Introduction To Philosophy PDF

**INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY** **QUARTER 2** Module 1 In this module, the learner will be able to: - Realize that all actions have consequences. - Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices - Realize that choices have consequences, and some things are given up while others are obtaine...

**INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY** **QUARTER 2** Module 1 In this module, the learner will be able to: - Realize that all actions have consequences. - Evaluate and exercise prudence in choices - Realize that choices have consequences, and some things are given up while others are obtained in making choices - Show situations that demonstrate freedom of choice and the consequences of their choices **Lesson 1.1: What is Freedom?** The human person does not experience the world in the same way that animals do. Animals act instinctively, meaning their actions are more like predetermined responses to certain stimuli. A person on the other hand, can choose the course of action to take when given incitement or faces with a certain situation. With us humans, our inherent freedom makes us very dynamic creatures and our actions do not necessarily follow a set pattern. Freedom is categorized into three kinds: **1. Physical Freedom** This is the first type of freedom that comes into mind when talking about freedom. It refers to the absence of any physical restraint and the freedom of mobility to act and go whatever, whenever and wherever he or she pleases. **2. Psychological Freedom** It is also called the freedom of choice. The person is free to perform actions that he or she considers right and wise. A person is also free to act or not to act. Psychological freedom is innate and cannot be denied a person. No outside force or influence can compel a person to act against his or her will. **3. Moral Freedom** This refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness. Freedom is not an object that a person may use in whatever way he or she pleases. A person becomes freer when he or she uses freedom well but becomes less free when he or she uses it in a bad way. Humans have a natural inclination for what is true and good and when a person uses his or her freedom to do acts that violate human dignity and goodness, he or she dehumanizes himself or herself and effectively negates human freedom. The second element of freedom, **responsibility**, refers to the person being accountable for his or her actions and their consequences. Taking responsibility can either mean a person will voluntarily taking responsibility for his or her own actions or being held responsible by other people. Whenever you know you committed a bad action, you can either voluntarily confess to it or other people will point it out and hold you responsible. Responsibility can also have a positive or negative meaning, and it goes hand in hand with voluntariness in determining the morality of an action. **Module 2: INTERSUBJECTIVITY** - Realize that intersubjectivity requires accepting differences and not to impose on to others - Explain that authentic dialogue means accepting others even if they are different from themselves - Performs activities that demonstrate an appreciation for the talents of persons with disabilities and those from the underprivileged sectors of society This also allows the individual to receive others in his or her life and relate with them. Intersubjectivity also allows a person to become closer to others in many ways. In everyday social interactions, persons could agree and cooperate with each other. There is also the experience of shared or "common" knowledge and shared emotions such as grief, joy, and love. A dialogue occurs when two persons "open up" to each other and give and receive one another in their encounter. Genuine dialogue occurs when persons are willing to share themselves with one another period, the awareness of each other's presence as a true person defined by the acceptance of each other\'s uniqueness and differences. When everyone enters a dialogue with this mindset, then it is truly a dialogue between equals. Philosophers agree that this is important for humans to pursue and achieve genuine relationships to attain development. Human persons naturally seek and can achieve and maintain genuine, meaningful relationship with each other. The human person is considered as a "being with others," which means that his or her identity and destiny are shaped by relating with others. Human existence is a continual dialogue with the *other*, and that the *self* becomes whole through interaction with other people and his or her surroundings. The recognition of our shared humanity and dignity is what drives us to extend assistance and help with concern towards others, especially towards individuals or groups that experience hardships and discrimination. For instance, those who are physically and mentally challenged often experience hardships because of their condition. You must realize, however, that these individuals, despite their limitations, can have the same skills as those who are fully able in mind and body. They also have hopes and aspirations like us, and many of them have successfully transcended their disabilities to become productive and happy individuals. Society must be founded on relationships and bonds established through mutual respect and recognition of human dignity. If we recognize that the other person is the same as ourselves, if we consider him or her as an individual with dignity as a person, then he is not different from us, and we will be able to forge ties and build a community of harmony. **Module 3:** **Society: What Drives Human Person To Establish it** In this lesson, you are expected to - - - **CULTURAL DIFFERENCES** - - ### **Different forms of Society** 1. **Hunting and gathering society:** is the earliest and simplest form of society and is generally recognized by its small size, since it consists mainly of families. They spend most of their time searching for food, thus, they are considered as nomadic; no permanent territory. Its members are treated 2. **Pastoral society:** is characterized by the domestication of animals served as a source for food supply. Compared to hunting and gathering society, this form of society has a larger population and remains in one place. They also produce surplus food and resources which they trade with other societies forming meaningful bonds. This relative prosperity enables the people to engage in other activities apart from those necessary for survival, such as handicrafts which eventually leads to the emergence of specialized tasks in the community. 3. **Horticultural society:** engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits, and vegetables and the domestication of animals. Semi-nomadic, which means that they travel to another place when there is shortage of the resources in one area. 4. **Agrarian/agricultural society:** involves in a large- scale and long-term cultivation of crops and domestication of animals. Characterized by improved technology and usage of tools to aid in farming which results in increased production giving rise to a growing population in agricultural societies. Large population leads to a more structured social system that helps manage resources and its member. 5. **Feudal society**: is based on the ownership of land. Its members are organized based on status which consists of higher class/ruler (people who own a land), vassal/follower (granted a right to manage a land), and peasants (workers who cultivate the land and tend the animals in exchange of military protection). This society is mindful of the hierarchy system. It arose during Medieval times in Western part of Europe. 6. **Industrial society:** is based on the use of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services. The emergence of new production and industrial methods along with innovations in transportation and communication are results from the advances of science and technology in the late 18th century. In this era, improved trade and commerce, public education and better life conditions are evident for many people. However, an important factor in social relations within this form of society is the workplace where people interact with individuals who do not come from the same family, clan, or community, thus, cultural diversity and bureaucratic forms of organization arises. 7. **Post-industrial society:** emerged by the establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and the sale of services. **Virtual society** arises where people organize themselves through communication technology and Internet. This society is composed of members with higher educational attainment, better training, and specialized roles. - explain how human relations are transformed by social systems; and - evaluate how social systems transform human relationships as well as how societies transform individual human beings. - - - - - - - - - Explain the significance death in the existence of the person: and - Reflect on the meaning of his/her own life - **Noble good** is one which is pursued for its own sake; it is good in itself. For example: love and friendship. - **Useful good** is considered good as long as it serves as a means to an end; its goodness is found only from what it can provide. For example, money. - **Pleasurable good** provides some form of pleasure, though it doesn't have to be physical. For example a trip to favorite places.