Introduction to Biology PDF

BIOL 121: The Diversity of Life (2023-2024 T2) This student response system will be used in this course (review Q, etc.) Access using a web browser on your laptop, notepad or smart phone. First time users: go to https://pollev.com/register then search chilton and create an account using your USASK e...

BIOL 121: The Diversity of Life (2023-2024 T2) This student response system will be used in this course (review Q, etc.) Access using a web browser on your laptop, notepad or smart phone. First time users: go to https://pollev.com/register then search chilton and create an account using your USASK email. Then select join presentation. Diversity of Life: Canada : > 54,000 species Insects: 30,000 species Flowering plants: 5,000 species Birds: 430 species Freshwater Fish: silver sheen] to reflect >70% of sun’s rays [heat] b) Long legs - 85.5 cm/second [v fast] 3. Behavioural adaptation Orientation of body with sun to determine the direction back to the nest. Important events (or advancements) in human history Epoch Present day 2,500 Ancient Greeks - Aristotle 3,000 Ancient Egyptians Holocene Advancement of human societies 6,000 Neolithic revolution (agricultural revolution) Rise of villages – densely populated agricultural settlements 8,000 11,700 yrs ago 10,500 Domestication of cattle 12,000 Beginning of agriculture (domestication of plants into crops) Domestication of the dog [based on dog burial - Germany] (could be 23,000 yrs ago by ancient north Siberians) Oldest Cave painting in Europe (France – Hyena & Spain – Bison) Oldest Cave painting (?pig) - Indonesia 15,000 Pleistocene 30,000 45,500 100,000 Farmers (permanent dwellings) Hunter-gatherers (nomadic) 2.58 million ≈ years before present Who defined the term “Biology” ? By saying that living things should be studied as a whole (i.e., zoology & botany combined) Antonie Carolus Aristotle circa 300 B.C. van Leeuwenhoek Linnaeus 1632-1723 1707-1778 Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Alfred Russel Wallace 1823-1915 Georges Cuvier 1769-1832 Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Answer _________________ living things should be studied as a whole (zoology & botany combined) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1744-1829 Ernst Mayr 1904-2005 Aristotle - Father of ____________________ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – Father of Microbiology Carolus Linnaeus – Father of _________________ Georges Cuvier – Father of Paleontology Charles Darwin – Father of Evolution Alfred Russel Wallace – Father of Biogeography Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics BIOLOGY BEGINS WITH OBSERVATIONS & THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Aristotle (circa 300 B.C.) first person to apply empirical techniques & a rudimentary _________________________to study of living things [animals] empirical method = collection of data on which to base a scientific theory or derive a conclusion in science - formed questions based on observations to learn “truths” about the universe. - used _______________________ - but believed that both observation & experimentation Deductive versus Inductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning: specific observations are predicted from a general premise. Inductive reasoning: general conclusions are drawn from specific observations. Image: Module 3 - Principles of Biology (ISBN: 978-1-942310-72-3) Nature Publishing Inductive reasoning - general conclusions are drawn from specific observations. An example: wasp fire ant bee - hymenopteran - hymenopteran - hymenopteran see a pattern: All hymenopterans have stingers (inductive reasoning/inference !) potential pitfall: an “inductive leap” (my generalization might not be correct every time) - many hymenopterans (stingless bees and ants, male honeybees) do not have stingers Images: Principles of Biology (ISBN: 978-1-942310-72-3) Nature Publishing Deductive reasoning - specific observations are predicted from a general premise. An example: All wasps have stingers. (general idea that we inductively reached before) This is a wasp. Therefore, this thing can probably sting me (specific conclusion – deductive reasoning/ inference) An experiment is necessary to test this hypothesis. The results may suggest further experiments to examine, for example: What types of hymenopterans don't have stingers? Which is the primitive condition: stinger or no stinger? Images: Principles of Biology (ISBN: 978-1-942310-72-3) Nature Publishing SCIENTIFIC METHOD MAY LEAD TO NEW QUESTIONS OBSERVATION QUESTION TEST ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS GENERATE PREDICTION ** HYPOTHESIS TEST REPEAT EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT SUPPORT FOR HYPOTHESIS RESULTS THEORY HYPOTHESIS NOT SUPPORTED Hypothesis with specific prediction: “This type of plant will flower if it receives fertilizer” Good hypothesis because it is testable but also falsifiable support hypothesis reject (or revise) hypothesis Test hypothesis Experimental design replicates support hypothesis Control group presence or absence of fertilizer = experimental variable Treatment group SCIENTIFIC METHOD OBSERVATION QUESTION GENERATE HYPOTHESIS TEST EXPERIMENT RESULTS SUPPORT FOR HYPOTHESIS Different organisms live in different parts of the world [even in similar types of environments] Example Polar bears in the Arctic but not in Antarctica Emperor penguins in Antarctica but not in the Arctic Interesting observation [why ?] Ursus maritimus Polar Bear “maritime bear” are adapted to deal with: - lives in cold temperatures - moving across snow, ice & open water - hunt for prey (e.g., seals) Adaptation – is the _________________ process [takes time] whereby a ________________ becomes better suited to its habitat Image source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear#/media/File%3APolar_Bear_-_Alaska_(cropped).jpg https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear#/media/File%3APolar_bear_range_map.png Structure (anatomical feature) ––––– Function Adaptations e.g. Polar bears better suited to their environment thick layer of white fur - insulation against cold - camouflage thick layer of blubber (fat) - insulation against cold - store of energy small ears - reduce heat loss sharp claws & teeth - catching & eating prey fur on soles of feet strong (powerful) legs - swimming & running ----> catch prey - insulation - better grip on ice large feet - spreads body mass on ice & snow Image source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear#/media/File%3APolar_Bear_-_Alaska_(cropped).jpg Small eyes (reduces risk of snow blindness) Like many other marine mammals, they have a clear inner eyelid (= nictitating membrane) that protects their eyes and serves as a second lens when they are underwater – also reduces direct contact by sunlight - largest living land ___________________ - living species (= ________________species) Image source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear#/media/File%3APolar_Bear_-_Alaska_(cropped).jpg The scientific method consists of : 1. producing a hypothesis; Example (hypothesis): Emperor Penguin survival is influenced by the distribution and predatory activities of polar bears Prediction: Emperor penguins are unable to survival in areas where polar bears exist 2. designing & performing controlled experiments or making observations that allow data relevant to the hypothesis to be collected; 3. analyzing the data in an objective way against the background of existing knowledge; and, 4. drawing conclusions that support or refute [reject] the hypothesis; SCIENTIFIC METHOD MAY LEAD TO NEW QUESTIONS OBSERVATION QUESTION TEST ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS GENERATE HYPOTHESIS TEST REPEAT EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT SUPPORT FOR HYPOTHESIS RESULTS THEORY HYPOTHESIS NOT SUPPORTED