Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 What do you understand by the word Biology? Biology 2 The study of living organisms Divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behaviour, origin, an...

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 What do you understand by the word Biology? Biology 2 The study of living organisms Divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behaviour, origin, and distribution Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 3 What do you understand by the word Anatomy? What do you understand by the word Physiology? Anatomy And Physiology 4 Anatomy Physiology Is the study of body structures The Study of body function - (morphology) and the relationships among them. what they do and how they The term anatomy comes do it from the Greek words physio =nature , ology = meaning to cut (tomy) apart the study of. ( ana). Anatomy looks at form whereas Physiology looks at function Form and Function 5 6 Introduction to Anatomy and physiology 7 Gross Anatomy -is the study of anatomy at the macroscopic level This is generally done by dissection, cadaver is cut open and organs and tissue are studied Microscopic anatomy - The study of the anatomy that can not be seen with the naked eye but will need the use of a microscope Histology Cytology  Introduction to Human Anatomy and 8 Physiology Body systems: The human body has 11 systems 1-INTEGUMENTARY ORGANS Skin FUNCTIONS Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper tissue Excretes salts & urea; pain, pressure Regulates body temp; synthesize vitamin D 2-SKELETAL 9 ORGANS Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints FUNCTIONS Protects & supports body organs Framework for muscles & movement Hematopoiesis; store minerals 3- MUSCULAR 10 ORGANS Skeletal muscle (attached to bone) FUNCTIONS Contraction & mobility (locomotion) Facial expression, posture Produce body heat 4- NERVOUS 11 ORGANS Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors FUNCTIONS Fast-acting central control system Responds to external/internal stimuli via nerve impulses (electrical messages) 5- ENDOCRINE 12 ORGANS Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes…..etc. FUNCTIONS Slow -acting control system Glands produce hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, …. etc. 6- Circulatory 13 ORGANS Heart, blood vessels, capillaries &blood FUNCTIONS Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & other substances to and from tissue cells White blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, tumors 7- LYMPHATIC 14 ORGANS Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils FUNCTIONS Complements circulatory system by returning leaked fluid back to blood vessels Cleanses the blood; involved in immunity 8- RESPIRATORY 15 ORGANS Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs FUNCTIONS Keeps blood supplied with O2 & removes CO2 Carries out gas exchanges through air sacs in lungs 9- DIGESTIVE 16 ORGANS Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus (liver & pancreas) FUNCTIONS Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood; indigestible food eliminated as feces 10- URINARY (EXCRETORY) 17 ORGANS Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra FUNCTIONS Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body (urea & uric acid) Regulates water, electrolytes, & acid-base balance of the blood 11- REPRODUCTIVE 18 ORGANS Male Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum Female Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tube FUNCTIONS Primary function for both sexes is to produce offspring Male – testes produce sperm & male sex hormones Female – ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones; mammary Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 19 Histology Cytology The examination The analysis of the of tissues, groups of structure of individual cells, specialized cells the simplest units of life Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 20 Living matter – An individual form of life, such as a bacterium, fungus, plant, or animal, that is capable of growing and reproducing Characteristics of living matter 21 Organization Made up of one or more cells Have a genetic code/DNA Metabolism Need energy to survive Growth Reproduction Adaptation  Made of 1 or more cells 22 Unicellular (one cell) - ex. Bacteria Multicellular (many cells) - ex. Animals, plants Have a universal genetic code 23 All living things have DNA DNA passes on genetic information from one generation to the next Structural Organization 24 The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural complexity : Chemical level – atoms form molecules Cellular level – cells and their subunits Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose Organism – the result of all simpler levels working together Structural Organization 25 26  Need energy to survive 27 Autotrophs - get energy from sun Heterotrophs - get energy by consuming nutrients from their environment Metabolism 28 A broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes: Breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (catabolism), Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (anabolism), And using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, that power cellular activities.  Grow and develop 29 Each cell divides to make new cells (cell division) – results in growth Some cells become specialized and perform different jobs than others (differentiation)  All living things reproduce 30 Sexual - two sex cells required (sperm and egg) Asexual - only one parent cell is needed  Respond to stimuli in their environment 31 Stimuli - factors in the environment that living things react to (ex. Light, temperature, sound, etc.)  Maintain homeostasis 32 Homeostasis – a relatively stable internal environment (within a certain range) - (ex. Human body temperature (approximately 98.6 degrees F))  Adapt and evolve over time 33 Evolution - gradual change in a population of organisms over time Individuals DO NOT evolve 34 Structural organisation of Living Matter – Chemical Level 35 Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas All forms of matter—both living and nonliving—are made up of a limited number of building blocks called chemical elements Each element is a substance that cannot be split into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means. Scientists now recognize 118 elements Elements of the Body 36 Elements of the body 37 Structural organisation of Living Matter – Chemical Level 38 Each element is made up of atoms This the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element Made up of Subatomic particles: Neutron, Proton, Electron, Quarks The dense central core of an atom is its nucleus, surrounded by protons and electrons Structural organisation of Living Matter – 39 Chemical Level Each Atoms carries an electric charge Electric charge can be negative (-) or positive (+) – Electrons have negative charge (-1) – Protons have positive charge (+1) – Neutron has no charge (0) Like charges repel each other; opposites attract Structural organization of Living Matter – Chemical Level 40 Specific groups of electrons are most likely to move about within certain regions around the nucleus called electron shells  1st electron shell holding up to 2 electron 2nd holds up to 8 3rd holds up to 18 Electron Shells 41 Structural organization of Living Matter – 42 Chemical Level Atomic number: number of protons – Changing the number of protons changes one element into another. Atomic mass: atomic weight, determined by the total number of protons and neutrons – All atoms of an element have the same atomic number. Structural organization of Living Matter – 43 Chemical Level Structural organization of Living Matter – 44 Chemical Level Although all atoms of one element have the same number of protons, they may have different numbers of neutrons and thus different mass numbers these atoms are referred to as Isotopes Isotopes differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus – Example: adding two neutrons to 12(12C) creates a heavy isotope of carbon (14C) – Heavy isotopes often break apart, releasing ionizing radiation that can be detected by lab instruments and used to treat cancer Structural organization of Living Matter – Chemical Level 45 The atoms of each element have a characteristic way of losing, gaining, or sharing their electrons when interacting with other atoms to achieve stability Atoms can either gain or loose and electron to become an ion Cation (positively charged ions, eg. Na+) Anion (negatively charged ions, eg. Cl-) Atoms can join with other atoms to form molecule (eg. O2) Atoms maybe of the same kind (O2) or maybe two different atoms (compound eg. NaCl)  46 Ions  47 Ionic Bonds Molecule and compounds are fascinated by bonds Opposite charges will attract each other and anion and cation will form ionic bonds  48 Covalent Bonds a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.  49 Polar Covalent Bonds  50 Molecular Ions Molecular ion: charged molecule that can participate in ionic bonds with oppositely charged ions Interaction with water turns highly charged polar molecules into ions. Acids: proton donors Bases: proton grabbers Acids and Bases 51 Acid: chemical that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water – Released hydrogen interacts with other chemicals – Strong acids release large amounts of hydrogen Base: chemical that decreases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water – Also referred to as alkali or caustic – Strongest bases release hydroxyl groups The pH scale 52