IT Foundations & Programming Concepts PDF

Bachelor/BSc in Software Development Undergraduate Certificate - First Year SEMESTER-I IT Foundations & Programming Concepts PARTICIPANT’S WORKBOOK Tata Institute of Social Sciences – School of Vocational Education ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Contents Session.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................... 4 Session1A. Goal setting.................................................................................................................. 5 Session 1B.Expectations................................................................................................................. 7 Session 1C.Setting ground rules..................................................................................................... 7 Session 2.Defining Computer......................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Activity................................................................................................................................... 11 Activity: (Game)........................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Activity................................................................................................................................... 12 Session 3.Applications.................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Activity................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Activity................................................................................................................................... 17 Session 4. Generations.................................................................................................................. 18 4.1 Activity................................................................................................................................... 19 4.2Activity.................................................................................................................................... 19 Session 5.Types of computers....................................................................................................... 20 5.1 Activity................................................................................................................................... 21 Session 6.Components.................................................................................................................. 22 6.1Activity.................................................................................................................................... 25 6.2 Activity................................................................................................................................... 25 Session 7.Input Devices................................................................................................................ 26 7.1 Activity................................................................................................................................... 29 7.2 Activity................................................................................................................................... 29 Session 8.Output Devices............................................................................................................. 30 8.1 Activity................................................................................................................................... 35 8.2 Activity................................................................................................................................... 35 Session 9.Memory......................................................................................................................... 36 9.1Activity.................................................................................................................................... 38 9.2Activity.................................................................................................................................... 38 Session 10.Random Access Memory............................................................................................ 39 10.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 39 Session 11. Read Only Memory................................................................................................... 40 11.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 40 Session 12.Motherboard............................................................................................................... 41 12.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 43 12.2 Activity................................................................................................................................. 43 Session13. Ports............................................................................................................................ 44 ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 2 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ 13.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 47 Session14.Hardware...................................................................................................................... 48 14.1Activity.................................................................................................................................. 48 Session 15.Software...................................................................................................................... 49 15.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 51 Session16.Number System........................................................................................................... 52 16.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 53 16.2 Activity................................................................................................................................. 54 16.3 Activity................................................................................................................................. 55 Session 17.Number Conversion.................................................................................................... 56 17.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 56 17.2 Activity................................................................................................................................. 58 17.3Activity.................................................................................................................................. 58 17.4 Activity................................................................................................................................. 59 17.5 Activity................................................................................................................................. 60 17.6 Activity................................................................................................................................. 61 17.7 Activity................................................................................................................................. 61 Session 18.Data and Information.................................................................................................. 62 Session19.Networking................................................................................................................. 63 19.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 65 Session 20.Operating System........................................................................................................ 66 20.1 Activity................................................................................................................................. 67 Session 21.Internet and Intranet.................................................................................................... 68 Session22. Revision & Conclusion.............................................................................................. 70 22.1 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 70 Session 23.Internet and Intranet.................................................................................................... 71 23.1 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 72 23.2 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 72 23.3 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 73 23.4 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 73 Session 24.Internet and Intranet.................................................................................................... 75 24.1 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 76 24.2 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 77 24.3 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 78 Session 25.Internet and Intranet.................................................................................................... 79 25.1 Activity:................................................................................................................................ 79 ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 3 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session.1. Introduction Session Objectives:  Introducing participants  Introducing course to the participants  Setting ground rules and agreements Duration: 60 mins 1.1 Activity- Formal Introductions The Name Game Materials: None Objective: To facilitate an easy, fun way for the participants to be introduced to one another. Steps:  Follow Trainer Instructions  Participate Actively ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 4 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session1A. Goal setting Objective: o To assist candidates in identifying their short term and long term goals in specific and measurable terms. o To assist in developing a realistic strategy and achievable task list. o To help set parameters, milestones and timelines for assessing the progress of goal attainment. o To help in understanding why sometimes goals may fail and we might need to rethink our strategy and task list. Answer the following questions:  What do you regret not having done in your life?  What do friends tell you that you should try?  What do you do in your free time?  Which activities give you greatest pleasure? What are your hobbies? Answers: ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Note down all the answers. We will come to this later. Consider another question why do people fail to set/attain their goals and objectives. Probably because they underestimate their talents:( and thereby failing to set achievable goals and objectives or procrastinating the same) Also if the desired plan fails, most people do not have a backup plan in place. (1) Set objective (2) Plan (3) Fail (4) Depression, ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 5 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ So they avoid thinking about it. Let us once again consider the question at the start of the topic. Think seriously about the answer and you will find that all of them are achievable. It does not require a major change in your life style, but a relatively minor change in your habits. Just spend or try to spend time on one area rather than another. That is, have specific goals and objectives. Learning outcome: At the end of the session participants should be able to set goals for themselves by completing this course. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 6 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 1B.Expectations This activity provides a platform for both the students and the facilitators to express their expectations about the program and themselves. The facilitator must be responsible for dispelling any unrealistic expectations on the part of the students, and yet encourage them to take as much as they can from the program. My Expectations: Session 1C.Setting ground rules Our Rules 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 7 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 2. Defining Computer Duration: 30 mins Relevant Knowledge: Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes it under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives the result (output), and saves it for the future use. What is a computer? This section covers a foundational/fundamental understanding of computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals etc. along with how to get the most value and impact from computer technology. This course has been prepared for the beginners as well as advanced learners who want to deal with computers. This tutorial is also very useful for the undergraduate students of computer science, engineering, business administration, management, science, commerce and arts where an introductory course on computers is a part of curriculum. After completing this tutorial you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in knowledge of computer basics from where you can take yourself to next levels. Today’s world is an information-rich world and it has become a necessity for everyone to know about computers. Functionalities of a computer Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms: Takes data as input. State functionalities of computer. Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required. Processes the data and converts it into useful information. Generates the output. (This is not a function). ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 8 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Definition Computer is an electronic data processing device which accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format. Advantages Following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena. High Speed Advantages of a computer. Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond. It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing the same task. Accuracy In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The calculations are 100% error free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy, provided that correct input has been given. Storage Capability Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 9 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Diligence Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration. It can work continuously without any error and boredom. It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy. Versatility A computer is a very versatile machine. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done. This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields. At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game. Reliability A computer is a reliable machine. Modern electronic components have long lives. Computers are designed to make maintenance easy. Automation Computer is an automatic machine. Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically. Once a program is given to computer i.e. stored in computer’s memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction. Reduction in Paper Work The use of computers, for data processing, in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process. As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 10 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Reduction in Cost Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction. Disadvantages Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena. No I.Q Disadvantages of computer. A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction has to be given to computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own. Dependency It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human beings. Environment The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable. No Feeling Computers have no feelings or emotions. It cannot make judgments based on feelings, tastes, experiences, and knowledge unlike a human being. 2.1 Activity Activity: (Game) Game name: Curious questions Follow Your Trainer Instructions: ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 11 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Answer Questions to check understanding of the subject. 1. Define a Computer? 2. Name some Advantages of Computer? 3. Name some Disadvantage of Computer? 2.2 Activity Debate: Follow Your Trainer Instructions ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 12 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 3.Applications Applications of computer. Following list demonstrates various applications of computers in today's arena. Business A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organisations. Computer is used in business organisations for: Payroll calculations Budgeting Sales analysis Financial forecasting Managing employees database Maintenance of stocks etc. Banking Today banking is almost totally dependent on computers. Banks provide following facilities: Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records. ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks. Insurance Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 13 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing procedure to continue with policies. starting date of the policies. next due installment of a policy. maturity date. interests due. survival benefits. bonus. Education The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system. The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education). CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning. The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students. There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the students. It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis. Marketing In marketing, uses of computers are as follows: Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products. At Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerised catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 14 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Health Care Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc. are also done by computerised machines. Some major fields of health care in which computers are used are: Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of illness. Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and reports are prepared by computer. Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc. Pharma Information System - Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry dates, harmful drug ‘side effects etc. Surgery: Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery. Engineering Design Computers are widely used for Engineering purposes. One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design), that provides creation and modification of images. Some fields are: Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain analysis for design of Ships, Buildings, (Bridges), Airplanes etc. Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design, implementation and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipments. Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings. Military Computers are largely used in defence, modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military also employs computerised control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are: Missile Control Military Communication Military Operation and Planning Smart Weapons ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 15 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Communication Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main areas in this category are: E-mail Chatting Usenet FTP Telnet Video-conferencing Government Computers play an important role in government. Some major fields in this category are: Budgets Sales tax department Income tax department Male/Female ratio Computerization of voters lists Computerization of driving licensing system Computerization of PAN card Weather forecasting ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 16 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ 3.1 Activity Take part in Brain Storming exercise conducted by your trainer 3.2 Activity Group Discussion Duration: 15 minutes 1. Importance of Computer Application Today? Have a group discussion 2. Form two to three groups and have a discussion on the topic Notes: ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 17 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session4.Generations Generations read from computing Computer Generations skill. Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. Here approximate dates against each generations have been mentioned which are normally accepted. Following are the main five generations of computers Generation and Description Generations of 1. First Generation computer. The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based. 2. Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based. 3. Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based. 4. Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based. 5. Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards.ULSI microprocessor based ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 18 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Images showing Evolution of Computers ( 1st to 5th Gen) 4.1 Activity Follow Your trainer’s Instrcutions 4.2Activity Draw a timeline on the white board using the makers, indicating the evolution of computers. This timeline activity can be done with other events as well. Example Iphone 6s ( Iphone 5 ( year year 2014) 2015) Iphone 4s ( 2013) ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 19 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 5.Types of computers Short-note on personal PC (Personal Computer) computer(PC) A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is playing games and surfing Internet. Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days High-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell. Workstation Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities. Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, large amount of RAM, inbuilt network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as a disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, Workstations are also single-user computers like PC but are typically linked together to form a local-area network, although they can also be used as stand-alone systems. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 20 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Minicomputer Read from computing skills. It is a midsize multi-processing system capable of supporting up to 250 users simultaneously. Mainframe Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports many simultaneous execution of programs. Supercomputer Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount of mathematical calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting). 5.1 Activity Statement True or false  PC is a multi user computer system- false single-user  Super computer is the fastest computers- true  Main frame computers are small in size- false large in size  Workstation computers is used for electrical applications- false engineering applications  Main Frame software technology is same- ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 21 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 6.Components functionalities of computers All types of computers follow a same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users Sr. No. Operation Description The process of entering data and instructions into the computer 1 Take Input system. Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processing as and 2 Store Data when required. Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to convert them 3 Processing Data into useful information. The process of producing useful information or results for the Output user, such as a 4 Information printed report or visual display. Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above Control the operations are 5 workflow performed. Input Unit components of computers. This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the information into the form understandable the by computer. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 22 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ CPU (Central Processing Unit) components of computers CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program).It controls the operation of all parts of computer. CPU itself has following three components ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) Memory Unit Control Unit Output Unit components of computers Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate the computer's output into the form understandable by users. CPU – Central Processing Unit CPU consists of the following features: CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer. CPU itself has following three components. Memory or Storage Unit: Control Unit ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 23 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Memory or Storage Unit: components of cpu This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary storage or Random access memory (RAM). Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of memory unit are: It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing. It stores intermediate results of processing. It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device. All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory. Control Unit This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any actual data processing operations. Functions of this unit are: It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer. It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer. It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer. It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage. It does not process or store data. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) This unit consists of two subsections namely Arithmetic section Logic Section ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 24 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Arithmetic Section Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of above operations. Logic Section Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data. 6.1Activity Activity: game Think on your hand 6.2 Activity Exercise:  Visit to any computer department section  Look out the spare parts of the computer  Facilitator need to explain about the working of the computer  Through this activity there will be an idea of working of the computer. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 25 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 7.Input Devices Following are few of the important input devices which are used in a computer: Keyboard Mouse Joy Stick Light pen Track Ball Scanner Graphic Tablet Microphone Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR) Optical Character Reader(OCR) Bar Code Reader Optical Mark Reader(OMR) Keyboard short note on keyboard Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional functions. Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet. The keys on the keyboard are as follows: The keys on the keyboard are as follows: keys on keyboard. Sr. No. Keys Description These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (0-9) which generally 1 Typing Keys give same layout as that of typewriters. It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used 2 Numeric Keypad by most adding machines and calculators. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 26 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has unique 3 Function Keys meaning and is used for some specific purpose. These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, 4 Control keys Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc). Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Special Purpose Enter, Shift, 5 Keys Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen. Mouse short note on mouse. Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed. Generally, it has two buttons called left and right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer. Advantages advantages of Easy to use mouse Not very expensive Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of keyboard. short note on Joystick joystick. Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions. The function of joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 27 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ short note on light pen. Light Pen Light pen is a pointing device which is similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube. When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU. Track Ball short note on track ball. Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on ball, pointer can be moved. Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button and a square. Scanner short note on scanner. Scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the computer for further manipulation. Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the digital form that can be stored on the disc. These images can be edited before they are printed. Digitizer short note of digitizer. Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed at. Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet because it converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for doing fine works of drawing and image manipulation applications. short note on microphone. Microphone Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in digital form. The microphone is used for various applications like adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music. short note on magnetic ink Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR) card reader(micr). MICR input device is generally used in banks because of a large number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable. This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 28 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ short note on optical Optical Character Reader(OCR) character reader OCR is an input device used to read a printed text. OCR scans text optically character by character, converts them into a machine readable code and stores the text on the system memory. short note on Bar Code Readers barcode readers. Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books etc. It may be a hand held scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value which is then fed to the computer to which bar code reader is connected. Optical Mark Reader(OMR) short note on optical mark reader OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions. 7.1 Activity  Type any one paragraph in the word document  Open the typing speed application and Have an exersice as per the guidelines in the application  If you have PC, Laptops at home, Check how many keys available in your keyboard. 7.2 Activity Field Visit  Visit to any Malls, or Shops which has the facility of Scanner, Bar code reader  Get to know the workings of scanner, Bar code reader by respective Mall staffs.  Visit to any one bank to know the workings of the Magnetic Ink Card Reader. Notes: ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 29 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 8.Output Devices Monitors short note on monitors. Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors. Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) types of viewing Flat- Panel Display screen used in monitors Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity, or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form whole character, such as the letter ‘e’in the word help. A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically. There are some disadvantages of CRT Large in Size High power consumption Flat-Panel Display Monitor The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, videogames, monitors, laptop computer, graphics display. types of flat panel The flat-panel display is divided into two categories display. Emissive Displays - The emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. Example are plasma panel and LED(Light-Emitting Diodes). Non-Emissive Displays - The Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. Example is LCD(Liquid-Crystal Device) ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 30 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Printers short note on printers. Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper. There are two types of printers Impact Printers types of printers Non-Impact Printers Impact Printers The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is then pressed on the paper. Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following Very low consumable costs Very noisy Useful for bulk printing due to low cost There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image These printers are of two types Character printers types of impact printers Line printers Character Printers Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time. These are further divided into two types Dot Matrix Printer(DMP) types of chracter Daisy Wheel printer. Dot Matrix Printer In the market one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in form of pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character that is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 31 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Advantages Inexpensive Widely Used Other language characters can be printed Disadvantages Slow Speed Poor Quality Daisy Wheel Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower name) that is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-processing in offices which require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality. Advantages More reliable than DMP Better quality The fonts of character can be easily changed Disadvantages Slower than DMP Noisy More expensive than DMP Line Printers types of impact printers Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time. These are of further two types Drum Printer types of line Chain Printer printers ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 32 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Drum Printer This printer is like a drum in shape so it is called drum printer. The surface of drum is divided into number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to size of paper i.e. for a paper width of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on track. The different character sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and 96 characters set. One rotation of drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute. Advantages Very high speed Disadvantages Very expensive Character’s fonts cannot be changed Chain Printer In this printer, chain of character sets are used so it is called Chain Printer. A standard character set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters. Advantages Character fonts can easily be changed. Different languages can be used with the same printer. Disadvantages Noisy Non-impact Printers types of printers Non-impact printers print the characters without using ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time so they are also called as Page Printers. These printers are of two types Laser Printers types of non- impact printers Inkjet Printers ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 33 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Characteristics of Non-impact Printers Faster than impact printers. They are not noisy. High quality. Support many fonts and different character size. Laser Printers These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the characters to be printed on a page. Advantages Very high speed Very high quality output Give good graphics quality Support many fonts and different character size Disadvantages Expensive. Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing. Inkjet Printers Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable features. They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing modes available. Colour printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of printing also. Advantages High quality printing More reliable ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 34 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Disadvantages Expensive as cost per page is high Slow as compared to laser printer 8.1 Activity Ice breaker session Concentration Race Steps: Follow Your Trainer Instructions 8.2 Activity Field Visit  Visit to Computer Scrap Shops or Your computer department, with the help of the guide get to know the Working of Monitor and aboutFlat-Panel Display Monitor, Cathode Ray Monitor  There are lots of Printing shops around your place,  Visit some of them as there are different kinds of printing machines and the staff of respective printing shops will explain the working of printing machines ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 35 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 9.Memory short note on memory. A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example if computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024=65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535. Memory is primarily of three types Cache Memory types of memory. Primary Memory/Main Memory Secondary Memory short note on Cache Memory cache memory. Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from disk to cache memory by operating system, from where CPU can access them. Advantages The advantages of cache memory are as follows Cache memory is faster than main memory. It consumes less access time as compared to main memory. It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time. It stores data for temporary use. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 36 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Disadvantages The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows Cache memory has limited capacity. It is very expensive. short note on primary/main Primary Memory (Main Memory) memory. Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It has limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed reside in main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM. Characteristics of Main Memory These are semiconductor memories. It is known as main memory. Usually volatile memory. Data is lost in case power is switched off. It is working memory of the computer. Faster than secondary memories. A computer cannot run without primary memory. short note on Secondary Memory secondary memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For example: disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 37 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Characteristic of Secondary Memory These are magnetic and optical memories. It is known as backup memory. It is non-volatile memory. Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off. It is used for storage of data in a computer. Computer may run without secondary memory. Slower than primary memories. 9.1Activity AnswerQuestions: 1) Name the three types of Memory? 2) Write the Advantages of Cache Memory? 3) Name some of the Characteristics of Secondary Memory? 9.2Activity Check the knowledge Statement True or False  Cache Memory is very cheap  Secondary Memory is slower than Secondary Memories  Secondary Memory is Non Volatile Memory  Basically Memory has four types  Cache Memory is slower than main memory ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 38 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 10.Random Access Memory short note on RAM. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased. Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive. RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system (UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold. RAM is of two types types of RAM. Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM) short note on static Static RAM (SRAM) RAM(SRAM). The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis. Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher. So SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access. short note on dynamic Dynamic RAM (DRAM) RAM(DRAM). DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor. 10.1 Activity Answer Questions: 1) Name the types of RAM? 2) What is static RAM and its characteristics? 3) What is Dynamic RAM and its characteristics? 4) Expand the following:  RAM:  SRAM:  DRAM: ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 39 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 11.Read Only Memory short note on ROM. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven. Following are the various types of ROM types of ROM short note on MROM (Masked ROM) MROM(Masked ROM) The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive. PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) short note on PROM PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable. short note on EPROM EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than ten years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window (lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker. EEPROM short note on (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) EEPROM The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (milli second). In EEPROM, any location can be selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip. Hence, the process of re- programming is flexible but slow. Advantages of ROM 11.1 Activity Group Discussion ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 40 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 12.Motherboard short note on motherboard. The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. A motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer. explain description Description of Motherboard of motherboard. The motherboard is mounted inside the case and is securely attached via small screws through pre-drilled holes. Motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal components. It provides a single socket for CPU whereas for memory, normally one or more slots are available. Motherboards provide ports to attach floppy drive, hard drive, and optical drives via ribbon cables. Motherboard carries fans and a special port designed for power supply. There is a peripheral card slot in front of the motherboard using which video cards, sound cards and other expansion cards can be connected to motherboard. On the left side, motherboards carry a number of ports to connect monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also provide USB ports which allow compatible devices to be connected in plug-in/plug-out fashion for example, pen drive, digital cameras etc. Memory Units short note on Memory unit is: memory unit. The amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. That in which storage capacity is expressed in terms of Bytes. Following are the main memory storage units: ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 41 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ what are the main storage units? Sr. No. Unit Description A binary digit is logical 0 and 1 representing a passive or an active Bit (Binary state of a 1 Digit) component in an electric circuit. 2 Nibble A group of 4 bits is called nibble. A group of 8 bits is called byte. A byte is the smallest unit which can represent a 3 Byte data item or a character. A computer word, like a byte, is a group of fixed number of bits processed as a unit which varies from computer to computer but is fixed for each computer. The length of a computer word is called word-size or word length 4 Word and it may be as small as 8 bits or may be as long as 96 bits. A computer stores the information in the form of computer words. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 42 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Few higher storage units are following higher storage unit Sr. No. Unit Description 1 Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes 2 Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB 3 GigaByte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB 4 TeraByte (TB 1 TB = 1024 GB 5 PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB 12.1 Activity Visit: Visit to a Computer room where there is scrap CPU and check the mother board. So that you can make out how the mother board of a computer looks like 12.2 Activity AnswerQuestion: What is Memory Unit? A group of 4 Bits is called__________________ A group of 8 Bits is called__________________ 1 GB=_____________ 1 TB=______________ 30 MB=_____________ ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 43 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session13. Ports What is a Port? short note on port. A port : is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer. can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from a program to computer or over the internet. Characteristics characteristics of A port has the following characteristics port External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports. Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of external device is plugged in. Examples of external devices attached via ports are mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers etc. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 44 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Following are few important types of ports types of port Serial Port Used for external modems and older computer mouse Two versions: 9 pin, 25 pin model short note on serial port/types of port Data travels at 115 kilobits per second Parallel Port Used for scanners and printers short note on Also called printer port parallel port/types of port 25 pin model Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port PS/2 Port Used for old computer keyboard and mouse short note on PS/2 Also called mouse port port/types of port Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for mouse and keyboard Also known as IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard etc. It was introduced in 1997. short note on universal serial bus Most of the computers provide two USB ports as minimum. (USB)/types of port Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 45 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ VGA Port Connects monitor to a computer's video card. short note on VGA Has 15 holes. port/types of port Similar to serial port connector but serial port connector has pins, it has holes. Power Connector short note on power connector/ Three-pronged plug types of port Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket Firewire Port Transfers large amount of data at very fast speed. Connects camcorders and video equipments to the computer Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per seconds short note on firewire port/types Invented by Apple of port Three variants: 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector and 9- Pin FireWire 800 connector Modem Port Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network. short note on modem port types of port Ethernet Port Connects to a network and high speed Internet. Connect network cable to a computer. short note on ethernet port/types This port resides on an Ethernet Card. of port Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per seconds depending upon the network bandwidth. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 46 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Game Port Connect a joystick to a PC Now replaced by USB. short note on game port/types of port Digital Video Interface, DVI port Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high end video graphic cards. Very popular among video card manufacturers. Sockets Connect microphone, speakers to sound card of the computer 13.1 Activity AnswerQuestions:  What is a port?  Name some of the characteristics of Port? Practical: Duration: 30 Min  Look at the computers and Observe the different types of port, sockets in it  Note down the different types of Ports sockets in the computer which you observe  If you have laptop, computer at home, List out the sockets, Ports in it? Notes: ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 47 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session14.Hardware Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer i.e. the components that can be seen and touched. Examples of Hardware are following: what is hardware Input devices -- keyboard, mouse etc. and explain with Output devices -- printer, monitor etc. examples. Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk, CD, DVD etc. Internal components -- CPU, motherboard, RAM etc. Answer Questions:  What is hardware? List out the examples of Hardware  Write the relation between Hardware and Software? Notes: 14.1Activity Group Discussion ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 48 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 15.Software what is software? Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem. There are two types of software System Software types of software Application Software short note on system software/ System Software types of software The system software is collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software are generally prepared by computer manufactures. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level languages which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the interface between hardware and the end users. Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, and Assemblers etc. Features of system software are as follows Close to system Fast in speed Difficult to design features of system software Difficult to understand Less interactive Smaller in size Difficult to manipulate Generally written in low-level language ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 49 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ short note on application Application Software software/types of software Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application software. Application software may consist of a single program, such as a Microsoft's notepad for writing and editing simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package. Examples of Application software are following Payroll Software Student Record Software Inventory Management Software Income Tax Software Railways Reservation Software Microsoft Office Suite Software Microsoft Word Microsoft Excel Microsoft PowerPoint Features of application software are as follows Close to user Easy to design More interactive features of application Slow in speed software Generally written in high-level language Easy to understand Easy to manipulate and use Bigger in size and requires large storage space ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 50 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Answer Questions:  Name some of the types of Software?  What is system software?  What is application software? Examples  List out some of the software applications which you know  Have a brain storm session on software application 15.1 Activity Group Discussion ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 51 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session16.Number System When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them in numbers as computers can understand only numbers. A computer can understand positional number system where there are only a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number. A value of each digit in a number can be determined using The digit The position of the digit in the number The base of the number system (where base is defined as the total number of digits available in the number system). Decimal Number System The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). For example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in the units position, 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands position, and its value can be written as (1x1000)+ (2x100)+ (3x10)+ (4xl) (1x103)+ (2x102)+ (3x101)+ (4xl00) 1000 + 200 + 30 + 4 1234 As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you should understand the following number systems which are frequently used in computers. 1 Binary Number System Base 2. Digits used: 0, 1 2 Octal Number System Base 8. Digits used: 0 to 7 3 Hexa Decimal Number System Base 16. Digits used: 0 to 9, Letters used: A- F ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 52 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Binary Number System Characteristics of binary number system are as follows Uses two digits, 0 and 1. Also called base 2 number system Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). 16.1 Activity Calculating Decimal Equivalent Example Last position in a binary number represents a x power of the base (2). Example 2x where x represents the last position - 1. Example Binary Number: 101012 Calculating Decimal Equivalent: Step Binary Number Decimal Number Step 1 101012 ((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10 Step 2 101012 (16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10 Step 3 101012 2110 Note: 101012is normally written as 10101. Note: 101012 is normally written as 10101. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 53 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Octal Number System Characteristics of octal number system are as follows Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Also called base 8 number system Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example 80 Last position in an octal number represents a x power of the base (8). Example 8x where x represents the last position - 1. 16.2 Activity Calculating Decimal Equivalent Example Octal Number: 125708 Calculating Decimal Equivalent: Step Octal Number Decimal Number Step 1 125708 ((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x 80))10 Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10 Step 3 125708 549610 Note: 125708is normally written as 12570. Hexadecimal Number System Characteristics of hexadecimal number system are as follows Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F. Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15. Also called base 16 number system Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example 160 Last position in a hexadecimal number represents a x power of the base (16). Example 16x where x represents the last position - 1. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 54 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ 16.3 Activity Calculating Decimal Equivalent Example Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16 Calculating Decimal Equivalent: Binary Step Number Decimal Number Step 1 19FDE16 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x 160))10 ((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (15 x 162) + (13 x 161) + (14 x Step 2 19FDE16 160))10 Step 3 19FDE16 (65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10 Step 4 19FDE16 10646210 Note: 19FDE16is normally written as 19FDE. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 55 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Session 17.Number Conversion There are many methods or techniques which can be used to convert numbers from one base to another. We'll demonstrate here the following Decimal to Other Base System Other Base System to Decimal Other Base System to Non-Decimal Shortcut method - Binary to Octal Shortcut method - Octal to Binary Shortcut method - Binary to Hexadecimal Shortcut method - Hexadecimal to Binary Decimal to Other Base System Steps Step 1 - Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the new base. Step 2 - Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least significant digit) of new base number. Step 3 - Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base. Step 4 - Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of the new base number. Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left, until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3. The last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new base number. 17.1 Activity Calculating Binary Equivalent Example Decimal Number: 2910 Calculating Binary Equivalent: ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 56 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Step Operation Result Remainder 2 Step 1 9 /2 14 1 1 Step 2 4 /2 7 0 Step 3 7/2 3 1 Step 4 3/2 1 1 Step 5 1/2 0 1 As mentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be arranged in the reverse order so that the first remainder becomes the least significant digit (LSD) and the last remainder becomes the most significant digit (MSD). Decimal Number: 2910 = Binary Number: 111012. Other base system to Decimal System Steps Step 1 - Determine the column (positional) value of each digit (this depends on the position of the digit and the base of the number system). Step 2 - Multiply the obtained column values (in Step 1) by the digits in the corresponding columns. Step 3 - Sum the products calculated in Step 2. The total is the equivalent value in decimal. ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 57 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ 17.2 Activity Calculating Decimal Equivalent: Example Binary Number: 111012 Step Binary Number Decimal Number Step 1 111012 ((1 x 24) + (1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10 Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10 Step 3 111012 2910 Binary Number: 111012 = Decimal Number: 2910 Other Base System to Non-Decimal System Steps Step 1 - Convert the original number to a decimal number (base 10). Step 2 - Convert the decimal number so obtained to the new base number. 17.3Activity Calculating Binary Equivalent: Example Octal Number: 258 Step 1: Convert to Decimal Step Octal Number Decimal Number Step 1 258 ((2 x 81) + (5 x 80))10 Step 2 258 (16 + 5 )10 Step 3 258 2110 Octal Number: 258 = Decimal Number: 2110 ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 58 ------------------------------------------------------- TISS – SVE ------------------------------------------------------ Step 2: Convert Decimal to Binary Step Operation Result Remainder Step 1 21 / 2 10 1 Step 2 10 / 2 5 0 Step 3 5/2 2 1 Step 4 2/2 1 0 Step 5 1/2 0 1 Decimal Number: 2110 = Binary Number: 101012 Octal Number: 258 = Binary Number: 101012 Shortcut method - Binary to Octal Steps Step 1 - Divide the binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right). Step 2 - Convert each group of three binary digits to one octal digit. 17.4 Activity Calculating Octal Equivalent Example Binary Number: 101012 Step Binary Number Octal Number Step 1 101012 010 101 Step 2 101012 28 58 Step 3 101012 258 Binary Number: 101012 = Octal Number: 258 Shortcut method - Octal to Binary ___________________________________________________________________________ IT Foundations & Programming Concepts | PW | 59 -------------------------------------------------------

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