ISTQB® Certified Tester Syllabus Foundation Level PDF Exam Answers

Sample Exam – Answers Sample Exam set A Version 1.6 ISTQB® Certified Tester Syllabus Foundation Level...

Sample Exam – Answers Sample Exam set A Version 1.6 ISTQB® Certified Tester Syllabus Foundation Level Compatible with Syllabus version 4.0 International Software Testing Qualifications Board Version 1.6 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board  Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Copyright Notice Copyright Notice © International Software Testing Qualifications Board (hereinafter called ISTQB®). ISTQB® is a registered trademark of the International Software Testing Qualifications Board. All rights reserved. The authors hereby transfer the copyright to the ISTQB®. The authors (as current copyright holders) and ISTQB® (as the future copyright holder) have agreed to the following conditions of use: Extracts, for non-commercial use, from this document may be copied if the source is acknowledged. Any Accredited Training Provider may use this sample exam in their training course if the authors and the ISTQB® are acknowledged as the source and copyright owners of the sample exam and provided that any advertisement of such a training course is done only after official Accreditation of the training materials has been received from an ISTQB®-recognized Member Board. Any individual or group of individuals may use this sample exam in articles and books, if the authors and the ISTQB® are acknowledged as the source and copyright owners of the sample exam. Any other use of this sample exam is prohibited without first obtaining the approval in writing of the ISTQB®. Any ISTQB®-recognized Member Board may translate this sample exam provided they reproduce the abovementioned Copyright Notice in the translated version of the sample exam. Document Responsibility The ISTQB® Examination Working Group is responsible for this document. This document is maintained by a core team from ISTQB® consisting of the Syllabus Working Group and Exam Working Group. Acknowledgements This document was produced by a core team from ISTQB®: Laura Albert, Wim de Coutere, Arnika Hryszko, Gary Mogyorodi, (technical rewiever), Meile Posthuma, Gandhinee Rajkomar, Stuart Reid, Jean-François Riverin, Adam Roman, Lucjan Stapp, Stephanie Ulrich, Yaron Tsubery and Eshraka Zakaria. The core team thanks the reviewers: Amanda Alderman, Alexander Alexandrov, Jürgen Beniermann, Rex Black, Young jae.Choi, Nicola De Rosa, Klaudia Dussa-Zieger, Klaus Erlenbach. Joëlle Genois, Tamás Gergely, Dot Graham, Matthew Gregg, Gabriele Haller, Chinthaka Indikadahena, John Kurowski, Ine Lutterman, Isabelle Martin, Patricia McQuaid, Dénes Medzihradszky, Blair Mo, Gary Mogyorodi, Jörn Münzel, Markus Niehammer, Ingvar Nordström, Fran O'Hara, Raul Onisor, Dénes Orosz, Arnd Pehl, Horst Pohlmann, Nishan Portoyan, Ale Rebon Portillo, Stuart Reid, Ralf Reissing, Liang Ren, Jean-Francois Riverin, Lloyd Roden, Tomas Rosenqvist, Murian Song, Szilard Szell, Giancarlo Tomasig, Joanne Tremblay, François Vaillancourt, Daniel van der Zwan, André Verschelling and Paul Weymouth for their suggestions and input. Version 1.6 Page 2 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Revision History Sample Exam – Answers Layout Template used: Version 2.9 Date: August 10, 2022 Version Date Remarks 1.6 May 27, 2024 Correction of Answer: #5, #6, #12, #16, #A7, #A21 1.5 April 12, 2024 Correction of Answer: #2 1.4 December 19, 2023 Bump to match Question document version 1.3 November 21, 2023 Bump to match Question document version 1.2 November 6, 2023 Correction of Answer: #2, #5, #17 1.1 October 16, 2023 Bump to match Question document version Layout tweaks 1.0 April 12, 2023 Release version Version 1.6 Page 3 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board  Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Table of Contents Copyright Notice............................................................................................................................. 2 Document Responsibility................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................... 2 Revision History.............................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 6 Purpose of this document............................................................................................................ 6 Instructions.................................................................................................................................. 6 Answer Key..................................................................................................................................... 7 Answers.......................................................................................................................................... 8 1................................................................................................................................................................. 8 2................................................................................................................................................................. 8 3................................................................................................................................................................. 9 4................................................................................................................................................................. 9 5............................................................................................................................................................... 10 6............................................................................................................................................................... 10 7............................................................................................................................................................... 11 8............................................................................................................................................................... 11 9............................................................................................................................................................... 11 10............................................................................................................................................................. 12 11............................................................................................................................................................. 12 12............................................................................................................................................................. 12 13............................................................................................................................................................. 13 14............................................................................................................................................................. 13 15............................................................................................................................................................. 14 16............................................................................................................................................................. 14 17............................................................................................................................................................. 15 18............................................................................................................................................................. 15 19............................................................................................................................................................. 16 20............................................................................................................................................................. 17 21............................................................................................................................................................. 17 22............................................................................................................................................................. 18 23............................................................................................................................................................. 18 26............................................................................................................................................................. 20 27............................................................................................................................................................. 20 28............................................................................................................................................................. 21 29............................................................................................................................................................. 21 30............................................................................................................................................................. 21 31............................................................................................................................................................. 22 32............................................................................................................................................................. 22 33............................................................................................................................................................. 22 34............................................................................................................................................................. 23 35............................................................................................................................................................. 23 36............................................................................................................................................................. 23 37............................................................................................................................................................. 24 38............................................................................................................................................................. 24 39............................................................................................................................................................. 25 40............................................................................................................................................................. 25 Appendix: Answer Key for Additional Sample Questions............................................................... 26 Appendix: Answers to Additional Sample Questions..................................................................... 27 A1............................................................................................................................................................. 27 A2............................................................................................................................................................. 28 A3............................................................................................................................................................. 28 Version 1.6 Page 4 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers A4............................................................................................................................................................. 28 A5............................................................................................................................................................. 29 A6............................................................................................................................................................. 29 A7............................................................................................................................................................. 30 A8............................................................................................................................................................. 30 A9............................................................................................................................................................. 31 A10........................................................................................................................................................... 31 A11........................................................................................................................................................... 32 A12........................................................................................................................................................... 32 A13........................................................................................................................................................... 32 A14........................................................................................................................................................... 33 A15........................................................................................................................................................... 33 A16........................................................................................................................................................... 33 A17........................................................................................................................................................... 34 A18........................................................................................................................................................... 34 A19........................................................................................................................................................... 34 A20........................................................................................................................................................... 35 A21........................................................................................................................................................... 35 A22........................................................................................................................................................... 35 A23........................................................................................................................................................... 36 A24........................................................................................................................................................... 36 A25........................................................................................................................................................... 37 A26........................................................................................................................................................... 37 Version 1.6 Page 5 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board  Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Introduction Purpose of this document The example questions and answers and associated justifications in this sample exam have been created by a team of subject matter experts and experienced question writers with the aim of:  Assisting ISTQB® Member Boards and Exam Boards in their question writing activities  Providing training providers and exam candidates with examples of exam questions These questions cannot be used as-is in any official examination. Note, that real exams may include a wide variety of questions, and this sample exam is not intended to include examples of all possible question types, styles, or lengths, also this sample exam may both be more difficult or less difficult than any official exam. Instructions In this document you will find:  Answer Key table, including for each correct answer: - K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value  Answer Key table for additional questions, including for each correct answer: - K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value  Answer sets, including for all questions: - Correct answer - Justification for each response (answer) option - K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value  Additional answer sets, including for all questions [does not apply to all sample exams*]: - Correct answer - Justification for each response (answer) option - K-level, Learning Objective, and Point value * The first 40 questions and their answers are arranged according to the exam structure and rules and therefore simulate a sample exam. The block “Answers to Additional Sample Questions” contains the answers to additional questions that are not part of the sample exam but may help the learner to gain a deeper knowledge in the related fields.  Questions are contained in a separate document Version 1.6 Page 6 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Answer Key Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points Number (#) Number (#) 1 c FL-1.1.1 K1 1 21 a FL-4.2.2 K3 1 2 a FL-1.2.1 K2 1 22 d FL-4.2.3 K3 1 3 a FL-1.3.1 K2 1 23 d FL-4.2.4 K3 1 4 b FL-1.4.1 K2 1 24 a FL-4.3.1 K2 1 5 b FL-1.4.2 K2 1 25 d FL-4.3.3 K2 1 6 a, e FL-1.4.5 K2 1 26 a FL-4.4.1 K2 1 7 b FL-1.5.1 K2 1 27 c FL-4.4.2 K2 1 8 d FL-1.5.2 K1 1 28 b FL-4.5.2 K2 1 9 d FL-2.1.2 K1 1 29 a FL-4.5.3 K3 1 10 c FL-2.1.3 K1 1 30 c FL-5.1.2 K1 1 11 d FL-2.1.5 K2 1 31 c, e FL-5.1.3 K2 1 12 c FL-2.1.6 K2 1 32 d FL-5.1.4 K3 1 13 a FL-2.2.1 K2 1 33 a FL-5.1.5 K3 1 14 b FL-2.2.3 K2 1 34 a FL-5.1.7 K2 1 15 a FL-3.1.2 K2 1 35 c FL-5.2.4 K2 1 16 d FL-3.2.1 K1 1 36 d FL-5.3.3 K2 1 17 b FL-3.2.4 K2 1 37 c FL-5.4.1 K2 1 18 d FL-3.2.5 K1 1 38 c FL-5.5.1 K3 1 19 c FL-4.1.1 K2 1 39 c FL-6.1.1 K2 1 20 b FL-4.2.1 K3 1 40 b FL-6.2.1 K1 1 Version 1.6 Page 7 of 38 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 1 c a) Is not correct. It is impossible to prove that there are no defects FL-1.1.1 K1 1 anymore in the system under test. See testing principle 1 b) Is not correct. See testing principle 7 c) Is correct. Testing finds defects and failures which reduces the level of risk and at the same time gives more confidence in the quality level of the test object d) Is not correct. It is impossible to test all combinations of inputs (see testing principle 2) 2 a a) Is correct. It is important that testers are involved from the beginning of FL-1.2.1 K2 1 the software development lifecycle (SDLC). It will increase understanding of design decisions and will detect defects early. b) Is not correct. Both developers and testers will have more understanding of each other's work products and how to test the code c) Is not correct. End users will not help the testers in increasing the quality of defect reports; also, users usually do not participate in low-level testing levels like integration testing d) Is not correct. Being certified does not automatically mean that the tester will be better in test design Version 1.6 Page 8 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 3 a a) Is correct. This principle means that if the same tests are repeated over FL-1.3.1 K2 1 and over again, eventually these tests no longer find any new defects. This is probably why the tests all passed in this release as well b) Is not correct. This principle says about the mistaken belief that just finding and fixing a large number of defects will ensure the success of a system c) Is not correct. This principle says that a small number of components usually contain most of the defects d) Is not correct. This principle states that testing all combinations of inputs and preconditions is not feasible 4 b a) Is not correct. Estimating the test effort is part of test planning FL-1.4.1 K2 1 b) Is correct. This is an example of defining test conditions which is a part of test analysis c) Is not correct. Using test techniques to derive coverage items is a part of test design d) Is not correct. Reporting defects found during dynamic testing is a part of test execution Version 1.6 Page 9 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 5 b i. Is true. The SDLC has an influence on the test approach FL-1.4.2 K2 1 ii. Is false. The number of defects detected in previous projects may have some influence, but this is not as significant as i, iii and iv iii. Is true. The identified product risks are one of the most important factors influencing the test approach iv. Is true. Regulatory requirements are important factors influencing the test approach v. Is false. The test environment has no significant influence on the test approach Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct 6 a, e a) Is correct. This is done by the testers FL-1.4.5 K2 1 b) Is not correct. The product backlog is built and maintained by the product owner c) Is not correct. This is done by the development team d) Is not correct. This is a managerial role e) Is correct. This is done by the testers since its technical task done as part of a test analysis. Version 1.6 Page 10 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 7 b i. Is true. Having domain knowledge is an important tester skill FL-1.5.1 K2 1 ii. Is false. This is a task of the business analyst together with the business representative iii. Is true. Being a good team player is an important skill iv. Is false. Planning and organizing the work of the team is a task of the test manager or, mostly in an Agile software development project, the whole team and not just the tester v. Is true. Critical thinking is one of the most important skills of testers Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct 8 d a) Is not correct. The test automation approach is defined by testers with FL-1.5.2 K1 1 the help of developers and business representatives b) Is not correct. The test strategy is decided in collaboration with the developers c) Is not correct. Testers, developers, and business representatives are part of the whole team approach d) Is correct. Testers will work closely with business representatives to ensure that the desired quality levels are achieved. This includes supporting and collaborating with them to help them create suitable acceptance tests 9 d a) Is not correct FL-2.1.2 K1 1 b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is correct. This rule holds for all SDLC models Version 1.6 Page 11 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 10 c a) Is not correct. It is more often used in behavior-driven development FL-2.1.3 K1 1 (BDD) b) Is not correct. It is the description of test-driven development (TDD) c) Is correct. In acceptance test-driven development (ATDD) tests are written from acceptance criteria as part of the design process d) Is not correct. It is used in BDD 11 d a) Is not correct. Early review is an example of the shift left approach FL-2.1.5 K2 1 b) Is not correct. TDD is an example of the shift left approach c) Is not correct. Early non-functional testing is an example of the shift left approach d) Is correct. Test scripts should be subject to configuration management, so it makes no sense to create the test scripts before this process is set up 12 c a) Is not correct. Retrospectives are more useful for identifying FL-2.1.6 K2 1 improvement opportunities and have little importance for clients b) Is not correct. Retrospectives are not aimed to collect feedback about the product, but about the process. Additionally, retrospectives are internal activity for the team and should not include end user representatives c) Is correct. Regularly conducted retrospectives, when appropriate follow up activities occur, are critical to continual improvement of development and testing d) Is not correct. Courage and respect are values of Extreme Programming and are not closely related to retrospectives Version 1.6 Page 12 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 13 a Considering: FL-2.2.1 K2 1  The test basis for acceptance testing is the user’s business needs (1D)  Communication between components is tested during component integration testing (2B)  Failures in logic can be found during component testing (3A)  Business rules are the test basis for system testing (4C) Thus: a) Is correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct 14 b Because TC1 and TC3 failed in Execution 1 (i.e., test (1) and test (3)), test FL-2.2.3 K2 1 (4) and test (6) are confirmation tests. Because TC2 and TC3 failed in Execution 2 (i.e., tests (5) and (6)), test (8) and test (9) are also confirmation tests. TC2 passed in Execution 1 (i.e., test (2)), so test (5) is a regression test. TC1 passed in the Execution 2 (i.e., test (4)), so test (7) is also a regression test. Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct Version 1.6 Page 13 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 15 a a) Is correct. Defect management is no less expensive. Finding and fixing FL-3.1.2 K2 1 defects later in SDLC is more costly b) Is not correct. This is a benefit of static testing c) Is not correct. This is a benefit of static testing d) Is not correct. This is a benefit of static testing 16 d a) Is not correct. Feedback can improve the test process, but if one only FL-3.2.1 K1 1 wants to improve future projects, the feedback does not need to come early or frequently b) Is not correct. Feedback is not used to prioritize requirements c) Is not correct. There is no one, recommended way to measure quality of changes. Also, this is not one of the benefits of early feedback that are mentioned in section 3.2.1 d) Is correct. Early and frequent feedback can prevent misunderstandings about requirements Version 1.6 Page 14 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 17 b Considering the attributes: FL-3.2.4 K2 1  Specified for walkthroughs, technical reviews, and inspections; thus, the reviews being performed cannot be informal reviews  The purpose of evaluating quality is one of the most important objectives of a walkthrough  This is not allowed for inspections and is typically not done in technical reviews. A moderator is needed in walkthroughs and is allowed for informal reviews  All types of reviews can include individual preparation (even informal reviews)  All types of reviews can produce a review report, although informal reviews do not require documentation Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct 18 d a) Is not correct. Adequate time for individuals is a success factor FL-3.2.5 K1 1 b) Is not correct. Splitting work products into small adequate parts is a success factor c) Is not correct. Avoiding behaviors that might indicate boredom, exasperation, etc. is a success factor d) Is correct. During reviews one can find defects, not failures Version 1.6 Page 15 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 19 c a) Is not correct. This is a common characteristic of white-box test FL-4.1.1 K2 1 techniques. Test conditions, test cases, and test data are derived from a test basis that may include code, software architecture, detailed design, or any other source of information regarding the structure of the software. b) Is not correct. This is a common characteristic of white-box test techniques. Coverage is measured based on the items tested within a selected structure and the technique applied to the test basis c) Is correct. This is a common characteristic of experience-based test techniques. This knowledge and experience include expected use of the software, its environment, likely defects, and the distribution of those defects is used to define tests d) Is not correct. This is a common characteristic of black-box test techniques. Test cases may be used to detect gaps within requirements and the implementation of the requirements, as well as deviations from the requirements Version 1.6 Page 16 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 20 b “Small garden” and “large garden” can go only with “ground floor”, so we FL-4.2.1 K3 1 need two test cases with “ground floor” which cover these two “garden type” partitions. We need two more test cases to cover the two other “floor” partitions and a remaining ”garden type” partition of “no garden”. We need a total of four test cases: TC1 (ground floor, small garden) TC2 (ground floor, large garden) TC3 (first floor, no garden) TC4 (second or higher floor, no garden) Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct 21 a There are 12 boundary values for the final result values: 0, 50, 51, 60, 61, FL-4.2.2 K3 1 70, 71, 80, 81, 90, 91, and 100. The test cases cover six of them (TC1 – 91, TC2 – 50, TC3 – 81, TC4 – 60, TC5 – 70 and TC7 – 51). Therefore, the test cases cover 6/12 = 50%. Thus: a) Is correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct Version 1.6 Page 17 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 22 d a) Is not correct. A member without a missed deadline can get a discount FL-4.2.3 K3 1 and a gift T-Shirt after 15 bicycle rentals b) Is not correct. A member without a missed deadline can get a discount but no gift T-Shirt until they rented a bicycle 15 times c) Is not correct. Non-members cannot get a discount, even if they did not miss a deadline yet d) Is correct. No discount as a non-member that has also missed a deadline, but only members can receive a gift T-Shirt. Hence, the action is not correct 23 d “test” and “error” transitions cannot occur in one test case. FL-4.2.4 K3 1 Neither can both “done” transitions. This means we need at least three test cases to achieve transition coverage. For example: TC1: test, done TC2: run, error, done TC3: run, pause, resume, pause, done Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is correct Version 1.6 Page 18 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 24 a a) Is correct. Since 100% statement coverage is achieved, every FL-4.3.1 K2 1 statement, including the ones with defects, must have been executed and evaluated at least once b) Is not correct. Coverage depends on what is tested, not on the number of test cases. For example, for code “if (x==0) y=1”, one test case (x=0) achieves 100% statement coverage, but two test cases (x=1) and (x=2) together achieve only 50% statement coverage c) Is not correct. If there is a loop in the code there may be an infinite number of possible paths, so it is not possible to execute all the possible paths in the code d) Is not correct. Exhaustive testing is not possible (see the seven testing principles section in the syllabus). For example, for code “input x; print x” any single test with arbitrary x achieves 100% statement coverage, but covers one input value 25 d a) Is not correct. The fundamental strength of white-box test techniques is FL-4.3.3 K2 1 that the entire software implementation is taken into account during testing b) Is not correct. White-box coverage measures provide an objective measure of coverage and provide the necessary information to allow additional tests to be generated to increase this coverage c) Is not correct. White-box test techniques can be used to perform reviews (static testing) d) Is correct. This is the weakness of the white-box test techniques. They are not able to identify the missing implementation, because they are based solely on the test object structure, not on the requirements specification Version 1.6 Page 19 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 26 a a) Is correct. The basic concept behind error guessing is that the tester FL-4.4.1 K2 1 tries to guess what errors may have been made by the developer and what defects may be in the test object based on past experience (and sometimes checklists) b) Is not correct. Although a testers who used to be a developer may use their personal experience to help them when performing error guessing, the test technique is not based on prior knowledge of development c) Is not correct. Error guessing is not a usability technique for guessing how users may fail to interact with the test object d) Is not correct. Duplicating the development task has several flaws that make it impractical, such as the tester having equivalent skills to the developer and the time involved to perform the development. It is not error guessing 27 c a) Is not correct. This is a new product. You probably do not have a FL-4.4.2 K2 1 checklist yet and test conditions might not be known due to missing requirements b) Is not correct. This is a new product. You probably do not have enough information to make correct error guesses c) Is correct. Exploratory testing is most useful when there are few known specifications and/or there is a pressing timeline for testing d) Is not correct. Branch testing is time-consuming, and your management is asking about some test results now. Also, branch testing does not involve domain knowledge Version 1.6 Page 20 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 28 b a) Is not correct. Retrospectives are used to capture lessons learned and FL-4.5.2 K2 1 to improve the development and testing process, not to document the acceptance criteria b) Is correct. This is the standard way to document acceptance criteria c) Is not correct. Verbal communication does not allow to physically document the acceptance criteria as part of a user story (”card” aspect in the 3C’s model) d) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria are related to a user story, not a test plan. Also, acceptance criteria are the conditions that have to be fulfilled to decide if the user story is complete. Risks are not such conditions 29 a a) Is correct. This test covers two acceptance criteria: one about editing FL-4.5.3 K3 1 the document and one about saving changes b) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria cover the editor activities, not the content owner activities c) Is not correct. Scheduling the edited content for publication may be a nice feature, but it is not covered by the acceptance criteria d) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria state about reassigning from an editor to the content owner, not to another editor 30 c a) Is not correct. Priorities for user stories are determined by the business FL-5.1.2 K1 1 representative together with the development team b) Is not correct. Testers focus on both functional and non-functional aspects of the system to be tested c) Is correct. According to the syllabus, this is one of the ways testers add value to iteration and release planning d) Is not correct. Early test design is not part of release planning. Early test design does not automatically guarantee the release of quality software Version 1.6 Page 21 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 31 c, e a) Is not correct. Test environment readiness is a resource availability FL-5.1.3 K2 1 criterion; hence it belongs to the entry criteria b) Is not correct. This is a resource availability criterion; hence it belongs to the entry criteria c) Is correct. Estimated defect density is a measure of diligence; hence it belongs to the exit criteria. d) Is not correct. Requirements translated into a given format result in testable requirements; hence it belongs to the entry criteria e) Is correct. Automation of regression tests is a completion criterion; hence it belongs to the exit criteria 32 d In the three-point estimation technique: FL-5.1.4 K3 1 E = (optimistic + 4*most likely + pessimistic)/6 E = (2+(4*11)+14)/6 = 10 Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is correct 33 a Test TC 001 must come first, followed by TC 002, to satisfy dependencies. FL-5.1.5 K3 1 Afterwards, TC 003 to satisfy priority and then TC 004, followed by TC 005. Thus: a) Is correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct Version 1.6 Page 22 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 34 a Considering: FL-5.1.7 K2 1  Usability testing is in Q3 (1 – C)  Component testing is in Q1 (2 – A)  Functional testing is in Q2 (3 – B)  Reliability testing is in Q4 (4 – D) Thus: a) Is correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is not correct 35 c a) Is not correct. We do not accept the risk; concrete actions are proposed FL-5.2.4 K2 1 b) Is not correct. No contingency plans are proposed c) Is correct. The proposed actions are related to testing, which is a form of risk mitigation d) Is not correct. Risk is not transferred but mitigated 36 d a) Is not correct. Acceptance criteria are the conditions used to decide FL-5.3.3 K2 1 whether the user story is ready. They cannot show work progress b) Is not correct. Defect reports inform about the defects. They do not show work progress c) Is not correct. Test completion report can be created after the iteration is finished, so it will not show the progress continuously within an iteration d) Is correct. Burndown charts are a graphical representation of work left to do versus time remaining. They are updated daily, so they can continuously show the work progress Version 1.6 Page 23 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 37 c a) Is not correct. Traceability is the relationship between two or more work FL-5.4.1 K2 1 products, not between different versions of the same work product b) Is not correct. Maintenance testing is about testing changes; it is not related closely to versioning c) Is correct. To support testing, configuration management may involve the version control of all test items d) Is not correct. Requirements engineering is the elicitation, documentation, and management of requirements; it is not closely related to test script versioning 38 c a) Is not correct. The expected result is “the application should accept the FL-5.5.1 K3 1 provided input and create the user”. The actual result is “The application hangs up after entering “Test input. $ä””. b) Is not correct. There is a reference to the test case and to the related requirement and it states that the defect is rejected. Also, the defect status would not be very helpful for the developers c) Is correct. We do not know in which test environment the anomaly was detected, and we also do not know which application (and its version) is affected d) Is not correct. The defect report states that the anomaly is urgent, that it is a global issue (i.e., many, if not all, test administration accounts are affected) and states the impact is high for business stakeholders Version 1.6 Page 24 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points 39 c a) Is not correct. Test monitoring involves the ongoing checking of all FL-6.1.1 K2 1 activities and comparison of actual progress against the test plan. Test control involves taking the actions necessary to meet the test objectives of the test plan. No test data are prepared during these activities. b) Is not correct. Test analysis includes analysis of the test basis to identify test conditions and prioritize them. Test data are not prepared during this activity. c) Is correct. Test design and implementation can both include the identification, creation or acquisition of the testware necessary for test execution (e.g., test data). d) Is not correct. Test completion activities occur at project milestones (e.g., release, end of iteration, test level completion), so it is too late for preparing test data. 40 b a) Is not correct. Test automation does not introduce unknown regressions FL-6.2.1 K1 1 in production b) Is correct. Wrong allocation of effort to maintain testware is a risk c) Is not correct. Test tools must be selected so that they and their testware can be relied upon d) Is not correct. The primary goal of test automation is to reduce manual testing. So, this is a benefit, not a risk Version 1.6 Page 25 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Appendix: Answer Key for Additional Sample Questions Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points Question Correct Answer LO K-Level Points Number (#) Number (#) A1 a FL-1.1.2 K2 1 A14 b FL-3.2.3 K1 1 A2 d FL-1.2.2 K1 1 A15 c FL-4.2.2 K3 1 A3 d FL-1.2.3 K2 1 A16 d FL-4.3.2 K2 1 A4 d FL-1.4.3 K2 1 A17 c FL-4.4.3 K2 1 A5 c FL-1.4.4 K2 1 A18 b FL-4.5.1 K2 1 A6 d FL-1.5.3 K2 1 A19 d FL-5.1.1 K2 1 A7 b, c FL-2.1.1 K2 1 A20 b FL-5.1.4 K3 1 A8 c FL-2.1.4 K2 1 A21 a FL-5.1.6 K1 1 A9 b FL-2.2.2 K2 1 A22 c FL-5.2.1 K1 1 A10 a FL-2.3.1 K2 1 A23 a FL-5.2.2 K2 1 A11 c FL-3.1.1 K1 1 A24 d FL-5.2.3 K2 1 A12 d FL-3.1.3 K2 1 A25 a, d FL-5.3.1 K1 1 A13 b FL-3.2.2 K2 1 A26 b FL-5.3.2 K2 1 Version 1.6 Page 26 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Appendix: Answers to Additional Sample Questions Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A1 a a) Is correct. Debugging is the process of finding, analyzing, and removing FL-1.1.2 K2 1 the causes of failures in a component or system b) Is not correct. Testing is the process concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of a component or system and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects. It is not related to fixing causes of failures c) Is not correct. Requirement elicitation is the process of gathering, capturing, and consolidating requirements from available sources. It is not related to fixing causes of failures d) Is not correct. Defect management is the process of recognizing, recording, classifying, investigating, resolving, and disposing of defects. It is not related to fixing causes of failures Version 1.6 Page 27 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A2 d Considering: FL-1.2.2 K1 1 Testing and quality assurance are not the same. Testing is the process consisting of all software development lifecycle (SDLC) activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of a component or system and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects. Quality assurance is focused on establishing, introducing, monitoring, improving, and adhering to the quality-related processes. Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is correct A3 d a) Is not correct. The root cause is the distraction that the programmer FL-1.2.3 K2 1 experienced while programming b) Is not correct. Accepting invalid inputs is a failure c) Is not correct. The error is the mistaken thinking that resulted in putting the defect in the code d) Is correct. The problem in the code is a defect A4 d The testware under consideration is a test charter FL-1.4.3 K2 1 Test charters are the output from test design Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is correct Version 1.6 Page 28 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A5 c a) Is not correct. Performing the impact analysis will not give information FL-1.4.4 K2 1 about completeness of tests. Analyzing the impact analysis of changes will help to select the right test cases for execution b) Is not correct. Traceability does not give information about the estimated level of residual risk if the test cases are not traced back to risks c) Is correct. Performing the impact analysis of the changes helps in selecting the test cases for the regression test d) Is not correct. Analyzing the traceability between the test basis, test objects and test cases does not help in selecting test data to achieve the assumed coverage of the test object. Selecting test data is more related to test analysis and test implementation, not traceability A6 d a) Is not correct. Quality should be the responsibility of everyone working FL-1.5.3 K2 1 on the project and not the sole responsibility of the test team b) Is not correct. First, it is not a benefit if an external test team does not meet delivery deadlines, and second, there is no reason to believe that external test teams will feel they do not have to meet strict delivery deadlines c) Is not correct. It is bad practice for the test team to work in complete isolation, and we would expect an external test team to be concerned with changing project requirements and communicating well with developers d) Is correct. Specifications are never perfect, meaning that assumptions will have to be made by the developer. An independent tester is useful in that they can challenge and verify the assumptions and subsequent interpretation made by the developer Version 1.6 Page 29 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A7 b, c a) Is not correct. The executable code is usually created in the later FL-2.1.1 K2 1 phases, so dynamic test execution cannot be performed early in the SDLC b) Is correct. In sequential development models, in the initial phases, testers participate in requirement reviews, which is a form of static testing. c) Is correct. Test planning could be performed early in the SDLC before the test project begins together with test analysis and test design. d) Is not correct. Acceptance test execution can be performed when there is a working product. In sequential SDLC models the working product is usually delivered later in the SDLC e) Is not correct. Maintenance testing when there is a working and deployed product, which is not done in the early phases of any SDLC. A8 c Consider: FL-2.1.4 K2 1 i. Is true. Faster product release and faster time to market is an advantage of DevOps ii. Is false. Typically, we need less effort for manual tests because of the use of test automation iii. Is true. Constant availability of executable software is an advantage iv. Is false. More regression tests are needed v. Is false. Not everything is automated and setting up a test automation framework is expensive Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) It is correct d) Is not correct Version 1.6 Page 30 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A9 b a) Is not correct. The fact that the requirement about the system’s FL-2.2.2 K2 1 performance comes directly from the client and that the performance is important from the business point of view (i.e., high priority) does not make these tests functional, because they do not check “what” the system does, but “how” (i.e., how fast the orders are processed) b) Is correct. This is an example of performance testing, a type of non- functional testing c) Is not correct. From the scenario, we do not know if interacting with the user interface is a part of the test conditions. But even if we did, the main test objective of these tests is to check the performance, not the usability d) Is not correct. We do not need to know the internal structure of the code to perform the performance testing. One can execute performance efficiency tests without structural knowledge A10 a a) Is correct. When a system is retired, this can require testing of data FL-2.3.1 K2 1 migration, which is a form of maintenance testing b) Is not correct. Regression testing verifies whether a fix accidentally affected the behavior of other parts of the code, but now we are talking about data migration to a new system c) Is not correct. Component testing focuses on individual hardware or software components, not on data migration d) Is not correct. Integration testing focuses on interactions between components and/or systems, not on data migration Version 1.6 Page 31 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A11 c Only third-party executable code cannot be reviewed. FL-3.1.1 K1 1 Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) It is correct d) Is not correct A12 d Consider: FL-3.1.3 K2 1 i. These behaviors are easily detectable while the software is running. Hence, dynamic testing shall be used to identify them ii. This is an example of deviations from standards, which is a typical defect that is easier found with static testing iii. If the software is executed during the test, it is dynamic testing iv. Identifying defects as early as possible is the test objective of both static testing and dynamic testing v. This is an example of gaps in the test basis traceability or coverage, which is a typical defect that is easier found with static testing Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) Is not correct d) Is correct A13 b a) Is not correct. In all types of reviews there is more than one role, even FL-3.2.2 K2 1 in informal ones b) Is correct. There are several activities during the formal review process c) Is not correct. Documentation to be reviewed should be distributed as early as possible d) Is not correct. Defects found during the review should be reported Version 1.6 Page 32 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A14 b a) Is not correct. This is the task of the review leader FL-3.2.3 K1 1 b) Is correct. This is the task of the management in a formal review c) Is not correct. This is the task of the moderator d) Is not correct. This is the task of the scribe A15 c There are three equivalence partitions: {..., 10, 11}, {12}, and {13, 14,...}. FL-4.2.2 K3 1 The boundary values are 11, 12 and 13. In the three-point boundary value analysis for each boundary, we need to test the boundary and both its neighbors, so:  for 11 we test 10, 11, 12  for 12 we test 11, 12, 13  for 13 we test 12, 13, 14 Altogether we need to test 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 Thus: a) Is not correct b) Is not correct c) Is correct d) Is not correct A16 d a) Is not correct. In this case one test case is still needed since there is at FL-4.3.2 K2 1 least one (unconditional) branch to be covered b) Is not correct. Covering only unconditional branches does not imply covering all conditional branches c) Is not correct. 100% branch coverage implies 100% statement coverage, not otherwise. For example, for an IF decision without the ELSE, one test is enough to achieve 100% statement coverage, but it only achieves 50% branch coverage d) Is correct. Each decision outcome corresponds to a conditional branch, so 100% branch coverage implies 100% decision coverage Version 1.6 Page 33 of 37 Release May 27, 2024 © International Software Testing Qualifications Board Certified Tester, Foundation Level Sample Exam set A Sample Exam – Answers Question Correct Explanation / Rationale Learning K-Level Number Number Answer Objective of (#) (LO) Points A17 c a) Is not correct. The book provides general guidance, and is not a formal FL-4.4.3 K2 1 requirements document, a specification, or a set of use cases, user stories, or business processes