Islamic Studies Book (Hayat-ul-Emaan), PDF
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2023
Dr. H. Muhammad Ashraf
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This book, "Islamic Studies (Hayat-ul-Emaan)", by Dr. H. Muhammad Ashraf, offers a comprehensive guide for understanding Islamic principles and teachings. It details various concepts, including worship, the Quran, Islamic law, and history. The book is designed for students and is detailed with English and Urdu translations of relevant verses.
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Islamic Studies 1 L an مسباہللارلنمحارلمیح at u J...
Islamic Studies 1 L an مسباہللارلنمحارلمیح at u J es ar t y2 E d 02 it 3 io And you will surely gain the upper hand, if you are n true believers (Surah Al-i-Imran:139) ISLAMIC STUDIES (HAYAT - UL - EMAAN) By Dr. H. Muhammad Ashraf M.A. (Islamic Studies) (Gold Medalist) M.A. (Political Science) (Gold Medalist) M.A. (Arabic, History and Philosophy) LLB. Ph.D (UK) NAME: ID. NO. PROGRAME: SECTION:. NAME OF INSTITUTION: Islamic Studies 2 ALL RIGHTS RESERVE WITH WRITER Name of Book : ISLAMIC STUDIES (Hayat-ul-Emaan) Aurthor : Dr. H. Muhammad Ashraf M.A. Ph.D (UK) Pages : Composing : FAHIM composing Center Urdu Bazar Lahore Publishing date : January 2023 (Latest edition) Published by : Tanveer-ul-Quran Academy Multan Road, Lahore Islamic Studies 3 Table of Contents Preface by the Author 5 Intention and our entire Life 6 CHAPTER # 1 9 Concept of IBADAT (Worship) in ISLAM (Section - A) Basic Articles of ISLAMI (Part-I) (Section-B) CHAPTER # 2 17 Introduction to Holy Quran and Sources of Islam CHAPTER # 3 45 Concept of Justice and Basic Concept of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence CHAPTER # 4 66 Religion and its Importance CHAPTER # 5 71 Tauheed (Onence of Allah (SWT) in the Light of Surah Fatiha and Surah Ikhlas. CHAPTER # 6 90 Unity of Ummah CHAPTER # 7 98 Brief Introduction of Five Major Religions CHAPTER # 8 107 Common Concept of Tauheed in revealed Religion in the light of Ayat-ul-Kursi CHAPTER # 9 121 Islam and Modern Science CHAPTER # 10 132 Prophethood, and Extra Ordinary Qualities of Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ CHAPTER # 11 147 The life of Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺat Makkah Muqaramah Islamic Studies 4 CHAPTER # 12 150 The life of Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺat Madinah Munawrah CHAPTER # 13 172 Basic Human Rights in the Holy Quran (Social Rights and Women Rights) (Part-I) CHAPTER # 14 185 Basic Human Rights (Parents Rights and Business Rights (Part-II) CHAPTER # 15 214 Islamic Concept of Worship (Part-II) CHAPTER # 16 239 The Last Sermon of the Prophet MUHAMMAD ()ﷺ (Hajiat-ul-Wida) CHAPTER # 17 (Part-I) 242 Duties and Character of the Muslim in the Holy Quran CHAPTER # 17 (Part-II) 253 Duties and Character of the Muslim in the Holy Quran CHAPTER # 18 266 Islamic Culture and Civilization CHAPTER # 19 273 Ethical values of Islam and Surah Al-Hujraat (The apartments) CHAPTER # 20 386 Basic concept of Halal and Haram in Islam CHAPTER # 21 288 Economic system of Islam Part - I (Section - A) Economic system of Islam Part - I (Section - B) Political system of Islam Part - II Social system of Islam Part - III CHAPTER # 22 315 Relation with non-Muslims and their rights Islamic Studies 5 PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR All admires and thanks are for Allah (Almighty) alone and countless blessings upon our Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ. I got Masters Degrees in Islamic Studies, Political Science, History, Philosophy, Arabic and LLB from Islamia University Bahawalpur and Ph.D. in Islamic Studies from United Kingdom. I was keenly interested in writing a guide book for different level students. I am very thankful to Allah (Almighty) with the core of my heart, Who gave me courage, knowledge, wisdom, dedication and vision to achieve my goal. The name of my book is “Hayat-ul- Emaan” Islamic Education & Law. The book provides comprehensive guideline of Islamic learning and Islamic Law. I delivered my message in English and for better understanding of the students and readers, I translated the relevant Holy Quran Verses and sayings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺin Urdu language also. I am very thankful to Mohammad Asif Mughal who composed this book with dedication. The English and Urdu translations of the Holy Quran verses by Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali, Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan and Urdu translation by Muhammad Juna Ghari {printed in Madinah al- Munawwarah Saudi Arabia}. Dr. H. Muhammad Ashraf M.A. (Islamic Studies) (Gold Medalist) M.A. (Political Science) (Gold Medalist) M.A. (Arabic, History and Philosophy) LLB. Ph.D (UK) Islamic Studies 6 INTENTION AND OUR ENTIRE LIFE Definition of Intention: A firm determination of the mind and the heart is known as intention. Vital Importance of Intention: Intention has a vital importance in our entire life. Our every deed depends upon our intention. Saying of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) about intention: (i) The Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺsaid: ِ ،قال رسول ہللا ﷺ انما االعمال ابلنیات(حیحص اخبری رشفی )اوصل اکیف اامعل اک دارودمار وتینں رپ وموقف ےہ۔ “In deed, actions are dependent upon intention” (Bukhari, Usool-e- Kafi) (ii) The Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺsaid: )قال رسول ہللا ﷺ انما االعمال ابالخواتیم(حیحص اخبری رشفی اامعلاکدارودماراخےمترپےہ۔ The deeds of a person depend upon his intention at the time of death. Supplication from Allah Almighty: The Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺtaught a beautiful supplication to his followers. He said: (O, my beloved Lord, Allah (SWT) please make the Holy Quran the life of my heart and the light of my chest, and the departure of my sorrow and a release for my tension. (Musnid-e-Ahmed) Islamic Studies 7 Humble Request of the author: O, my beloved Lord, Allah Almighty, I humbly request that please purify my intention with sincerity, and I pray with the bottom of my heart that please accept my book named ‘Islamic Studies’. “Our Lord! (Allah SWT) Please accept (this service) from us: You are the All-Hearing, the All-knowing. (Al-Baqarah:127) Dr H. Muhammad Ashraf M.A. Ph.D (UK) Islamic Studies 8 Islamic Studies 9 CHAPTER # 1 ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF WORSHIP (IBADAT) (Part - I) (Section-A) i. Concept of Ibadat in Islam ii. Right cocept supported by Holy Quran iii. Faith and right of Human being Meaning of Worship: Worship means to obey and practically accept the supermacy of the law of Allah Almighty in every step of our life. Definition of Worship: (i) Worship is defined as devotion to Allah Almighty alone. He has the only right to be worshipped. (ii) Worship is an act that is deservingly reserved for Allah (Almighty) only. Five main aspects of worship: (i) Loyalty, (ii) obedience, (iii) admirable, (iv) sincerity (v) humbleness. Wrong concept of worship: Most of people in generally and some Muslims also have the idea that the concept of worship is limited in five pillars of Islam. This is the misperception. Sahadah, (Believe in Allah and Prophet Mohammad)ﷺ Prayer, Fasting, Zakat and Hajj are also worship but these are not only Islamic Studies 10 worship because worship has a comprehensive concept in Islam. It is wrong if it is limited to some part of our life. Right Concept of Worship: The right concept of worship in Islam includes almost everything in any individual’s activities. Indeed, worship is everything; one says or does to get pleasure of Allah Almighty. This of course, includes rituals as well as beliefs, social activities and actual contributions to the welfare of society. The person is required to submit oneself completely to Allah Almighty, because Islam is a perfect code of life and the complete life of the Muslim is Ibadah (worship). Domain of worship: The worship has a comprehensive domain in Islam. We must act upon and practically follow in all affairs of our life with the code laid down by Allah Almighty and to distinguish between right and wrong. We must respect the Allah Almighty in our whole life. Concise idea of worship. The entire life of a Muslim is known as worship. Concept of Ibadat (worship) in Islam Concept of Ibadat in Islam Right concept supported by Holy Quran Faith and Right of Human Being Concept of Ibadat in Islam i. What is Worship (Ibadat)? Meaning, Definition and Explanation. ii. Worship only right of Allah (SWT) iii. Wrong perception/concept of worship: Definition and Example Islamic Studies 11 iv. Right Perception/concept of worship: Definition and Example Concise idea of Worship: entire life of Muslim (Male/Female) is worship Right concept of worship supported by the Holy Quran Comprehensive concept of worship i. Aim and Objectives of our life a. Surah Adh Dhariyat Ayat No. 56: َّ ْ ْ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ الن َس اِل ِلیعبدو ِن َ و َّ ت ْالج ن ُ َو َما َخ َل ْق ِ ِ And I (Allah SWT) created the Jinn and humans that they must worship me (alone) Explanation of the verses Practical demand for our life ii. Prayers, sacrifice, life and death belong to allah (SWT) alone b. Surah Al-Inaam Ayat No.162 َب ْال ٰع َل ِم ْي ّ ِ ل َر ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ ُ َ ْ َ َ َّ ْ ُ ِ ِ اتِ قل اِن صل ِت و نس ِک و میای و مم Say: (O Muhammad SAW)! my Salat (prayer) and my sacrifice and my living and my dying are for Allah, Lord of the Alamin (mankind, Jinn and all that exists). Explanation of the verses Practical demand for our life Explanation of the Verses Practical demand for our life Islamic Studies 12 We are not thankful to Allah SWT as we are required to be Surah Hai verse No. 74 ٌّ َ َ َ َّ َ َ َ َ ی َع ِز ْی ٌز ہللا َح ّق ق ْد ِر ِہ اِن ہللا لق ِو َما ق َد ُروا And they have not estimated Allah SWT as His rightful estimation, verily Alah SWT is All strong, Almighty. Explanation of the Verses Practical demand for our life Procedures to pay bundle of thanks to Allah SWT: Sincerity, Seriously and Sensibly. Faith and Right of Human Beings: What is Faith: A firm belief of accepting something as true and strong confidence as the truth and reality is called faith. Step of Faith: Verbal faith Acceptance by heart Practical faith Surah Al-Baqarah Verse No. 177: َ َ ّ ْ َّ ٰ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ ُّ َ ُ ْ َ َّ ْ َ ْ َ ش ِق والمغ ِر ِب ول ِكن ال ِب م ْن ِ ليس ال ِب ان تولوا وجوھكم ِقـبل الم َ ٰي َو ٰات ال َمال َع ْ َ َ ّ النب َّ َ ٰ َ َ ۗ ٰ َ ْ َ ْ ْٰ َْ ْ َ َ َ ٰا ِٖ و ب ِ ت ك ِ ال و ة ِ ك ى ٕ ل ِْ مال و ر خ ِ ْ ِ ال م ِ و ي ال و ہلل ِ ب ِ ن م ۗ َ ْ الساىٕ ِل َّ َ ْ َّ َ ْ َ َ ْ ٰ ُح ّبہٖ ذوي الق ْرب َوال َي ٰت ٰمى َوال َم ٰ ُ ْ َ ي َو ِف ِ َ س ِكي ْواب ُ الس ِبي ِل و ِ َِ ُ ٰ َ ٰ َ َ ٰ ّ الصلوة َوات َ ٰ َ َ َ َ الرقاب َواق الزكوة َوال ُم ْوف ْو َن بِ َع ْہ ِد ِہ ْم اِذا ع َھد ْوا ّ ام ِ ِ ّ َ ْص َد ُقوا َ ي َ ْ ك ّال ِذ َ ۗ ٰ ُ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ ۗ َّ َّ َ ۗ َ ْ َ ْ ي ِف الباسا ِء والضا ِء و ِحي البا ِس اول ِٕى َ ْ الصب ّ ٰ َو َ ْ ِِ ۗ ُ ُ َ ٰ َواول ِٕىك ُھ ُم ال ُم ّتق ْو َن Islamic Studies 13 It is not righteousness that you turn your faces towards the East and the West, but righteousness is the one who believes in Allah and the last day and the angels and the Books and the prophets, and gives away wealth out of love for Him to the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the traveler and the beggars and for (the freedom of) the prisoners, and keeps up prayer and pays the Zakat, and the performers of their promise when the make a promise and the tolerate in distress and illness and in time of war these are they who are true and these are they who are the pious. Explanation of the Verses: firm faith, rights of human beings, qualities of true believers. Practical demand for our life: Firm belief on the basic faith of Islam and adopt it in his/her practical life. Be careful and look after the rights of human being practically mentioned in verse No. 177 of Surah Al- Baqarah. Excellent qualities of the beliver is to establish Salat (Muslim prayer five time) pay Zakat (Compalsory due) perform their promise, tolerate in distress, illness and in time of war. The true and pious believes practically practise in their life on these things. CHAPTER # 1 (Section-B) BASIC ARTICLES OF ISLAM Basic articles of Islam are, believe in Allah (Almighty), believe in Angels, believe in Holy Books, believe in Prophets, believe in Dooms Day and believe in Divine Destiny (Good and bad). Definition of Faith: A firm belief of accepting something as true and strong confidence as the truth and reality is called faith. Islamic Studies 14 Detail of Faith: قال رسول ہللا صیل ہللا علیہ وسلم حین سئل عن االیمان ان تؤمن ابہلل ومالئکتہ و کتبہ و رسلہ )والیوم االخر و تؤمن ابلقدر خیرہ و رشہ (اخبری و ملسم The Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺsaid ‘Firm Faith in Allah Almighty, His Angels, His Holy Books, His Prophets’, on the Day of Judgment, and in the truth of Divine destiny good and bad is known as Faith. (Bukhari & Muslim) Three steps of Faith: There are three steps of Faith: i. Verbal Faith. ii. Acceptance by Heart. iii. Practical Faith. i. Verbal Faith: The first category of Belief is verbal commitment. It is called “Iqrar- um-Billasan” (Commitment by Tongue) in Arabic Term. Example: Any person who accepts Islam voluntarily and he/she says verbally I belief in oneness of Allah Almighty and I bear witness that Muhammad (PBUH) is His Messenger and Servant. This is called verbal commitment. ii. Acceptance by Heart: The second step is acceptance by heart; it means that after the verbal commitment, verification by heart is also mandatory. Example: Allah says: Islamic Studies 15 The desert Arabs say: “We believe.” Say: “You believe not but you only say, ‘We have surrendered (in Islam),’ but Faith has not yet entered in your hearts.” (Surah Al-Hoojurat : 14) Q.1. Explain acceptance by Heart in your own words. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ iii. Practical Faith: The third and most important step of Faith is practical Faith. If any believer who will not follow Islam practically, his/her belief will not be completed. Example: The Holy Quran provides guideline to his believers that after the Faith, doing good deeds practically is mandatory requirement of Islam. Allah Almighty says: َ َ ّ ُ َ َ ُ َ َ َ ّ َّ َ آ )٢٥:ات (وسرة ارقبلة ِ ش ال ِذني منوا وع ِملوا الصا ِلح ِ ِ وب اورانولوگںوکوخربخشیدےدںیوجاامینالےئاوراوہنںےناےھچلمعےئک۔ And give good news, (O, Prophet Mohammad )ﷺto those who believe (in Islamic Monotheism) and do righteous good deeds. (Surah Al- Baqara 25). This Verse of the Holy Quran clearly give the message to true believers that after accepting faith, doing righteous deeds are compulsory. Verbal commitment is not sufficient. The Holy Quran is witness that Allah (Almighty) loves practicing Muslims. Q.2 Describe Faith by Heart faith in your own words: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 16 Three Major Fundamental Faiths: Three Fundamental believes that cover the six articles of Islam are as following: 1. Believe in Allah (Almighty) 2. Believe in Prophethood 3. Believe in Dooms Day Islamic Studies 17 CHAPTER # 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE HOLY QURAN AND SOURCES OF ISLAM Meaning of Quran?: QURAN is an Arabic word that means “The recitation”. Quran is only holy book, which is mostly and repeatedly recited but its sweetness does not decrease. This is the reason that this book is called Quran. Q.1. What is the meaning of “Quran”. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The Holy Quran is a perfect code of life which Allah Almighty has sent down upon the heart of His messanger (Prophet), Muhammad ()ﷺ. Allah Almighty says: ُ َ ْ َ ٰ َ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ ُّ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ٰ ْ ّ َ ُ ْ ْ َ َ ٗ َّ َ َك ِل َتك ْو َن ِمن نيل ر ِب العل ِمي نزل بِ ِه الروح ال ِمي ع قل ِب ِ وْ اِنه لت َ ْ ال ُم ْن ِذر )۱۹۴۔۱۹۲ي(وسرةارعشلاء ِ )اورےبکشہی(رقآنمیکح)ربااعلنیملاکانزلرفامایوہاےہ۔اےساامتنداررفہتشربجالیئ(ہیلعاالسلم ےلرکآایےہ۔آپ(ﷺ)ےک ِدلرپاُرتاےہہکآپ(ﷺ)آاگہرکدےنیواولںںیمےسوہاجںیئ۔ And truly, this (the Quran) is a revelation from the Lord of the world (mankind, jinn and all that exists). Which the trustworthy Ruh [Jibril (Gabriel)] has brought down. Upon your heart (O Muhammad )ﷺthat you may be (one) of the Warner. (Surah Shooarah. 192-194) Islamic Studies 18 Forever living Miracle of Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ: The forever living miracle of our beloved Prophet, Muhammad ( )ﷺis the Holy Quran. It provides perfect guidance to the human beings. The Quran is the word of Allah Almighty and contains perfect guideline for entire mankind till the Dooms Day. Q.2. Write the name of three major faiths that covers all the faiths. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.3. Why the Holy Quran is called Quran? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Original names of the Holy Quran The “Quran” is its real name. This word ‘Quran’ has been used 50 times in the Holy Quran. Some verses are following: ْ ُ ْ َّ ٰ ْ ٌ ْ َ ٌ ٰ ْ ُ َ ٗ َّ )۷۸،۷۷:ب مكنو ٍن (وسرةواہعق ٍ اِنه لقران ك ِريم ِف ِكت ےبکشہیرقآنرکمیتہبڑبیزعتواالےہ۔وجاکیوفحمظاتکبںیمدرجےہ۔ That (this) is indeed an “Honourable Recitation” (the Noble Quran). In a Book well-guarded (with Allah in the heavens). ْ ُ ْ َّ ْ َ ْ ٌ ْ َّ ٌ ٰ ْ ُ َ ُ ْ َ )۔۲۲۔۲۱:ظ (وسرةاربلوج ٍ ميد ِف لو ٍح مفو ِ بل هو قران ولحوفحمظںیم(اھکلوہاےہ)۔ ِ ہکلبہیرقآندیجمےہڑبیاشنواالےہ۔ Indeed! This is a “Glorious Quran”. (Inscribed) in Al-Lauh Al-Mahfuz (The Preserved Tablet)! Islamic Studies 19 ْ َ ْ ٰ ُْْ َ ۗ ٰ )كي ِم(وسرۃسٰیِ والقرا ِن الح. يس نیسٰیتمکحےسرھبےوہےئرقآنیکمسق۔ Yaseen. By the wise Quran (as witness). Some Quality Names of Holy Quran: There are many quality names of the Holy Quran but some names are “Al-Furqan, Burhan, Noor-e-Mubeen and Zikr” etc. are mentioned in the following verses. ۨ َ ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ ٰ َ َ َ ُ ْ َ َ ّ َ َّ َ ٰ َ ْ )۱:ذي َرا(وسرةارفلاقن َ ٰ ْ َ ْ ِ ي نزل الف ْرقان ع عب ِد ٖه ِليكون ِللعل ِمي ن ْ بك ال ِذَ ت تہبابربتکےہوہاہللاعتٰیلسجےناےنپدنبے(دمحمﷺ)رپرفاقناُاترااتہکوہامتمولوگںےکےئل ڈراےنواالےنب۔ Blessed is He Who sent down the criterion (of right and wrong, i.e. this Quran) to His slave (Muhammad )ﷺthat he may be a warner to the Alamin (mankind and Jinn). (Surah Al-Furqan:1) ُ ُ ُ َ ٓ ْ َْ ُ َ ٌ اس َق ْد َجا ۗ َء ُك ْم بُ ْر َه َّ َ ُّ َ ٓ ٰ ان ّ ِم ْن ّربِّك ْم َوان َزل َنا اِل ْيك ْم ن ْو ًرا ّم ِب ْي ًنا ُ الن ي يھ ا )174:(وسرةااسنلء اےولوگ!اہمترےاپساہمترےربیکرطفےسدنساوردلیلآیچنہپاورمہےناہمتریاجبنواحضاور اصفونراُاتردایےہ۔ O mankind! Verily, there has come to you a “Convincing Proof”, from your Lord; and we sent down to you a Manifest light (this Quran). (Surah An-Nisa 174). َ ْ ُ ٰ َ ٗ َ َّ َ َ ْ ّ َ ْ َّ َ ُ ْ َ َّ )۔۹:الذكر و اِن له لح ِفظون (وسرةارجحلِ اِن نن نزلنا ےبکشمہےنیہاسذرک(رقآندیجم)وکانزلرفامایےہاورمہیہاسےکاحمظفںیہ۔ Verily, it is we who have sent down the “Zikr” (The Glorious Quran) and surely, we will guard it (from corruption). (Surh Al-Hajar:9) Islamic Studies 20 Q.4. Which thing is called “Zikr”? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Types of Wahi (Revelation) i. Wahi Matloo ii. Wahi Ghair Matloo (i) Meaning of Wahi-a-Matloo: It means the revelation that Allah (Almighty) has transmitted in His own words and speech into the heart of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWW) (ii) Definition of Wahi-a-Matloo: Revelation of the Holy Quran is called Wahi-a-Matloo. Its recitation is compulsory. Wahi-a-Matloo are words of Allah (SWT) (iii) Meaning of Ghair Wahi-a-Matloo: It means the revelation that Allah (Almighty) through His angle Jabreel projected into the heart of Prophet Mohammad ()ﷺ. These are not Allah’s words, but Prophet Mohammad ( )ﷺtransmitted these revealed edects to the people, in his own words. (iv) Definition of Wahi-a-Ghair Matloo: Revelation of the Hadith is called Whai-a-Ghair Matloo. Its recitation is not compulsory like the Holy Quran. History and compilation of the Holy Quran During the period of the Holy Prophet, Mohammad ()ﷺ, The Holy Quran compiled on different things such as big stones, big leather pieces and camel bones. After the death of Prophet, Mohammad ()ﷺ, the era of Syed Abu Bakar Siddique (RA) started. In the battle of Mota, seventy memorisers of the Holy Quran were martyred. Due to these circumstances syed Umer Farooque (RA) drew the attention of Abu Bakar to compile Islamic Studies 21 the Holy Quran in Book from in one volume. The first caliph agreed after discussion with Umer Farooque (RA) and assigned this task to Zaid Bin Sabit (RA). who accepted it as a great responsibility. He discharged this task and the Holy Quran was compiled in one volume. An official copy was handed over to Syed Abu Bakr Siddique (RA) and after his death this copy remained with Syed Umer Farooque (RA). After the martyrodom of Umer (RA) then it was kept in the custody of Syeda Hafsa (RA) the mother of the believers and daughter of Syed Umer Farooque (RA). During the period of Syed Usman (RA), the third caliph of Muslims Syed Huzefa (RA) saw that the people of north boundary of Iran and Iraq were reciting the Holy Quran in their native accent not in the accent of the Quresh trible. The people were seen to discuss this issue in harsh language. Syed Huzefa (RA) requested Syed Usman (RA) that to bring the nation to a common manner of recitation. He consulted this issue with Syed Usman (RA) with the help of Syeda Hafsa (RA) compilation copy of the Holy Quran, he gave an official order and gathered the entire Muslim nation in the accent of the Quresh trible. This is the reason syed Usman (RA) is called the collector of the Holy Quran. Q. 5. What is Wahi Matloo? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Concise information about Holy Quran and Primary Sources of Islam i. Meaning of Al-Quran (Recitation) ii. Wh its name is Quran (Most recited Book) iii. Surah of Al-Quran 114 iv. Original name of the Holy Quran Islamic Studies 22 v. Different quality names of Al-Quran (Al-Furqan, Al-Burhan, Noor-e-Mubeen) vi. Why (Revelation) To convey spiritual truth and message from Allah (SWT) to the Prophet of Allah (SWT) is known as wahy (revelation). vii. Different shapes of Revelation (dreaming, Direct, shape of human being, own shape of Jibreel (A.S) behind the curtain, without curtain) viii. Influence of Revelation (ringing bell, signs of sweat, hot/cold weather, shivering) ix. Compulsory requirement of Revelation x. Types of Revelation (Matlu Ghair Matlu) xi. Compilation of Revelation: a. Revealed one after other b. A group of writers c. Revelation noted down in the form of: writing on leather, stones, bones and palm trees. d. Famous writers Syed Abu Bakr, Syed Zaid, Syed Usman, Syed Ali, Syed zubair, Syed Ibn Masood and Syeda Khadija (R.A). xii. Compilation of Holy Quran: Battle of Yamama, 70 memorizers martyred, Syed Umer (R.A) advised Hazarat Abu Bakar that the compilation of Holy Quran is necessary. All companions of Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) final decision and agree to write the Holy Quran. Islamic Studies 23 Sources of Islam Primary Sources: 1. The Holy Quran. 2. The Holy Hadith The Holy Quran: i. The Last and final Book of Allah (SWT) ii. The Last message o Allah (SWT) iii. The last messenger of Allah (SWT) iv. Allah (SWT) Himself guardian v. Rights of Al-Quran upon every believers. (Believing, Recitation, Understanding, Application and Conveying to others) Introduction and Basic concept of Al-Quran Sources of Islam (Primary Sources) Introduction to Hadith and Sunnah Introduction to Hadith and Sunnah (Primary source Al-Hadith i. Meaning, Definition ii. Different between Hadith and Sunnah iii. Legal position iv. Compilation v. Famous books of traditions vi. Kinds of Hadith (Sahi, Hasan, Gareeb etc.) Islamic Studies 24 TAWHEED (ONENESS OF ALLAH (Almighty) What is Tawheed? Tawheed is described as a firm faith in Allah Almighty. He is only One and there is no partner in His Personality (Existence), Attributes (Qualities) and Rights. Three Main Types of Shirk: The main partnership that are condemned by the Holy Quran are following. i. Partner in the Personality (Existence) of Allah Almighty. ii. Partner in the Attributes (Qualities) of Allah Almighty. iii. Partner in the Rights of Allah Almighty. i. Partner in the Personality (Existence) of Allah (Almighty): Allah Almighty is unique and matchless in His Personality (Existence). He has no relationship with any one like human relations. The worst Partnership with Allah (SWT) is the most Major sin in Islam. Example: For example He has no son, daughter, wife, brother, sister etc. like human beings. He is forever in the Universe and will always be in the Universe. For more information see Surah Ikhlas, Verse: 2 to 4, Surah Taha, Verse 88 to 93. The partnership in Allah’s existence is the worst partnership because His existence is infinite, unlimited and matchless. Q. 1. Define Tawheed in your own words: ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 25 ii. Partner in the Attributes (Qualities) of Allah (Almighty) Allah Almighty has uncountable Attributes and all of His Attributes have not been given to Him by any one. His Qualities have no limits. All the Attributes (Qualities) of Allah Almighty are original, real, uncountable and unlimited. Example: For example, Allah Almighty’s Knowledge and Mercy are original and their domains are uncountable and unlimited. For more information, see Surah Momin verse:7. Q. 2. Explain in your own words that there is no partner in the Attributes (Qualities) of Allah (Almighty). ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Partner in the Rights of Allah (Almighty): Allah Almighty has the only right to be worshiped. This right of Allah cannot be given to anyone else. Five traits have significant value for Allah’s Rights and these traits are obedience, love, Invocation, sincerity and worship. We cannot compare anyone else with Allah Almighty. Example: Worship is only right of Allah’s Almighty. For more information see Surah Fatiha Verse: 4 and Surah Al-Baqrah Verse: 21. Q. 3. Who is called the collector of the Holy Quran? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 26 SHIRK (Partnership with Allah (Almighty)): Shirk is opposite of Tawheed. Associating partner with Allah (Almighty) is called SHIRK. Supplication to anyone (other than Allah) dead or alive or believing that someone also holds the same attributes though in lesser degree that Him is also included in SHIRK category. This concept is explained in the Holy Quran brightly. Shirk is the greatest sin in Islam and forgiveness will not be granted for it because it is unpardonable sin in the sight of Quran. Allah (Almighty) says: ُ َّ َ ٰ ٓ َ ٗ َّ َ ْ َ ْ َ )١٩:فاعلم انه ل اِله اِل هّٰللا (وسرة دمحم (اےیبنیلصاہللہیلعوملس)آپوخباجنںیلہکاہللاعتٰیلےکوساوکیئاہل(وبعم ِدربقح)ںیہنےہ۔ So know (O Muhammad )ﷺthat, None has the right to be worshipped but Allah. (Surah Muhammad:19). The concept of Shirk is totally incorrect and baseless. Majority among the people do polytheism with Allah Almighty in His Personality (Existence), Attributes (Qualities) and Rights. Description of word ILAH ) (الہin the Holy Quran ILAH ) (الهmeans, one who is to be worshiped and this right is reserved and deserved for Allah Alone. His Personality (Existence) is absolutely unique. His Attributes (Qualities) are real, original and unlimited. Keeping in mind the above mentioned points i.e. Tawheed means to believe in Allah (Almighty) alone and Shirk (Polytheism) means not to make partnership with Allah (Almighty) in His Existence, Qualities and Rights. Allah (Almighty) says: َّ ٌ ٰ ٓ َب ْال َع ْر ِش َع َّما يَ ِص ُف ْون َ ٰ ْ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ّ ِ َل ْو َك َن ِف ْي ِه َما ا ِل َهة اِل هّٰللا لفسدت ۚ فسبح َن ہللا ِ ر ُ )۲۲:(وسرة االایبنء Islamic Studies 27 سپاہللاعتٰیل،ارگآامسنوزنیمںیموساےئاہللاعتٰیلےکاوریھبوبعمدوہےتوتہیدوونںدرمہربمہوہاجےت رعشاکربنامتمابوتںےساپکےہوجہیرشمکایبنرکےتںیہ۔ Had there been therein (in the heavens and the earth) alihah (gods) besides Allah, then verily both would have been ruined. Glorified is Allah, the Lord of the Throne, (High be He) above all evil that they associate with Him! (Surah An-biya:22) Explanation: This verse clearly indicates that if it was unavoidable that both the gods would be graced perfect power to do anything or undo anything, then system of the whole universe could not run systematically and its result is that there would have been disturbance in both. So as a true believer, we have a firm faith that ILAH (True and the worshipped one) is only Allah (Almighty). Practical Lesson: It is deeply concerned with our practical life and our belief must be firm that Ilah, Creator, Maintainer and Administrator etc. of the entire Universe is only Allah Almighty. In our worldly system, we see that every college has one principal. If there were two principals of one college then the system of that college cannot run systematically and successfully. So we can achieve lesson from this example that Lord and Ilah of the entire universe is one and the only one. Q. 4. Explain in your own words that what type of practical lesson you have got from surah Anbyia, verse # 22. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The Holy Quran gives the clear message that Ilah ( )اہلis only one. Allah Almighty says: َ َ ُ َّ َ ٰ ٓ َ ٌ َ ٌ ٰ ُ ٰ ْ )163:حي ُم (وسرةارقبلة ّ ٰ ْ ّ َ ِ احد ل اِله اِل ھو الرحم ُن الر ِ ـهك ْم اِله ّو ُ َو اِل Islamic Studies 28 متبساکوبعمداکییہوبعمدےہاسےکوساوکیئوبعم ِدربقحںیہنوہتہبزایدہرمحرکےنواالاورےبااہتن رہمابنےہ۔ And your Ilah (God) is One Ilah (God – Allah), La Ilah illa Huwa (there is none who has the right to be worshipped but He), the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. (Surah Al-Baqrah:163). Explanation: Where attributes of Allah Almighty are described, in the Holy Quran. Qualities of Graciousness and Mercifulness of Allah has been emphasized. Most Gracious and the Most Merciful are the only Qualities of Allah Almighty Alone in the entire universe. A true believer must have the strong faith in One Ilah that is Allah Almighty only. Practical lesson: There is absolutely no comparison with Qualities of Allah (Almighty). We should not make any partner with Allah in our life. The concept regarding oneness of Allah must be cleared in our mind and it should be seen in our practical practice. Q. 5. Explain in your own words that what lesson you have got from surah Al-Baqarah, verse # 163. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ The mandatory implication of the unity concept is mentioned in the Holy Quran in an excellent manner. Allah Almighty says: َّ ْ ُ ْ َ ّ َّ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ٰ ٰ َّ ْ َ ْ َّ َ َ ْاخ ِتل ِف اليل و النهار و الفل ِك ال ِت َ ْ ْ اِن ِف خل ِق السمو ِت و الر ِض و ِ ِ َ ۗ ۗ َالس َما ِء ِم ْن َّما ٍء َفا ْحيا َّ هّٰللا م َن ُ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َّ ُ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ْ ْ ْ َ َ ٓ ِ ت ِري ِف البح ِر بِما ينفع الناس و ما انزل َالر ٰي ِح و ّ ـص ْي ِف ْ َك َداۗبَّ ٍة ۠ َّو ت ّ ُ ْ َ ْ َّ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ َ ْ ِ ُِ ِ بِ ِه الرض بعد موتِها و بث ِفيها ِمن َ ْ ْ َّ ْ َ ٰ ّ ٰ َ ْ َ ْ َ ۗ َ َّ َ ْ َ َّ َ ُ ْ َّ َ الس )164:ت ِلقو ٍم يع ِقلون (وسرةارقبلة ٍ اب المسخ ِر بي السما ِء و الر ِض لي ِ ح Islamic Studies 29 ویتشکں اک ولوگں وکعفن دےنی وایل زیچوں وک ےئل وہےئ، رات دن اک آان اجان،آامسونں اور زنیم یک دیپاشئ آامسنےساپیناُاتررکرمدہزنیموکزدنہرکدانیاسںیمرہمسقےکاجونروںوکالیھپدانی،دنمسروںںیمانلچ )انںیمدنملقعوںےکےئل(اہللاعتیلیک،وہاؤںےک ُرخدبانلاورابدلوجآامسناورزنیمےکدرایمنرخسمںیہ اشناینںںیہ۔ Verily, in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and in the alternation of night and day, and the ships which sail through the sea with that which is of use to mankind, and the water (rain) which Allah sends down from the sky and makes the earth alive therewith after its death, and the moving (living) creatures of all kinds that He has dispersed therein, and in the veering of winds and clouds which are held between the sky and the earth, are indeed Ayat (proofs, evidences, signs, etc.) for people of understanding. (Surah Al-Baqarah:164). Explanation: This verse, of the Holy Quran clearly mentions some signs of Allah (Almighty) These signs also lead to man’s own intelligence. The creation of heaven and earth, changing of the night and day, sailing of ships, rain, beasts, change of the winds and clouds are the lesson for those people who are wise and think deeply. Practical lesson: The wise people get the lesson from these signs of Allah and their belief becomes more firm on Allah Almighty, when they deeply observe them. If those persons who are sincere, serious and sensible, they bring a positive change in their life. Q. 6. Explain in your own words that what lesson you have achieved from surah Al-Baqarah, verse # 164. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 30 BELIEF ON THE DAY OF JUDGMENT: Faith on the Day of Judgment is one of the most important compulsory Faith. Muslims have a firm belief in the future life and on the Day of accountability. All Islamic doctrines including worships and moral values depend on our faith. This world is the place of deed (action) and temporary Hereafter is the place of reward and permanent. Vital Importance of Judgment Day: The Holy Quran has given more emphasis on this belief. This is one of the fundamental faith after the Tawheed and Prophet hood. Due to this reason Chapter # 28, 29 and 30 of the Holy Quran focus on this importance faith. Allah Almighty says: اب ثُ َّم ِمنْ َ ٰ ٓ َ ُّ َ َّ ُ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ ْ َ ْ ّ َ ْ َ ْ َ َّ َ َ ْ ٰ ُ ْ ّ ْ ُ كم ِمن َت ُر ٍ ّ ث ف ِان خلقن َ ّ َ ب ِمن ال َبع ِ ّ ُ ُييها الناس اِن َكنتم ِف ري ٍ ُ ي لك ْم ۭ َو ن ِق ُّر ِف نّ ْط َف ٍة ثُ َّم ِم ْن َعل َق ٍة ثُ َّم ِم ْن ُّم ْض َغ ٍة ّمَل َق ٍة َّو غ ْي ُمَل َق ٍة ِل ُنبَ ّ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ۗ ُ ٰ ٓ َ َ ُّ َ ًّ ُ َّ ُ ْ ُ ُ ِ ْ ْ ً ُ َّ ِ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ ٓ َ ُ َّ ُْ الرح ِام ما نشاء اِل اج ٍل مسمى ثم ن ِرجكم ِطفل ثم ِلتبلغوا اشدكم ۚ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ ْ َّ ُّ َ َ ٰ ّ َ ْ ُ ْ َّ ُّ َ ُّ ٰ ٓ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ُ َ ْ َ و ِمنكم م ْن يتوف و ِمنكم م ْن يرد اِل ارذ ِل العم ِر ِلكيل يعلم ِم ۢ ْن بع ِد ت وَ ت ْت َو َربَ ْ ْ َ ْ ٔ ً َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ ً َ َ ٓ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ ۗ َ ْ َ َّ ِعل ٍم شيـا ۭ و ترى الرض ها ِمدة ف ِاذا انزلنا عليها الماء اه ْ َ ۢ ْ َ ْۢ َ َ ْ ْ ُ ّ َ ج ب ِهي ٍج (وسرة اجحل)۵: ك زو ٍ انبتت ِمن ِ اےولوگ!ارگںیہمترمےنےکدعبدوابرہزدنہوہےنںیمکشےہوتوسوچمہےنںیہمتیٹمےسدیپاایک رھپہفطنےسرھپےمجوہےئوخنےکولڑھتےےسرھپوگتشیکوبیٹےسوجلکشوایلاورےبلکشوہیت ےہاتہکمترپتقیقحواحضرکںیاورمہےسجاچںیہاکیرہھٹاےئوہےئوتقکترمحامدرںیمرےتھکںیہرھپ ںیہمتےچبیکوصرتںیمداینںیمالےتںیہاتہکمتاینپوپریوجاینوکوچنہپ،متںیمےسضعبوتوہںیہوج ئ د اجےتںیہہکوہاکیزیچےسابربخ وفترکےئلاجےتںیہاورضعبدبرتنیرمعیکرطفرھپےسولاٹ ی وہےنےکدعبرھپےبربخوہاجےئ۔وتداتھکیےہہکزنیم(رجنباور)کشخےہرھپبجمہاسرپابرش رباسےتںیہوتوہاُرھبیتےہاوروھپیتلےہاوررہمسقیکروقندارابناتتاُاگیتےہ۔ Islamic Studies 31 O mankind! If you are in doubt about the Resurrection, then verily, We have created you (i.e. Adam) from dust, then from a Nutfah (mixed drops of male and female sexual discharge i.e. the offspring of Adam), then from a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood) then from a little lump of flesh some formed and some unformed (as in the case of miscarriage) that We may make (it) clear to you (i.e. to show you Our Power and Ability to do what We can). And We cause whom We will to remain in the wombs for an appointed term, then We bring you out as infants, then (give you growth) that you may reach your age of full strength. And among you there is he who dies (young), and among you there is he who is brought back to the miserable old age, so that he knows nothing after having known. And you see the earth barren, but when We send down water (rain) on it, it is stirred (to life), and it swells and puts forth every lovely kind (of growth). (Surah Al-Hajj:5). Explanation: This verse indicates the vital importance about life after death. The Holy Quran high lights following important points in this verse: 1. Firm believers have strong faith about rising up again on the Day of Judgment. 2. First man is created from dust and then from drop of water and after beginning its end is towards worst part of old age. 3. The land is lifeless but we (Allah Almighty) send down water on it, it refreshes and swells up and every kind of fine vegetation grows from it. 4. The lesson of above three points is that Allah Almighty gives life to the dead because Allah Almighty has power over all the things. The Doom day will definitely come and Allah will surely raise those who are in the graves. The Holy Quran has given the different names of the Day of Judgment at different places. For example: v. The Day of Reward. Islamic Studies 32 vi. The Day of Benefit. vii. The Day of Blessing and Disgracing. viii. The Day of Punishment. ix. The Day of giving dead bone back into life. x. The Day of Success and failure. We should have a firm faith regarding the Day of Judgment. It is mandatory for Muslims because our faith without this belief does not complete. Lesson from the life after death: The life after death is a reality. Allah Almighty will give life to our dead body again in the same manner that He granted life to us for the first time. Sayings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺabout Faith: The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), when asked about faith, He said: قال رسول ہللا صیل ہللا علیہ وسلم حین سئل عن االیمان ان تؤمن ابہلل ومالئکتہ و کتبہ ورسلہ والیوم االخر و تؤمن ابلقدر خیرہ و رشہ (اخبری و )ملسم اُسےک،اُسیکاتکوبںرپ،اسےکرفوتشںرپ،متاامینالؤاہللاعتٰیلرپ:روسلاہللیلصاہللہیلعوملسےنرفامای ایقتمےکدنرپاورایھچربیدقتریرپ۔(اخبریوملسم)۔،روسولںرپ The Holy Prophet Mohammad ( )ﷺsaid: You should believe in Allah Almighty, His Angles, His Books, His Messengers and the Day of Judgment and in the truth of Divine Destiny good and bad (Bukhari and Muslim). The Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺsaid: Islamic Studies 33 قال رسول ہللا صیل ہللا علیہ وسلم ذاق طعم االیمان من ریض ابہلل راب و ابالسالم دینا و بمحمد رسوال (اجعمرتذمی)۔ االسمےکدنی،وہصخشاامیناکزمہےھکچاگوجاہللےکربوہےنرپ:روسلاہللیلصاہللہیلعوملسےنرفامای وہےنرپاوردمحم(یلصاہللہیلعوملس)ےکروسلوہےنرپرایضوہایگ۔ The Holy Prophet Mohammad ( )ﷺsaid: The person has indeed good taste of faith who is pleased that Allah Almighty is His Lord and Islam is His Deen (Perfect code of life) and Muhammad ( )ﷺis His Messenger. (Jamia Termizi). Explanation: The practical demand for the believers during their lifetime is to do good deeds in this world. If any believer accepts the reality of faith, that Allah (Alone) is His Sustainer, Islam is his Deen and Muhammad ()ﷺ is His Prophet, he will definitely feel the taste of sweetness of Faith. Place of Action: This world is called Da-rul-Amal (Place of Action). Place of Reward: Hereafter is called Da-rul-Jaza (Place of complete Reward). Some rewards are also given in this world as well. Lesson from Dooms Day: The lesson from Dooms Day is that we are accountable and answerable to Allah (Almighty). Concentrate on Meditation: Meditate means to think about some thing deeply. Islam invites special attention of human being and believer towards meditation for getting the lesson from things and reliaze Allah’s (Almighty) blessing that He has given to us. Islamic Studies 34 Worship of Prophet Mohammad ( )ﷺbefore the announcement of Prophethood in cave of Hira is meditation. Practical Lesson: We must perform our duties practically and fulfill the requirements of our firm faith. Q. 7. Why does Islam invite special attention towards meditation. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Hadith Gebriel: Abu Huraira (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that one day the Prophet Mohammad (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) was sitting in the open air with some people. A man came to him and said: What is faith? Allah’s Apostle (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) replied: Faith is to believe in Allah, His angels, His Apostles, (His Books) and in the Day of Judgment. Then he further asked: What is Islam? Allah’s Apostle (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) said: To worship prayers perfectly to pay the obligatory Zakat, to fast during (the month of) Ramdan and (Hajj). Then he further asked: What is Ihsan (benevolence)? Allah’s Apsotle (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) said: To worship Allah (the Exalted and Almighty) as if you seem Him, for if you cannot see Him He is seeing you. He said: When will be the Hour? Allah’s Apostle (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) said: The one answering has no better knowledge than that questioning. But I will tell you about its stipulations. i. When a slave girl will give birth to her master. ii. When the shepherds of black camels will start boasting and quarrelling with each others in the construction of higher buildings. Islamic Studies 35 iii. And the Last Hour is one of the five things which nobody knows except Allah. The Prophet (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) then recited: Verily, with Allah (Alone) is the knowledge of the Hour (31:34) Then that man left. The Prophet (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him) asked his Companions to call him back, but they could not see anything. The Holy Prophet said: This was Gebriel (ABUH), he had come to teach the people of their religion. Abu Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: He (the Prophet (the blessing and peace of Allah be upon him)) considered all that as a part of faith. (Sahih Bukhari). Iman Muslim (RA) also described the Holy Books among faiths and Hajj among the basic pillars of Islam. Explanation: Slave girl will give birth to her master: It means that children will disobey their parents. It is one of the signs the of Dooms Days. BELIEF IN ANGLES Belief in the existence of Angles is one of the mandatory articles of the faith. Angles are the creation of Allah (Almighty) had created long before He created man. They have been created from light. We human beings cannot see them. They are dedicated to do the tasks that are prescribed to them by Allah Almighty. Angles are the Messengers and agents of Allah (Almighty). The Holy Quran says: ٓ َ ْ ُ َ َّ ْ َ ٰ َ ْ َ ْ ْ ُ ّ ََ ٰ َ ْ َُُّ )۲:عبا ِد ٖہ (وسرۃالحنلِ نل المل ِٕىكۃ ِبلرو ِح ِمن ام ِر ٖہ ع من يشاء ِمن ِ ي وہ(اہللاعتیل)رفوتشںوکاغیپمدےرکاےنپمکحےساےنپدنبوںںیمےسسجےکاپساچاتہےہاتجیھبےہ Islamic Studies 36 “He does send down His angles with in aspiration of His command to such of His servants as He pleases. Angles are the most honorable servants of Allah (Almighty) they worship, serve and obey Allah (Almighty) alone. They are entirely obedient to Allah (Almighty). For more detail see verse No.5 Surah Infitar and verse No.17 of Surah Qaf. Some famous angles are Gabriel, Mickeal ,Israfil, Malak-ul-Mauit and Kiraman Katibeen. Angles Gabriel is the leader of the all angles. BELIEF IN REVEALED HOLY BOOKS: Status of revealed Book: Belief in all revealed Holy Books is one of the compulsory believe of basic articles of faith in Islam. Allah (Almighty) provided everything for man’s physical and spiritual needs. Definition of revealed Books: Allah arranged perfect guidance for human beings through His Prophets and these guidelines and guidance have been complied in the shape of Books that are called revealed Books. Q. 8. What is the status of believe in revealed Holy Books? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q. 9. What Prophet Mohammad ( )ﷺsaid regarding the faith when asked about it. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Definition of Revelation: The words of Allah (SWT) sent to His Prophets is known as revelation. “Revelation is the name given to that special invisible and supernatural Islamic Studies 37 means of communication employed by Allah (Almighty) for conveying His messages to His Messengers”. Prophets were sent to every nation. Although there were a large number of divine Holy Books for guidance of human being and the Holy Quran gives the principle that every Prophet is given revealed book but the Holy Quran has not given a perfect list of all Prophets and their revealed Books. The names of 25 Prophets have been mentioned in the Holy Quran and according to Hadith 1,24000 Prophets were sent to all the nations. The names of the famous and revealed Books mentioned in the Holy Quran are following: i. Suhuf-i-Ibrahim (ABUH) ii. Suhuf-i-Musa (ABUH) iii. Zabur revealed to Prophet Dawood (ABUH) iv. Tauriat revealed to Prophet Musa (ABUH) v. Injil (Bible) revealed to Prophet Isa (ABUH) vi. The Holy Quran, last and final and the most comprehensive Book revealed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Among all the revealed Books Allah (Almighty) promised to protect and safe the Holy Quran from any type of corruption and changed till the Dooms Day. BELIEF IN THE DIVINE DESTINY: Belief in Divine Destiny is one of the mandatory believe in basic articles of faith in Islam. Definition of destiny: “The complete estimation of Allah (Almighty) about the entire universe is called Taqdir (Destiny)”. Islamic Studies 38 Comprehensive details about Divine Destiny: The destiny is defined as determined beforehand what would be the function of a certain thing in the world and for that purpose what would be its size. Its form and shape, its qualities, its place of location and what opportunities and means should be provided for its survival, existence and functioning, when it should come into being, and when and how it should cease to be after accomplishing its part of the work. Such the scheme for a thing is its Destiny (Taqdir). (Brief Notes by Syed Maududi (RA) P.1061). Law of Cause and Effect: Allah (Almighty) has made a simple law which governs the entire universe. This law is called “Law of Cause and effect”. Allah (Almighty) has made this law and has sent it in operation. It only needs a little stretch of mind to understand that this law is a part of destiny in its broad Islamic sense. This law of “cause and effect” functions in all walks of our life in this universe. Example for understanding: The man falls ill and then he recovers also by taking some medicine. It is a fine example of the law of cause and effect. Here, medicine is the cause of recovery from disease and recovery from disease is the effect of medicine by Allah’s will. This is the fine example about law of cause and effect. Four points about Predestination of Allah Almighty: Predestination of law of Allah Almighty are four main points: i. Allah (Almighty) knows everything that happens. ii. Allah (Almighty) is able to do everything. iii. Allah (Almighty) has planned all that happens to people. iv. Peoples are responsible what they do. Islamic Studies 39 Q. 10. Explain example about law of cause and effect. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q. 11. Write concise idea regarding worship. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q. 12. What type of worship, the Holy Prophet Mohammad ()ﷺ performad in the cave of Hira before announcemet of Prophethood. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 40 Islamic Concept of Worship (Part-1) (Basic articles of Islam) Test Your Learning (Part-2) Q.1. What is the concise idea of the worship? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.2. Define worship in your own words ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.3. What are five main aspect of worship? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.4. Write wrong concept of worship ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.5. Write right concept of worship. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.6. Describe faith in your own words. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.7. What are the three steps of faith? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 41 Q.8. Explain practical Commitment of faith in your own words ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.9. What type of the lesson we get from belief on the Day of Judgment? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.10. Which miracle of Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺis forever living miracle. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.11. Write three famous quality names of the Holy Quran ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.12. Write the name of two types of Wahi (Revelation) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.13. From which two things the man has been created? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.14. Explain in your own words that there is no partner in the rights of Allah (Almighty) ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 42 Q.15. In which day no person will be the substitute for another person? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.16. Write the name of two kinds of Tawheed. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.17. Explain that there is no partner in Allah’s personality. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.18. Define Shirk and which sin is the greatest sin in the light of Holy Quran. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.19. Define revealed Holy Books in your own words. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.20. Which person did take the Sweetness of Faith? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.21. Write two different names of the Day of Judgment. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 43 Q.22. Explain meditation in your own word. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.23. Explain devine destiny in your own words. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.24. In which thing angles have been created. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.25. Can Angles disobey Allah (Almighty) like human being and jinn and what is the reason behind it? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.26. Define Revelation in your own words. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.27. How many Prophets name have been mentioned in the Holy Quran and how many Propherts were sent to all the nations in the light of Hadith? ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.28. What is Islam according to Hadith-e-Gabriel (ABUH). ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Islamic Studies 44 Q.29. Explain that slave girl will give birth to her Master. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.30. Write two main points about Allah’s predestination. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Q.31. Multiple choice question, select the right answer. Q.i. In which thing angels have been created. i. Noor ii. Sand iii. Fire Q.ii. In which thing Gins have been created. i. Fire ii. Noor iii. Sand Q.iii. How many Surah are in the Holy Quran? i. 120 ii. 114 iii. 116 Q.iv. How many Prophets were sent to their nation in the light of Hadith? i. 130000 ii. 124000 iii. 126000 Q.v. How many types are revelation? i. Two ii. Three iii. Four Islamic Studies 45 CHAPTER # 3 CONCEPT OF JUSTICE AND BASIC CONCEPT OF ISLAMIC LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE Concept of Justice: Concepet of Justice is defined as: “Every citizen has equal rights and all people are equal in the eyes of law”. Importance rule of law: The rule of law is the corner stone of justice in Islamic society. No person is above the law. Justice should be impartial even through if it is against yourselves and your family as well. Allah Almighty says: ٰ ٓ َ ُّ َ َّ ْ َ ٰ َ ُ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ ٰ ّ ْ َ ْ ْ ُ َ َ ۗ َ ٰ ّ َ َ ْ َ ٰ ٓ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ َ ل ولو ع انف ِسكم ا ِو ييھا ال ِذي امنوا كونوا قو ِمي ِبل ِقس ِط شهداء ِ ِ َ َ َ َّ ْ َ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َّ ُ ْ َ ًّ َ ْ َ ْ ً َ َ ٰ يا فاهّٰلل ُا ْول بِ ِه َما ۣ فل تت ِب ُعوا ي والقربِي ۚ اِن يكن غ ِنيا او ف ِق ْالوا ِلد ِ َ ٰ ٓ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ َ ْ َ ْ ٗ ٓ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ َّ َ هّٰللا َك َن ب َما تَ ْع َم ُل ْو َن َخب ْ ً يا ِ ِ الهوى ان تع ِدلوا ۚ واِن تلوا او تع ِرضوا ف ِان ن (وسرة ال س آء)135: اے اامین واول! دعل و ااصنف رپ وبضمیط ےس مج اجےن واےل اور اہلل اعتٰیل یک وخیش ےک ےئل یچس وگایہ دےنیواےلنباجؤوگوہوخداہمترےاےنپالخفوہایاےنپامںابپےکایرہتشدارزعزیوںےکالخفوہ۔ وہصخشاریموہوتیھباورریقفوہوتیھبدوونںےکاسھتاہللوکزایدہقلعتےہ۔اسےئلمتوخاشہسفنےک ےھچیپڑپرکااصنفہنوھچڑدانیاورارگمتےنجکایبینایولہپیہتیکوتاجنولہکوجھچکمترکوےگاہللاعتٰیلاس ےسوپریرطحابربخےہ۔ Islamic Studies 46 “O you believe! Stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allah, even though it be against yourselves, or your parents, or your relative, be the rich or poor, Allah is a better Protector to both (than you). So follow not the lusts (of your hearts), lest you avoid justice; and if you avoid your witness or refuse to give it, verily, Allah is Ever Well-Known with what you do.” (Surah Nisa:135) Explanation: This verse indicates the clear message for justice and equality. It has been explained in a fine manner in surah Al-Maidah verse # 8. Allah says “O people who believe, be steadfast in the cause of Allah bearing witness in equality and left not the dislike of any people incite you that you should become unjust. Always do justice as it is nearest to piety and be pious with Allah. Surely, Allah is aware of what you do”. Concise Idea about concept of Justie: Justice must be impartial and stand firmly for justice as witnesses to Allah (Almighty) and it must be seen in your decision. 1). What is Islamic Law? Islamic Law is the theory and philosophy of law. It is also called Islamic Jurisprudence. The scholars are hopeful to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, legal reasoning, legal systems, and legal institutions. The Arabic term for Islamic jurisprudence is (fiqh) and it’s literally means: knowledge about something and its understanding as well. 2). Meaning of Jurisprudence: The word Jurisprudence is derived from the Latin word “JURISPRUDENTIA” which means knowledge of law. In the USA it is more broadly associated with Philosophy of Law. 3). General Perception of Islamic Law: Islamic Law is about the nature of law and justice. It embraces studies and theories from a range of disciplines such as history, sociology, Islamic Studies 47 political science, philosophy, psychology and economics. Jurisprudence is the study and philosophy of law. 4). Legal Philosophy and its Characteristics: Legal philosophy has many characteristics, but three of them are the most common: i. School of legal philosophy ii. Relationship between law and morality?” iii. Normative jurisprudence: Intention of legal Systems. 5). Islamic Perception of Jurisprudence: i. What is Sharia? Sharia refers to the body of Islamic law. It is the legal frame work within which public and most private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Islamic principles of jurisprudence. ii. Three parts of Islamic teaching: The Islamic scholars divided the Islamic Teaching into three parts; i. Beliefs ii. Morality iii. The laws of actions 6). Importance and Significant Value of Islamic Law: The importance and significant value of Islamic Law is that it is an important and vital part of every society. Madina Munawarah was the first city where the Islamic rules were applied practically and the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was head of the state and the chief justice of the Islamic state where Islamic Laws were implemented practically. Islamic Studies 48 7). Branches of Jurisprudence: There are different branches of jurisprudence from which the main branches are as follows. i. Economic Jurisprudence ii. Judicial Jurisprudence 8). Sources of Islamic Law: There are two kinds of sources of Law in Islam which are as follows. i. Primary Sources ii. Secondary Sources i. Primary Sources: There are two kinds of primary sources in Islamic Law which are as follows: a. The Galorious Quran: b. The Hadith and Sunnah: ii. Secondary Sources: The primary sources of law in Islam are “Quran” and “Hadith”. Some other sources does exist as well, some of secondary Sources are as follow. i. Ijtihad (Struggle and effort) ii. Qiyas (Analogy) iii. Ijma (Consensus) 9) Islamic Law and its Scope: The Islamic Law bases on Shariah and Fiqh. Islamic Studies 49 What is Shariah? Shariah are the set of rules and regulation which are regulated upon the Muslim Ummah and the complete Principles mentioned in the Quran and Hadith that were revealed on the Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ. What is Fiqh? Fiqh is an Arabic word which literally means to comprehend. It is defined as; “The science of extraction of practical religious regulations from their detailed sources. Fiqh is the name of Islamic Law. 10) Usul-e-Fiqh (Principles of Islamic Law): Usul al-fiqh and the roots of Islamic law, expound the indications and methods by which the rules of fiqh are deduced from their sources. These indications are found mainly in the Quran and Sunnah, which are the principal sources of the Shariah. The rules of fiqh are thus derived from the Quran and Sunnah in conformity with a body of principles and methods which are collectively known as usul al-fiqh (Principles of Islamic Law). 11) Muhammadan Law: It is just only a term used by the jurists of subcontinent (Indo Pak.) Muhammadan Law and Islamic Law are the same things. 12) Comprehensive Definition of Islamic Law: The fundamental principles of Islamic laws, rules and regulations that are derived from primary and secondary sources by the Muslim Fuqahas (Jurists) is called Islamic Law. SOURCES OF ISLAM 1. INTRODUCTION TO PRIMARY SOURCES Two sources of Islam are called primary sources that are the Holy Quran and the Holy Hadith/Sunnah. Islamic Studies 50 i. The Holy Quran: The Holy Quran is a compilation of the verbal revelations given to the Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺabout a period of twenty three years. The Holy Quran is the last and final guidance Book regarding Islamic Law. ii. The Holy Hadith And Sunnah: Sunnah or Hadith is the second source from which the teachings of Islam are drawn. Hadith literally means a saying conveyed to man, but in the terminology of the experts of Hadith (Muhaditheen), it means sayings of Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ, his action or practice and of his silent approval of the action. 2. The Holy Quran As A Primary Source: The Holy Quran is the first and primary source of Islamic law. The Holy Quran is not a legal code in the modern sense. The legislative part of Quran is the model for future legislation. The Prophet (PBUH) himself had no role in authoring the Quran, ALLAH (Almighty) Says: “He (Muhammad “SAWW”) does not speak of his own desire. It is no less than an Inspiration sent down to him.”[Noble Quran 53:3-4] The language of the Holy Quran is indeed easy, ALLAH (Almighty) Himself declares, Allah (Almighty) says: “And We have indeed made the Quran easy to understand and remember”[Noble Quran 54:17] Meaning of QURAN: The word QURAN appears about 70 times in the QURAN itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun (masdar) of the Arabic verb qara`a , meaning “he read” or “he recited”. The word Quran means recitation, mostly recited Book. Islamic Studies 51 Name of QURAN and its practical Application: Meaning of Quran is Recitation. It is widely regarded as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language. It has practically approved that the Holy Quran is recited mostly among all the revealed and non revealed books in the world. This is the reason that it is called “Quran”. Significant Value of the Holy Quran: Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the Book of divine guidance and direction for humanity and consider the text in its original Arabic to be the literal word of ALLAH, The religion of Islam is superior to any other in that it guarantees happiness in man’s life. ALLAH (Almighty) says: “Indeed this Quran guides to the path which is clearer and straighter than any other”. [Bani Israil-9] The Holy Quran is the first and most important and reliable source of Islamic law. The scripture specifies the moral, philosophical, social, political and economic basis on which a society should be constructed. Five basic and fundamental rights of the Holy Quran: Five basic and fundamental rights of the Holy Quran upon every Muslim are as under: i. Believing ii. Reciting iii. Understanding iv. Applying and implementation v. Conveying the message to others Unique Position of the Holy Quran as Source Some unique and extra ordinary position of the Holy Quran as first primary source are as under: Islamic Studies 52 i. The Holy Quran is safe and free from corruption and granted guarantee of safety by Allah Almighty. Allah Almighty, says: “It is we (Allah “SWT”) who have revealed it (This Holy Quran) down, and we are guardian and Protector of it. (Surah Al-Hajr-9) ii. The Holy Quran is the last and final revelation. All previous Revelations before the Holy Quran were only sent for a particular group of people and for a particular time period. iii. Allah (Almighty) would protect it Himself. Regarding this is the Final Book. No new book will come after it and Deen has been Completed, Allah (Almighty) says,“To day I have perfected your Deen (Religion) for you and completed my blessing on you and approved Islam as the way of life for you. (Al-Maidah-3) iv. According to the Holy Quran, ALLAH (Almighty) is the Sovereign Lord of the entire Universe and absolute Ruler of the cosmos. This Holy Quran is the best law giver. v. All Messengers of Allah (Almighty) were given clear signs, the Books and Meezan. Allah (Almighty) says: “We sent Our Messengers with clear signs and instructions and sent down with them the Book and the Meezan (Balance), So that the people may stand by justice. (Al-Hadeed-25)” 3. The Holy Hadith and Sunnah as a Primary Source: The Holy Hadith and Sunnah is one of the Primary source of Islam. Meaning of Hadith: Hadith means talk, conversation and speech. Hadith are narrations concerning the words and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Islamic Perception of Hadith: In Islamic terminology, the term Hadith refer to reports of statements or actions of Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ, or of his approval of something said or done in his presence. Islamic Studies 53 The two major aspects of a Hadith are the text of the report (the matn), which contains the actual narrative, and the chain of narrators (the isnad), which documents the route by which the report has been transmitted. Meaning of Sunnah: The word “Sunnah” which means habit or usual practice. This term refers to the method and living practice of Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ. Islamic Perception of Sunnah: In the terminology of usul al-fiqh (Principles of Islamic Law), sunnah denotes a saying (qawl), action (fi’l) or approval (taqrîr) related from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Significant Value of Hadith and Sunnah as Primary Sources: Significant value of Hadith and Sunnah is as under: i. We cannot understand the Holy Quran without helping of the Hadith. ii. The Noble Qur’an itself refers to the Sunnah and instructs the believers to follow it.” He who obeys the Messenger has indeed obeyed Allah, but he who turns away, then we have not sent you as a watcher over them.” (4:80) iii. The Messenger of Allah (Almighty) Muhammad (PBUH) said, “Obey my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the rightly guided Khalifas (first four Caliphas after me)”{Termizi} Interpretation of Hadith in Different Way: The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Said to some of his companions “Do not pray `Asr prayer till you are at Bani Quraydha” [Bukhari & Muslim] Islamic Studies 54 Some of the Companions understood its meaning that they should delay prayer till they reach the place. However, some Companions understood its meaning that they have to hurry, and so they did pray `Asr on time. In neither case did the Prophet ( )ﷺsay anyone of them was wrong and he did not reject what they did. The lesson we can get from this hadith that some time interpretation of hadith may be different and this is one of the reason of different opinion among religious Scholars and jurists. Basic Concepts of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence (Introduction to Islamic Law and Jurisprudence) Difference between Hadith and Sunnah HADITH SUNNAH a. Every saying of Holy Prophet a. Every deed or doing of the Holy Muhammad ()ﷺ Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ b. Record of Sunnah and historical b. Unspoken approval of Holy elements. Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ c. Khabar or information c. Customs, methods and ways of Holy Prophet Muhammad ()ﷺ d. Every Hadith is piece of d. Religious and spiritual value information but every information is not Hadith RIWAYAT DERAYAT a. Discuss with sanad a. Verification of material b. Reporter of Hadith b. Verification of Arabic grammar c. Discuss with screening of c. If one hadith showing huge reporter as his education, piety, reward like jannat on an power of memory, self control, ordinary action or hug patience, internal and external punishment like hell on an relation with others ordinary sin, hadith is weak according to the law of dirayat Islamic Studies 55 The Historical Development of Islamic Law The first period of the historical development of Islamic Law was the era of Holy Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺHe explained the versis of Holy Quran and his life was completly practical tafseer of the Holy Quran. His practical prectice was Sunnad that was followed by his companions. The Period of the Guided Caliphs (Khalifs) The Prophet Muhammad ( )ﷺdied in 632. The period of the caliphs followed. It was between 632-661 A.D. Four caliphs accessed the Prophet ()ﷺ. They were Abu Baker (572-634 A.D) Umar (584-644 A.D), Uthman (577-656 A.D) and Ali (600-661 A.D). The Period of Umayyad Umayyad dynasty stayed on power from 661 A.D to 750 A.D. During this period significant progress was made in Islamic Law. The public law sphere was standardized, codified and established while the private law spheres remained diverse. The first Islamic Jurisprudence schools, whose main purposes were to spread and teach the message of Islam were established. The Period of Abbasids The Abbasids, who are the Prophet’s ( )ﷺcousins, came to the throne in 750A.D. A scholarly theology evolved where in the articles and principles of Islamic faith and the attributes of Allah were examined and conversed about. In order to ascertain the unity of Allah the Most High. The doctrine of constitutionalism was created. Thus every community was represented by a council of state. Legal scholars were encouraged to respect, examine and deduce the mode of operation of the law within the Muslim Community. Islamic Studies 56 Traditions of the Prophet ( )ﷺwere collected and the jurisprudence of the source of Islamic Law were codified and written. The school of Abu Hanifa (700 - 795 A.D) The school of Malik ibn Anas (713-795 A.D) The school of Mohammed ibn-Idris Ash Shafi (767-820 A.D) The school of Ahmad ibn Hanbil (780 -855 A.D) Famous Books of Ahadith (Traditions): Some famous books of Ahadith (Traditions) are as under: i. Sahih Bukhari by Muhammad Bin Ismail Bukhari (R.A.) ii. Sahih Muslim by Muslim Bin Hujjaj (R.A.) iii. Jamia Termizi by Muhammad bin Issa Termizi (R.A.) iv. Sunnah Abu Dawood by Suleman Bin Ashas (R.A.) v. Snnah Ibn-e-Majah by Muhammad Bin Yazeed Ibn-e-Majah (R.A.) vi. Sunnah Nisai by Abdul Rehman (R.A.) vii. Maoutha Imam Malik by Malik Bin Ans (R.A.) Vital Importance of Hadith as the Primary source of law: Hadith has a vital importance as the primary sources of law. This plays a significant role in the completion of the Muslim community. Sunnah has a vital importance after the Quran. It describes the functions of the Holy Prophet ( )ﷺnamely, announcing of the revelation before people, giving then guidance. The Quran is the message, while the Hadith is the translation of the message relating to affairs of state society. Islamic Studies 57 SECONDARY SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAW The most important three secondary Sources are as follows: i. IJTIHAAD ii. QIYAS iii. IJMA Explanation of the secondary sources are as under: 1. IJTIHAD IN ISLAMIC LAW i. Meaning of Ijtihad: The literal meaning of ijtihad is “to strive and efforts” with one’s total ability and efforts to reach a goal which in this case is to struggle to deduce the divine laws of sharia. ii. Definition of Ijtihad: Ijtihad is an expert reasoning of struggle and effort conducted in accordance with deductive method to formulate, reconstruct, elaborate, expand and enforce Islamic laws in the light of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. iii. Necessity of Ijtihad: Ijtihad is one of the dependent source of Islamic law. If a matter is not resolved expressly in Quran and Sunnah then the jurist must not leave the matter unresolved rather he should strive hard to find out the solution in the light of Quran and Hadith. iv. Importance of Ijtihad: Ijtihad has a vital importance in Islamic law. It is mandatory need of every society. The essential aspect guarantees dynamism and evolution of human life, whereas the purpose of its structure or form is to give it discipline and balance. The purpose in performing ijtihâd is to try to Islamic Studies 58 derive and interpret new rules from the Quran and Hadith by comparing the ayats and hadiths with implied meanings to overly expressed ones. vi. Reward of Mujtihed: According to the saying of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) if Mujtihed is correct in his effort he gets two reward and if he is not correct he gets one reward. (Bukhari) There are many examples of how Prophet Muhammad used to make a decision on the basis of his ijtihad after consulting with his companions and taking existing conditions into account on matters and strategies of war. i. An example of such ijtihad is the fact that the Prophet Mohammad ( )ﷺaccepted the offer of the companion Sa’d ibn Mu’az to command the army in the Battle of Badr. ii. In war of Ditch (Ghazawa-e-Khandak) the strategy to defence Madina Munawarah City was adopted by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) after accepting the opinion of Sulman Farsi (RA). iii. A famous event that Companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) about performing prayer of Asr in Banu Quraiza. (Bukhari). During the period of 2nd caliph of Islam, Umar Bin Khatab (RA) did Ijtihad in many matters. Some Famous examples are standing army, establishing cantonments, mail system and salary for private and public servant etc. (Fiqh-e-Umer) iv. Moiz Bin Jabal, Governor of Yamen, to solve problem firstly, the Holy Quran secondly, the Holy Hadith and thirdly by doing Ijtihad. (Termizi). Islamic Studies 59 3. QIYAS IN ISLAMIC LAW: i. Meaning of Qiyas: The word qiyas means measuring analogical reasoning and estimating one thing in terms of another. ii. Lawful Qiyas: Lawful qiyas is defined by the jurists, it applies to “the assignment of the Hukm of an existing case found in the text of the Holy Quran and Sunnah, to a new case. iii. Unlawful Qiyas: Prohibited qiyas is defined as when Hukm is found in primary sources. Then jurist is not permitted to do qiyas. iv. Definition of Qiyas: “Qiyas is defined as to establish and obtain a decision, a rule and judgment for a case due to a certain cause just because of the existence of the similar cause, rule and judgment in another particular case”. v. Importance of Qiyas: The function of Qiyas is to extend the law of the text to case not falling within the purview of its terms and not to establish a new rule of law. Right qiyas that is according to the guidance of Holy Quran and Hadith is acceptable while wrong qiyas that had been done by devil against Allah’s Order is not acceptable. vi. Examples of Qiyas: The effective cause of analogy must be applicable to the new case in the same way as to the original case. Should there be no uniformity, or substantial equality between them, the analogy is technically called `Qiyas with a discrepancy’, which is invalid. Narcotic drugs example is as under: Islamic Studies 60 ASL FAR ILLAH HUKM Original case New case Cause of ruling Ruling Taking narcotic Wine drinking Intoxicating effects Prohibition drug vii. Necessity of Qiyas in Islamic law: Qiyas or analogical deduction is one of the Secondary source of Sharia in Islamic Law. Qiyas is the process of legal deduction according to which the jurist, confronted with an unprecedented case, bases his or her argument on the logic used in the Qur’an and Sunnah. Qiyas must not be based on arbitrary judgment, but rather be it is firmly rooted in the primary sources. viii. Qiyas in the Light of Hadith The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: “Where there is no revealed injunction, I will judge amongst you according to reason.” Further, he extended the right to reason to others. Finally, right qiyas is sanctioned by shariah and had a practice amongst Muhammad’s companions. ix. General Principle of Qiyas: The general principle behind the process of qiyas is based on the understanding that every legal injunction guarantees a beneficial and welfare satisfying objective. It is applied on case with similar causes. For example, wine is prohibited in Islam because of its intoxicating. The Holy Prophet Muhammad Said all intoxicants are prohibited (Sahih Muslim) Thus qiyas leads to the conclusion that all intoxicants are forbidden so all kinds of intoxicant like hashish are prohibited. 3. IJMA IN ISLAMIC LAW: i. Meaning of Ijma: It means consensus to determine and agree upon something, that is, acceptance of a matter by a specified group of people. In Islamic Islamic Studies 61 jurisprudence (fiqh) the matter on which ijma’ is of interest is understood in one of the two following ways: Any matter related to Shariah Any matter (of interest to Muslims) ii. Ijma as a secondary source of Islamic Law: Ijma is one of an important secondary source of law. It is the agreement of the Jurists among the followers of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in a particular age on a particular question iii. Definition of Ijma: The classical definition of Ijma as laid down by Jurists, is categorical on the point that “the consensus of the Muslim scholars can be regarded as Ijma”. iv. Importance of Ijma: Ijma as a source of Islamic Law has great importance. It helps in interpretation of laws according to the changing needs of times and new legislation can be made through its process. Ijma’a also played an important role into reducing differences when it came to deduce new laws or interpretation of a certain rulings. v. Significant value of Shaura: Shaura has constituted an important part in Islamic history. The prophet told us to make Shaura about non-religious matters before going ahead with the final decision when
