Information Systems: Theory & Practice PDF

INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THEORY & PRACTICE TU7: Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology Prof. Dr. Paul Drews Intro Case Study 2 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Learning Objectives § What are the principal components of telecom...

INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THEORY & PRACTICE TU7: Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology Prof. Dr. Paul Drews Intro Case Study 2 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Learning Objectives § What are the principal components of telecommunications networks and key networking technologies? § What are the different types of networks? § How do the Internet and Internet technology work and how do they support communication and e- business? § What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless networking, communication, and Internet access? 3 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. Components of Networks 2. Key Networking Technology 3. The Internet and Internet Technology 4. Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking 4 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Broadband Internet Networking and Communication Trends § Convergence: § Telephone networks and computer networks converging into single digital network using Internet standards § Broadband: § More than 76 percent U.S. Internet users have broadband access § Broadband wireless: § Voice, data communication are increasingly taking place over broadband wireless platforms 5 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Broadband in Germany Availability of broad band Internet access in Germany Source: Breitbandatlas 2021 6 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Broadband in Germany Availability of broad band Internet access in Germany Source: Breitbandatlas 2021 7 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Broadband in Germany Availability of broad band Internet access in commercial areas in Germany Source: Breitbandatlas 2021 8 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS … is about improving broadband infrastructure. Availability of broad band Internet access in private households in Germany Source: Breitbandatlas 2021 9 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Broadband in Germany Source: BMVI, 2021 10 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology Computer network § Two or more connected computers § Major components in simple network § Client and server computers § Network interfaces (NICs) § Connection medium § Network operating system (NOS) § Hubs, switches, routers § Software-defined networking (SDN) § Functions of switches and routers managed by central program 11 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Components of a Simple Computer Network Figure 7-1 Illustrated here is a very simple computer network, consisting of computers, a network operating system residing on a dedicated server computer, cabling (wiring) connecting the devices, network interface cards (NIC), switches, and a router. Examples of Switches and Routers 12 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology Networks in large companies § Large number of local area networks (LANs) linked to firm-wide corporate network § Various powerful servers § Website § Corporate intranet, extranet § Backend systems § Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks) § Videoconferencing system § Telephone network § Wireless cell phones Figure 7-2 Today's corporate network infrastructure is a collection of many different networks from the public switched telephone network, to the Internet, to corporate local area networks linking workgroups, departments, or office floors. 13 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. Components of Networks 2. Key Networking Technology 3. The Internet and Internet Technology 4. Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking 14 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology Client/server computing § Distributed computing model § Clients linked through network controlled by network server computer § Server sets rules of communication for network and provides every client with an address so others can find it on the network § Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing § The Internet: largest implementation of client/server computing 15 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology Packet switching § Method of slicing digital messages into parcels (packets), sending packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassembling packets at destination § Previous circuit-switched networks required assembly of complete point-to-point circuit § Packet switching more efficient use of network’s communications capacity 16 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Packet-Switched Networks and Packet Communications Figure 7-3 Data are grouped into small packets, which are transmitted independently over various communications channels and reassembled at their final destination. 17 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Beispiel: Verbindung von Hamburg nach Brasilien 18 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Components of Networks and Key Networking Technology TCP/IP and connectivity § Protocols: rules that govern transmission of information between two points § Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) § Common worldwide standard that is basis for the Internet § Department of Defense reference model for TCP/IP § Four layers § Application layer § Transport layer § Internet layer § Network interface layer 19 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Reference Model e. g. HTTPS for transferring webpages TCP = transmission control protocol This figure illustrates the four establish a connection between computers, layers of the TCP/IP reference sequences transfer of packets model for communications. Figure 7-4 IP = Internet Protocol, addressing, routing, packaging „physical“ network connection, (cable, WIFI, etc.) 20 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Different Types of Networks: Analog vs. Digital Figure 7-5 A modem is a device that translates digital signals into analog form (and vice versa) so that computers can transmit data over analog networks such as telephone and cable networks. 21 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Different Types of Networks Types of networks § Local area networks (LANs) § Ethernet § Client/server vs. peer-to-peer § Wide area networks (WANs) § Metropolitan area networks (MANs) § Campus area networks (CANs) 22 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Different Types of Networks Physical transmission media § Twisted pair wire (CAT5) § Coaxial cable § Fiber optics cable § Wireless transmission media and devices § Satellites § Cellular systems Transmission speed § Bits per second (bps) § Hertz § Bandwidth 23 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. Components of Networks 2. Key Networking Technology 3. The Internet and Internet Technology 4. Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking 24 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology The Internet Internet addressing and architecture § World’s most extensive network § Each device on Internet assigned Internet § Internet service providers (ISPs) Protocol (IP) address § Provide connections § 32-bit number, e.g. 207.46.250.119 § Types of Internet connections: § Dial-up The Domain Name System (DNS) § Digital subscriber line (DSL/FIOS) § Converts IP addresses to domain names § Cable Internet connections § Hierarchical structure § Satellite § Top-level domains § Leased Lines 25 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Domain Name System The Domain Name System is a hierarchical system with a root domain, top-level domains, second-level domains, and host computers at the third level. Figure 7-6 26 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology Internet architecture and governance § Network service providers § Own trunk lines (high-speed backbone networks) § Regional telephone and cable TV companies § Provide regional and local access § Professional organizations and government bodies establish Internet standards § IAB § ICANN § W3C 27 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Internet Network Architecture The Internet backbone connects to regional networks, which in turn provide access to Internet service providers, large firms, and government institutions. Network access points (NAPs) and metropolitan area exchanges (MAEs) are hubs where the backbone intersects regional and local networks and where backbone owners connect with one another. Figure 7-7 28 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS DE-CIX: Germany‘s (and the world‘s) biggest Internet exchange Peak Throughput: 9,1 Tbit/s (Mar 2020) § > 59 Tbit/s connected partner capacity § > 900 Interconnects Source: de-cix.net 29 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS DE-CIX: Germany‘s biggest Internet Exchange March 2020: + 10 % overall à videoconf + 50% Throughput in the last 5 years à gaming + 25% Source: DE-CIX 30 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology The Future Internet: IPv6 and Internet 2 § IPv6 § New addressing scheme for IP numbers § Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses § Not compatible with current IPv4 addressing Source: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ipv6_address_leading_zeros.svg/1200px-Ipv6_address_leading_zeros.svg.png 31 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS IPv4 vs. IPv6 Source: extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/v4_v6_table.png 32 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology § “Internet 2” § Advanced networking consortium § Universities, businesses, government agencies, other institutions § Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network § Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet 33 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology Internet services § E-mail § Chatting and instant messaging § Newsgroups § Telnet § File Transfer Protocol (FTP) § World Wide Web 34 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Client/Server Computing on the Internet Figure 7-8 Client computers running Web browser and other software can access an array of services on servers over the Internet. These services may all run on a single server or on multiple specialized servers. 35 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology Voice over IP (VoIP) § Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching § Providers: § Telco providers, Google, Skype Unified communications § Communications systems that integrate voice, data, e-mail, conferencing Virtual private network (VPN) § Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet § PPTP § Tunneling Source: static1.squarespace.com/static/552d88f0e4b0b2413e1c6b95/t/55654497e4b00ac626a7e5dc/1432700055788/Skype-animation.jpg?format=1500w 36 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS How Voice over IP Works Figure 7-9 A VoIP phone call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel along different routes before being reassembled at the final destination. A processor nearest the call’s destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer. 37 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS A Virtual Private Network Using the Internet Figure 7-10 This VPN is a private network of computers linked using a secure tunnel connection over the Internet. It protects data transmitted over the public Internet by encoding the data and wrapping them within the Internet protocol. By adding a wrapper around a network message to hide its content, organizations can create a private connection that travels through the public Internet. 38 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology The Web § Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) § Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): § Communications standard used for transferring Web pages § Uniform resource locators (URLs): § Addresses of Web pages § http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html § Web servers § Software for locating and managing web pages 39 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology § Search engines § Mobile search § Semantic search and predictive search Source: secondcity.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1920searchengine.jpg § Visual search § Intelligent agent shopping bots § Search engine marketing § Search engine optimization (SEO) Source: cdn3.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2015/07/seo.jpg 40 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Top Web Search Engines Worldwide Google is the world’s most popular search engine. Figure 7-11 41 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS How Google Works Figure 7-12 The Google search engine is continuously crawling the web, indexing the content of each page, calculating its popularity, and storing the pages so that it can respond quickly to user requests to see a page. The entire process takes about half a second. 42 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology § Social search § Effort to provide more relevant results by including pages visited by user’s social network § Facebook Like § Semantic search § Anticipating what users are looking for rather than simply returning millions of links § Intelligent agent shopping bots § Use intelligent agent software for searching Internet for shopping information 43 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS The Internet and Internet Technology The Future Web § More tools to make sense of trillions of pages on the Internet § Pervasive web § Internet of Things (IoT) § Internet of People § App Internet § Increased cloud computing and SaaS § Ubiquitous mobile connectivity § Greater seamlessness of web as a whole 44 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Agenda 1. Components of Networks 2. Key Networking Technology 3. The Internet and Internet Technology 4. Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking 45 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking Cellular systems § Fourth-generation (4G) networks § Up to 100 Mbps § Suitable for Internet video § LTE and Wi Max § 5G networks § Gigabit capacity § Already available in many countries Source: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wifi.svg/945px-Wifi.svg.png 46 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking Source: Rebca.com 47 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking Wireless computer networks and Internet access § Bluetooth (802.15) § Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power, radio-based communication § Useful for personal networking (PANs) § Wi-Fi (802.11) § Set of standards: 802.11 § Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access § Use access points: device with radio receiver/transmitter for connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN 48 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking Wireless computer networks and Internet access § Wi-Fi (cont.) § Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area § Weak security features § WiMax (802.16) § Wireless access range of 31 miles § Require WiMax antennas 49 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS A Bluetooth Network (PAN) Bluetooth enables a variety of devices, including cell phones, smartphones, wireless keyboards and mice, PCs, and printers, to interact wirelessly with each other within a small, 30-foot (10-meter) area. In addition to the links shown, Bluetooth can be used to network similar devices to send data from one PC to another, for example. Figure 7-13 50 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS An 802.11 Wireless LAN Mobile laptop computers equipped with network interface cards link to the wired LAN by communicating with the access point. The access point uses radio waves to transmit network signals from the wired network to the client adapters, which convert them to data that the mobile device can understand. The client adapter then transmits the data from the mobile device back to the access point, which forwards the data to the wired network. Figure 7-14 51 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking Radio frequency identification (RFID) § Use tiny tags with microchips containing data about an item and location § Tag antennas to transmit radio signals over short distances to special RFID readers, which send data over network to computer for processing § Common uses: § Automated toll-collection § Tracking goods in a supply chain § Requires companies to have special hardware and software § Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms 52 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS How RFID Works Figure 7-15 RFID uses low-powered radio transmitters to read data stored in a tag at distances ranging from 1 inch to 100 feet. The reader captures the data from the tag and sends them over a network to a host computer for processing. 53 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Technologies and Standards for Wireless Networking Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) § Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected wireless devices embedded into physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces § Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous substances in air, monitor environmental changes, traffic, or military activity § Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and antennas § Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to endure in the field without maintenance § Major sources of “Big Data” and fueling “Internet of Things” 54 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS A Wireless Sensor Network The small circles represent lower-level nodes, and the larger circles represent higher- level nodes. Lower-level nodes forward data to each other or to higher-level nodes, which transmit data more rapidly and speed up network performance. Figure 7-16 55 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Case: The smartPORT of Hamburg 56 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Context: The HPA is a large infrastructure provider. 57 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS „Same space – more goods“ The HPA seeks to increase the port‘s throughput by implementing IoT. 58 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Consolidating the architecture for roll-out after finishing explorative IoT projects of the smartPORT initiative Smart Tag Smart Road Smart Switch Traffic Analysis and Forecast Smart Maintenance Port Monitor Smart Area Parking PrePORT Parking Port Traffic Center 59 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Smart Tag § Deployment of multi-functional sensors to construction site signs § Visibility of all active construction sites incl. the active period § Real-time overview and information about short-term and ad-hoc construction site signs § Traffic flow detection § Visualization on Port Monitor 60 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Smart Switch Deployment of sensors in rail switches § Identifying the need for maintenance § Early warning for possible incidents and other events § Provide information for the managers and operators via HPA IT systems (SAP PM) 61 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Smart Switch power plug gauge measurement & analysis system unit power consumption rail temperature 62 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Tasks for this week T7-1. Please actively read chapter 7 - including the case studies. (3-4 hours) T7-2. Fundamentals of 5G network technology. Watch a video (6mins). 63 | TU 7 | TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INTERNET AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY | PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS CONTACT PROF. DR. PAUL DREWS Institute of Information Systems Universitätsallee 1 | 21335 Lüneburg Fon 04131.677-1993 | [email protected] www.leuphana.de/institute/iis/personen/paul-drews