environmentally responsible computing practices that minimize energy consumption and reduce e-waste. 20. **Hardware** -- The physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, memory, keyboard, and monitor. 21. **Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)** -- A U.S. law ensuring students with disabilities receive free and appropriate public education, including assistive technology support. 22. **Information** -- Processed data that is meaningful and useful for decision-making. 23. **Information Technology (IT) Department** -- The division within an organization responsible for managing computer systems, networks, and data security. 24. **Integrated Circuits** -- Electronic circuits built on a single semiconductor chip, enabling faster and smaller computing devices. 25. **Intelligent Classroom** -- A technology-enhanced learning environment with interactive tools, such as smartboards and digital collaboration platforms. 26. **Intelligent Workplace** -- A modern work environment that integrates technology to enhance communication, productivity, and efficiency. 27. **Internet of Things (IoT)** -- A network of interconnected smart devices that communicate and share data over the Internet (e.g., smart thermostats, wearable fitness trackers). 28. **Kiosk** -- A self-service terminal or digital display that provides information or allows transactions (e.g., ticket kiosks, ATM machines). 29. **Learning Management System (LMS)** -- A digital platform used by schools and businesses for delivering, tracking, and managing online courses and training. 30. **Machine-to-Machine (M2M)** -- Communication between devices or systems without human interaction, often used in automation and remote monitoring. 31. **Microprocessor** -- The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, which executes instructions and performs calculations. 32. **Mobile Health (mHealth)** -- The use of mobile devices, apps, and wearable technology for healthcare purposes, such as tracking vitals or reminding patients to take medication. 33. **Natural Language Processing (NLP)** -- A field of AI that enables computers to understand, interpret, and respond to human language. 34. **Personal Computer (PC)** -- A general-purpose computer designed for individual use, such as desktops and laptops. 35. **Robotics** -- The design, construction, and use of robots for various tasks, including manufacturing, healthcare, and automation. 36. **Screen Reader** -- Assistive software that reads aloud text on a screen for visually impaired users. 37. **Smart Devices** -- Internet-connected devices that perform automated functions, such as smart thermostats, smartwatches, and voice-controlled assistants. 38. **Software** -- Programs and applications that run on a computer or device, instructing it to perform specific tasks. 39. **Speech Recognition Programs** -- Software that converts spoken language into text or commands for accessibility and automation purposes. 40. **Telecommuting** -- Working remotely using technology, allowing employees to perform tasks from home or other locations outside the office. 41. **Transistors** -- Small electronic components that control electrical signals, forming the building blocks of modern computer processors. 42. **Vacuum Tubes** -- Early electronic components used in first-generation computers before the invention of transistors. 43. **Virtual Reality (VR)** -- A computer-generated simulation that immerses users in a 3D interactive environment, often using headsets and motion controllers.