Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science PDF

**Chapter 1 -Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science** ================================================================= **Chapter objectives ** ======================= 1. Identify and describe the properties of life  --------------------------------------------- 2. Describe the...

**Chapter 1 -Introduction to Biology and the Process of Science** ================================================================= **Chapter objectives ** ======================= 1. Identify and describe the properties of life  --------------------------------------------- 2. Describe the levels of organization among living organisms  ----------------------------------------------------------- 3. Understand the role of evolution as a unifying principle of biology and how it contributes to species diversity  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Understand how life is classified  ---------------------------------- 5. Understand the process of scientific inquiry  --------------------------------------------- 6. Know the steps of the scientific method and be able to apply it  ---------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Be prepared to explain how a hypothesis is different from a theory  ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning  ----------------------------------------------------- 9. Describe the goals of basic science and applied science  -------------------------------------------------------- 10. Be prepared to define and explain all key terms from your textbook ------------------------------------------------------------------ **Keywords** ============ Shape Description automatically generated with medium confidence ---------------------------------------------------------------- **In this chapter you will learn about:** ----------------------------------------- 1. Themes and Concepts of Biology ------------------------------ 2. The Processes of Science ------------------------ **The Science of Biology** ========================== [ ] -- the study of life ------------------------------------ **How do we define life?** -------------------------- -Properties of Life =================== #### [ ] -- highly organized #### [ ] -- responds to external environment #### [ ] -- able to reproduce at organismal and cellular levels #### [ ] -- organisms "fit" their environment #### [ ] -- growth and development dependent on DNA #### [ ] -- regulate and maintain internal conditions #### [ ] -- use of energy to carry out metabolism ##### Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs #### **Biological Levels of Organization** ===================================== #### Living things are highly organized and structured  **credit: multiple artists [--](https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:-Yx1m5Xz@12/1-1-Themes-and-Concepts-of-Biology) see attribution table / [Concepts of Biology OpenStax](https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:-Yx1m5Xz@12/1-1-Themes-and-Concepts-of-Biology)** ====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================== #### **Diversity of Life** ===================== -There is tremendous diversity of Life on Earth ----------------------------------------------- -Source of diversity can be explained by understanding evolution ---------------------------------------------------------------- -Evolution --- the process of genetic change in a population ------------------------------------------------------------ ### -Can lead to speciation events -Organisms can be classified in different ways ---------------------------------------------- -All organisms can be classified into one of two categories: ------------------------------------------------------------ ### - [ ] #### -Single-celled organisms #### -Lack nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles #### **credit: Eric Erbe, digital colorization by Christopher** #### **Pooley, both of USDA, ARS, EMU)/ [Biology 2E OpenStax](https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/1-1-the-science-of-biology)** ### - [ ] #### -Can be single-celled or multicellular organisms #### -Contain nuclei and membrane-bound organelles #### -Diversity of life can be classified into 3 domains --------------------------------------------------- ### -Bacteria ### -Archaea ### -Eukarya credit: Fowler et al. / [Concepts of Biology OpenStax](https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/1-1-themes-and-concepts-of-biology) - [ ] --- a diagram showing evolutionary relationships among biological species ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bacteria -------- ### Single-celled ### Diverse environments ### Prokaryotes Archaea ------- ### Single-celled ### Often live in extreme and harsh environments ### Prokaryotes ### Eukarya ### Single-celled or multicellular organisms ### Includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists ### Eukaryotes **The Process of Science** ========================== [ ] -- knowledge about the natural world ---------------------------------------------------- [ ] -- study of life -------------------------------- How do we study science? ------------------------ ### [ ] -- a series of steps that allows for the enhancement of scientific knowledge**The Process of Science** Scientific method has several steps: ------------------------------------ 1. ### Observation -- The flashlight doesn't work. 2. ### Question - "Why doesn't a flashlight work?" 3. ### Generate a hypothesis using deductive reasoning 4. ### Experiment - Test the hypothesis #### -Identify variables #### -Control vs Experimental Groups 5. ### Draw conclusions -- accept or not accept hypothesis 6. ### Publish conclusions **The Process of Science** ========================== - [ ] ----------------- ### -Much broader in scope than a hypothesis ### -General enough to generate many new, specific hypotheses, which can then be tested ### -Supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence - [ ] ----------------- ### Testable ### [ ] ### Lead to predictions -Predictions ------------ ### Logical statements that explain what should happen if the hypothesis is to be supported ### **Scientific Inquiry** ====================== - [ ] ----------------- ### A form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion ### quantitative vs qualitative data - [ ] ----------------- ### A form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to predict specific results ### **Basic and Applied Science** ============================= -Basic Science -------------- ### Goal is to expand knowledge without any expectation of short-term practical application of that knowledge -Applied Science ---------------- ### Goal is to solve practical problems Basic and applied science can work together ------------------------------------------- page27image29610672 ------------------- **Reporting Scientific Work** ============================= -Scientific work needs to be shared ----------------------------------- ### Peer-reviewed journals ### Scientific conference ### Scientific meetings -Popular press, some internet articles and journal articles are not peer-reviewed --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### [ ] - claims or beliefs portrayed as science but lack objective repeatable data ### Caution necessary when evaluating the work **Chapter conclusion** ====================== 1. Biology is the science of life ------------------------------ 2. All living organisms share key properties such as order, response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, homeostasis, and energy processing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Living things are highly organized following a hierarchy -------------------------------------------------------- 4. Evolution is the source of the tremendous biological diversity on Earth today. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Biologists study the living world by using the scientific method ---------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Scientists seek to understand the world and the way it operates by using both inductive and deductive reasoning --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Scientists present their results in peer-reviewed scientific papers published in scientific journals ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Science can be basic or applied ------------------------------- **Attributions** ================ All written text found in Principles of Biology -- An Introduction to Biological Concepts and the OpenStax textbooks are licensed under [Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0]. The images, photos, graphs, etc. used in this textbook have each been individually attributed. Images, photos, graphs, etc. have different creative commons licenses and have been licensed according to their original authors. An attribution table can be located on the last pages of this textbook. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------