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Questions and Answers
What is the term for organisms that obtain energy from consuming other organisms or nutrients?
What is the term for organisms that obtain energy from consuming other organisms or nutrients?
Which level of structural organization directly consists of a group of cells performing a common function?
Which level of structural organization directly consists of a group of cells performing a common function?
Which process refers to the synthesis of complex structures from simpler substances in cells?
Which process refers to the synthesis of complex structures from simpler substances in cells?
What is the primary requirement for all living things in order to perform cellular activities?
What is the primary requirement for all living things in order to perform cellular activities?
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Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
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What does anatomy primarily focus on?
What does anatomy primarily focus on?
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Which of the following correctly describes physiology?
Which of the following correctly describes physiology?
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What is gross anatomy concerned with?
What is gross anatomy concerned with?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
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What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
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Which organ is part of the endocrine system?
Which organ is part of the endocrine system?
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How does the muscular system contribute to the body?
How does the muscular system contribute to the body?
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Which of the following is a major component of the nervous system?
Which of the following is a major component of the nervous system?
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Which of these is the study of tissue under a microscope known as?
Which of these is the study of tissue under a microscope known as?
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What is the main role of the endocrine system?
What is the main role of the endocrine system?
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What is the approximate normal body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
What is the approximate normal body temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
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What is true about evolution in relation to individual organisms?
What is true about evolution in relation to individual organisms?
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What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element?
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Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?
Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?
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How many protons are found in the nucleus of an atom of an element?
How many protons are found in the nucleus of an atom of an element?
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What happens to like charges in terms of their interaction?
What happens to like charges in terms of their interaction?
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Which statement accurately describes the structure of electron shells?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of electron shells?
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What defines the atomic mass of an element?
What defines the atomic mass of an element?
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What is the primary function of the reproductive system in both male and female?
What is the primary function of the reproductive system in both male and female?
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Which organs are involved in the urinary (excretory) system?
Which organs are involved in the urinary (excretory) system?
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What is a function of the lymphatic system?
What is a function of the lymphatic system?
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Which of the following describes the role of white blood cells?
Which of the following describes the role of white blood cells?
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What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?
What is the main purpose of the respiratory system?
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Which of these is NOT a function of the digestive system?
Which of these is NOT a function of the digestive system?
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What distinguishes unicellular organisms from multicellular organisms?
What distinguishes unicellular organisms from multicellular organisms?
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Which organ is primarily responsible for cleansing the blood in the lymphatic system?
Which organ is primarily responsible for cleansing the blood in the lymphatic system?
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What is the main function of hormones produced by glands?
What is the main function of hormones produced by glands?
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What role does the circulatory system play in the body?
What role does the circulatory system play in the body?
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What differentiates isotopes of the same element?
What differentiates isotopes of the same element?
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What type of ion is formed when an atom loses an electron?
What type of ion is formed when an atom loses an electron?
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What is a characteristic of ionic bonds?
What is a characteristic of ionic bonds?
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What defines a strong acid?
What defines a strong acid?
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Which of the following describes polar covalent bonds?
Which of the following describes polar covalent bonds?
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Which compound represents a molecule formed from two different atoms?
Which compound represents a molecule formed from two different atoms?
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What is the primary function of bases in a solution?
What is the primary function of bases in a solution?
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When acids are dissolved in water, what do they primarily release?
When acids are dissolved in water, what do they primarily release?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
- Biology is the study of living organisms.
- It encompasses various specialized fields, including morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy is the study of body structures (morphology) and their relationships.
- Physiology is the study of body functions, what they do, and how they do it.
- Anatomy examines form, while physiology examines function.
Gross Anatomy & Microscopic Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy studies anatomy at the macroscopic level, typically through dissection.
- Microscopic Anatomy explores anatomy not visible to the naked eye, requiring the use of a microscope.
- Microscopic anatomy includes:
Histology
- Examines tissues, groups of specialized cells.Cytology
- Analyzes the structure of individual cells, the simplest units of life.
Body Systems
- The human body comprises 11 organ systems:
Integumentary System
- **Organs:** Skin - **Functions:** Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper tissue; excretes salts and urea; provides pain and pressure sensation; regulates body temperature; synthesizes vitamin D.Skeletal System
- **Organs:** Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints - **Functions:** Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework for muscles and movement; hematopoiesis (blood cell production); stores minerals.Muscular System
- **Organs:** Skeletal muscle (attached to bone) - **Functions:** Contraction and mobility (locomotion); facial expression; posture; produces body heat.Nervous System
- **Organs:** Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors - **Functions:** Acts as a fast-acting central control system; responds to external and internal stimuli via nerve impulses (electrical messages).Endocrine System
- **Organs:** Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes... etc. - **Functions:** Slow-acting control system; glands produce hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.Circulatory System
- **Organs:** Heart, blood vessels, capillaries, and blood - **Functions:** Transports O2, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells; white blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, and tumors.Lymphatic System
- **Organs:** Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils - **Functions:** Complements circulatory system by returning leaked fluid back to blood vessels; cleanses the blood; involved in immunity.Respiratory System
- **Organs:** Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs - **Functions:** Keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes CO2; carries out gas exchange through air sacs in lungs.Digestive System
- **Organs:** Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus (liver and pancreas) - **Functions:** Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood; indigestible food is eliminated as feces.Urinary (Excretory) System
- **Organs:** Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra - **Functions:** Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body (urea and uric acid); regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance of the blood.Reproductive System
- **Organs:** - **Male:** Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum - **Female:** Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tube - **Functions:** Primary function for both sexes is to produce offspring; Male – testes produce sperm and male sex hormones; Female – ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; mammary glands produce milk.
Characteristics of Living Matter
- Organization: Made up of one or more cells; possess a genetic code/DNA.
- Metabolism: Requires energy to survive.
- Growth: Increases in size or number of cells.
- Reproduction: The ability to produce offspring.
- Adaptation: The ability to change over time in response to environmental changes.
Chemical Level of Organization
- Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
- All forms of matter are made up of chemical elements.
- An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.
- There are 118 recognized elements.
- Each element is composed of atoms, the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of the element.
- Atoms consist of subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons.
- The nucleus is the dense central core of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
Atomic Structure and Bonding
- Each atom carries an electric charge:
- Electrons have a negative charge (-1).
- Protons have a positive charge (+1).
- Neutrons have no charge (0).
- Like charges repel each other, while opposites attract.
- Electrons occupy specific regions around the nucleus called electron shells.
- The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.
- The atomic mass (atomic weight) is determined by the total number of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in their nucleus.
- Atoms interact with each other by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve stability.
- Atoms can gain or lose electrons to become ions:
- Cations are positively charged ions (e.g., Na+).
- Anions are negatively charged ions (e.g., Cl-).
- Atoms can join with other atoms to form molecules (e.g., O2) or compounds (e.g., NaCl).
Chemical Bonds
- Ionic Bonds: Formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
-
Covalent Bonds: Formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
- Polar Covalent Bonds: Involve uneven sharing of electrons, resulting in one end of the molecule being slightly positive and the other slightly negative.
Molecular Ions, Acids, and Bases
- Molecular Ions: Charged molecules that can participate in ionic bonds with oppositely charged ions.
- Acids: Donate protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water.
- Bases: Accept protons (H+ ions) when dissolved in water.
-
pH Scale: A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
- Values range from 0 to 14, with lower values indicating acidity and higher values indicating alkalinity.
- Pure water has a pH of 7, considered neutral.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of Anatomy and Physiology, including the distinctions between these fields, the study of body structures, and functions. It also explores gross and microscopic anatomy, as well as the various organ systems of the human body. Test your understanding of these essential biological concepts.
