Intro to Phil Lit.pptx - Literature Study Guide PDF

An Introduction to the study of Litera ture Essence and Significance of Literature Reporter: Lucky Brylle C. Minoza Essence and Significance of Literature 1. Litera comes from the Latin word which means letter. Deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man. Literature i...

An Introduction to the study of Litera ture Essence and Significance of Literature Reporter: Lucky Brylle C. Minoza Essence and Significance of Literature 1. Litera comes from the Latin word which means letter. Deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man. Literature is the story of man (Kahayon, 1998). Literature comes from French phrase “belles - letters” means beautiful writing (Baritugo,2004) 2. Literature in it’s broadest sense, is everything that has ever been written. 3. The best way to understand human nature fully and to know a nation completely is to study literature (Garcia, 1993). Essence and Significance of Literature 4. We learn the innermost feelings and thoughts of people – most real part of themselves, thus we gain an understanding not only for others, but more importantly, of ourselves and of itself (Garcia, 1993). 5. Offers us an experience in which we would participate as we read and test what we read by our own experience. 6. Does not yield much unless we bring something of ourselves to it. 7. Literature is a faithful production of life, it is a product and commentary on life process. Essence and Significance of Literature 8. Literature illuminates life. 9. Literature is our life’s story including its struggle, ideas, failures, sacrifices and happiness (Ang, 2006). 10. Literature appeals to man’s higher nature and its need – emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and creative. Like all other forms of art, literature entertains and gives pleasure; it fires the imagination and arouses noble emotions and it enriches man by enabling him to reflect on life and by filling him with new ideas (Garcia, 1993). Essence and Significance of Literature 11. Literature is one of the Seven Arts ( music, dance, painting, sculpture, theatre, and architecture) literature is creative product of a creative work, the result of which is form and beauty (Nuggets, 2004). 12. Why do people read Literature? (Nuggets, 2004)  For information  For assesment  For higher and keeper pleasure  For cultural upliftment  For discovery of broader dimension in life. 13. The ability to judge of literature is based on the application of certain recognizable standards of good literature. Great literature is distinguishable of the following qualities (Garcia, 1993).  Artistry – quality which appeals to our sense of beauty.  Intellectual Value – a literary work stimulates thought enriches our mental life by making us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature.  Suggestiveness – the quality associated with the emotional power of literature, it should move us deeply and stir our creative imagination, giving and evoking vision above and beyond the plane of ordinary life and experience.  Spiritual Value – a good literature elevates the spirit by bringing out moral values which makes us better persons – this capacity to inspire is part of the spiritual value of literature.  Permanence – a great work of literature endures and it can be read again and again as each reading gives fresh delight and new insights and open new worlds of meaning and experience.  Universality – great literature is timeless and timely – forever relevant in terms of its theme and conditions. Essence and Significance of Literature 14. Literary text can be studied in several ways (Garcia, 1993). For its thematic value, for entertainment value, for the richness of its plot, for comparison with other works, for the ideas it contains, for its emotional power, for character analysis, as an appeal to move readers to action, for social reforms, for its representations of literary movements and techniques, for the author’s unique use of language (style) and most importantly for its reflection of life itself. Essence and Significance of Literature 15. All literature falls under 2 main division (Nuggets, 2004). PROSE POETRY Form Written in Written in stanza paragraph form or verse form Language Expressed in Expressed in ordinary metrical, language rhythmical and figurative language Appeal To the intellect To the emotion Aim To convince, Stir the inform, instruct, imagination and imitate and set an ideal of reflect how life should Essence and Significance of Literature 16. Prose a. Prose drama – consist of dialogues in prose, and is meant to be acted on stage. b. Essay – a short literary in composition which is expository in nature. The author shares some of his thoughts, feelings, experiences, or observations on some aspects of life that have interested on him. Example: Carmen Guerrero Nakpil’s “Where is the Patis?”. Essence and Significance of Literature c. Prose Fiction – something invented, imagines or feigned to be true. Novel – a long fictitious narrative with a complicated plot. It may have a main plot and one or more sub-plots that develop with the main plot. Characters and actions representative of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot. It is made up of characters. Example: Without Seeing The Dawn by Stevan Javellana. Essence and Significance of Literature Short Story - a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of time, place and action. It deals with a single character interest, a single emotion or series of emotions called forth by a single situation. It is distinguished from the novel by its compression. Example: Dead Stars by Paz Marquez – Benitez. d. Biography and Autobiography  Biography – a story of a certain person’s life written by another who knows him (the former) well. Ex: Cayetano Arellano by Socorro O. Alberto  Autobiography - a written account of man’s life written by himself. Ex: A Woman with No Face by Ms. Pilar Pilapil Essence and Significance of Literature e. Letter a written message which displays aspects of – an author’s psychological make-up not immediately apparent in his more public writings. It is a prose from which by the force of its style and the importance of its statement becomes an object of interest in its own right. f. Diary a daily written record or account of the writer’s – own experience, thoughts, activities or observations. g. Journal – a magazine or periodical especially of a serious or learned nature. Essence and Significance of Literature h. Other Prose Forms: 8.1 Historical Prose – a prose from dealing with historical events. 8.2 Scientific Prose – a prose from that deals with the subject science. 8.3 Satrical Prose – a prose form that ridicules the vices and follies of men. 8.4 Current Publications – books, magazines or newspapers that are commonly known or accepted or in general usage at the time specified or, if unspecified, at the present time. 8.5 Literary Criticism – the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of literary works; it does not mean “finding fault with”. 8.6 Book Review – an article dealing with the contents, literary worth, etc. of a book especially a recently published book. Essence and Significance of Literature 17. Literary Genres a. Fiction c. Essay b. Poetry d. Drama 18. Fiction a. is an imaginative recreation and re-creation of life. b. Includes short stories and novels. c. Short story often reffered to as a “slice of life” is a fictitios narrative compressed into one unit of time, place and action; ot deals with a single character interest, single emotion called forth by a single situation. Ex: “Dead Stars” by Paz Marquez - Benitez Essence and Significance of Literature d.Novel- A fictitious narrative with a complicated plot; it may have a main plot and one or more sub-plots that develop with the main plot; characters and actions representative of the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot; it is made up of characters. Example: “Dogeaters” by Jessica Hagedorn  Novel and short story differ from each other only in length and complexity, the novel is longer because of several complications and twists to its plot.  Fiction is a make believe world, the literary characters seem almost real and the situations are likewise similar to real life conditions and surroundings,  More often than not, people see themselves in the characters or relate them to real life people they know. Fiction Reporter : Rocel Shane Sombilon Elements of Fiction  Elements of Fiction 1. Characters - Are the representation of a human being; persons involved in a conflict.  Elements of Fiction Five ways of Revealing Literary Characters  What the character do along with the circumstances in which they do it?  How the characters are described  What the characters say and think?  What other characters say about them?  What the author says about them? Types of Characters a. Round Character - Is a dynamic character who recognize changes in the circumstances. - Is a fully develop character, with many traits – bad and good – shown in the story.  Types of Characters b. Flat Character - Also known as the stock or the stereotype character who does not grow and develop. - A flat character is not fully developed.  Types of Character Other types of Characters: a. Protagonist – hero/ heroine. b. Antagonist - a foil to the protagonist.  Types of Character Other types of Characters: c. Deuteroganist – second in importance. d. Fringe – one who is destroyed by his inner conflict. e. Typical or minor characters Elements of Fiction 2. Setting - The locale (place) or period (time) in which the action of a short story, play, novel or the motion picture takes place (also known as the background of the story).  Elements of Fiction 3. Conflict - The struggle or complication involving the characters, the opposition of persons or forces upon which the action depends in drama or fiction.  Types of Conflict a. Internal Conflict - Occurs when the protagonist struggles within himself or herself. - The protagonist is pulled by two courses of action or by differing emotions.  Types of Conflict b. Interpersonal Conflict - Pits the protagonist against someone else. - Person-against-person.  Types of Conflict c. External Conflict - Happens when the protagonist is in conflict with the values of his or her society.  Elements of Fiction 4. Plot - A casually related sequence of events; what happens as a result of the main conflict is presented in a structure format; the sequence of events which involves the character in conflict. - (Beginning, Middle, Ending).  Plot  Narrative Order - The sequence of events is called the narrative order.  Plot  Narrative Order Chronological the most common type of narrative order in children’s books.  Plot  Narrative Order Flashback occurs when the author narrate an event that took place before the current time of the story.  Plot  Narrative Order Time lapse occurs when the story skips a period of time that seems unusual compared to the rest of the plot. Pyramidal Structure of a Plot Climax Complication Denouement Exposition Resolution Pyramidal structure of a Exposition a. Plot (Beginning) - Introduces the time, place, setting, and the main characters. b. Complication (Rising action) - Unfolds the problem, and struggles that would be encountered by the main characters leading to the crisis. c. Climax (Result of the crisis) - Part where the problem or the conflict is the highest peak of interest; the highest point of the story for the reader, frequently, is the highest moment of interest and greatest emotion; also known as the crisis or the Pyramidal structure of a Plot d. Denouement - Is the untying of the entangled knots, or the part that shows a conflict or a problem is solved, leading to its downwards movements or end. e. Resolution (End) - Contains the last statement about the story. Qualities of the Plot a. Exciting - It should be more exciting than the everyday reality that surrounds us. b. Good Structure - The episodes must be arranged effectively, but the most important element of plot structure is tying all the incidents together, so that one leads naturally to another. Plot Devices a. Flashback - Something out of chronological order; to reveal information, to understand a character’s nature. b. Foreshadowing - A device to give a sign of something to come. Its purpose is to create suspense, to keep the readers guessing what will happen when. c. Suspense - This is the feeling of excitement or tension in the reader’s experiences as the action of the plot unfolds. Plot Devices d. Surprise Ending - This is an ending that catches the reader off guard with an unexpected turn of events. e. In Media Res - The technique of beginning a story in the middle of the action, with background information given later in flashbacks. Elements of Fiction 5. Point of View - The writer’s feeling and attitude towards his subject. - Determined who tells the story and it identifies the narrator of the story. - The form of narration also affects the story itself.  Classification of P.O.V a. First Person - The writer uses the pronoun “I”. He/she could be a participant or a character in his own work. - The narrator may be the protagonist, an observer, a minor character, or the writer himself/herself.  Classification of P.O.V b. Third Person - The writer-narrator is a character in the story. He/she narrates based on what he observed/his opinion. - On the other hand, a limited third person is an outsider/observer who is not part of the story.  Classification of P.O.V c. Omniscient - The writer-narrator sees all; he can see into the minds of characters and even report everyone’s innermost thoughts.  Classification of P.O.V Name Characteristics Pronouns Speaker part of the story, can observe I, me, mine, we, us, Fist Person characters, but our (s) reveals feelings and reactions only of self. Story told only as He, him, his, she, one character can Third Person her (s), they, them, observe. Limited Third Narrator not part of theirs He him, his, she, Person the story, cannot her (s), they, them, read any theirs character’s mind. Narrator/author He, him, his, her (s), Omniscient knows all and sees all they, them, theirs  Elements of Fiction 6. Mood - The atmosphere or the emotional effect generated by the words, images, situations in a literary work. - The emotional ambiance of the work. Example: Melancholy Joyous Tense Opressive  Elements of Fiction 7. Tone - A term used, sometimes broadly, to denote an attitude of feeling of the speaker or author as conveyed by the language in its artful arrangement. - It describes the attitude of the narrator or persona of the work whereas Mood refers to the emotional impact felt by the reader of the work. Example: Ironic, Sly Pensive, Acerbic Humorous Elements of Fiction 8. Symbolism - Stand for something other than themselves, they bring to mind not their own concrete qualities, but the idea or obstruction that is associated with them. Elements of Fiction 9. Images - Are usually characterized by concrete qualities rather than abstract meaning - These appeal to the senses of taste, smell, feel, sound, or sight.  Elements of Fiction 10. Theme - The central or dominating idea in a literary work - It is the topic or subject of the selection, which is sometimes stated by a character or the writer himself, but oftentimes, it is merely implied or suggested. Note: The theme is not some familiar saying or moral lesson. Example: Love, Friendship Courage, Revenge Reporter: Lucky Joyce S. Lantaya Poetry  Greek word poesis meaning “making or creating”  A kind of language that says it more intensely than ordinary language does. 5 things about poetry a. Poetry is a concentrated thought b. Poetry is a kind of word-music c. Poetry expresses all the senses d. Poetry answers our demand for rhythm e. Poetry is observation plus imagination SOME OF THE BEST DEFINITIONS OF POETRY:  Gemino Abad : “ a poem is a meaningful organization of words.”  T.S Eliot : “ The fusion of two poles of mind, emotion and thought”  Manuel Viray : “ Poetry is the union of thoughts and feelings.”  William Wadsworth : “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recorded in tranquility”  Edgar Allan Poe : “ It is the rhythmic creation of beauty”  Percy B. Shelly : “ It is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds.”  Jaime G. Ang : “ Poetry if the ‘essence’ of the creative imagination of man.” ELEMENTS OF POETRY 1.SENSE – is revealed through the meaning of words, images and symbols, a. diction – denotative and connotative meanings/symbols b. images and sense impression – sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, motion, and emotion c. figure of speech – simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony, allusion, antithesis, paradox, litotes, oxymoron, onomatopoeia. 2.SOUND – is the result of a combination of elements. a. tone color – alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, repetition, anaphora b. rhythm – ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements in the flow of the sound and silence: duple, triple, running or common rhyme. c. meter – stress, duration, or number of syllables per line, fixed metrical pattern, or a verse form: quantitative, syllabic, accentual and accentual syllabic. d. rhyme scheme – formal arrangements in rhymes in stanza or the whole poem. ELEMENTS OF POETRY 3. STRUCTURE – refers to arrangement of words, and lines to fit together, and the organization of the parts to form a whole a. word order – natural and unnatural arrangement of words b. ellipsis – omitting some words for economy and effect c. punctuation – abundance or lack of punctuation marks d. shape – contextual and visual designs: jumps, omission of spaces, capitalization, lower case TYPES OF POETRY 1. Narrative Poetry a. Epic – a long narrative poem of the largest proportions. b. Metrical Romance – a narrative poem that tells a story of adventure, love and chivalry. The typical hero is a knight on a quest c. Metric Tale – a narrative poem consisting usually of a single series of connective events that are simple idylls or home tales, love tales, tales of the supernatural or tales written for a strong moral purpose in verse form. d. Ballad – the simplest type of narrative poetry. It is a short narrative poem telling a single incident in simple meter and stanzas. It is intended to be sung. TYPES OF POETRY e. Popular Ballad – a ballad of wide workmanship telling some simple incidents of adventure, cruelty, passion or superstition, an incident that shows the primary instincts of man influenced by the restraint of modern civilization. f. Modern or Artistic – created by a poet imitation of the folk ballad, makes use (sometimes with considerable freedom) of many of its devices and conventions g. Metrical Allegory – an extended narrative that carries a second meaning along with the surface story. Things and actions are symbolic. TYPES OF POETRY 2. LYRIC POETRY a. Ode – a lyric poem of some length serious in subject and dignified in style. It is the most majestic of the lyric poems. It is written in a spirit of praise of some persons or things. Example: Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” b. Elegy – a poem written on the death of a friend of the poet. example: The Lover’s Death by Ricardo Demetillo c. Song – a lyric poem in a regular metrical pattern set to music. These have 12 syllables and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria. example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas d. Corridos (kuridos) – these have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a material beat. example: Ibong Adarna by Jose Dela Cruz e. Sonnet – a lyric poem containing fourteen iambic lines, and a complicated rhyme. example: Santang Abad by Alfonso P. Santos LITERARY DEVICES IN POETRY 1. FIGURES OF SPEECH  Simile – consists of comparing two things using the words like or as Example: Your face is as big as a seed, But you do not bear fruit (Lines from A Secret by Carlos Bulosan)  Metaphor – uses direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas. Example: Dear Lord: Let thou be the street-cleaner Whilst I be the road (Prayer by NVM Gonzales)  Personification – gives human traits to inanimate objects or ideas. Example: The bullet said to the heart: From now on we shall never part (Lines from Communion by Gerson M. Mallillin LITERARY DEVICES IN POETRY  Apostrophe – is a direct address to someone absent, dead, or inanimate Example: Little sampaguita With the wandering eye Did a tiny fairy Drop you where you lie? (Lines from The Sampaguita by Natividad Marquez)  Metonymy – substitutes a word that closely relates to a person or a thing. Examples: 1. The pen is mightier than the sword. 2. He lives through the bottle. 3. I have read all of Shakespeare. 4. By the sweat of our brow, you will earn your food. Essay Reporter : Michelle Nitz Regis  A popular form of literature that is written in a prose composition of moderate length usually expository in nature which aims to explain or clear up an idea, a theory, an expression, or point of view. ELEMENTS OF ESSAY  Theme and Content  “what is the main point of the essay?”  Is the general objective or aim of the essay and the ideas it wants to present, describing events or interpret experiences.  Form and Structure  “how are ideas ordered to achieve a single effect?”  Describes the outline of the essay and how it is written: either orderly, systematic or in a logical manner.  It has three basic parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. With two major patterns: inductive and deductive. ELEMENTS OF ESSAY  Language and Style  “what makes the essay literary?”  Isthe mode or tone, attitude and sensibility used by the writer. Mostly, this is done in a whimsical, humorous, matter-of-fact, satirical, serious and optimistic manner but depending on what the essayist wants to portray.  This element also describes how the writer expresses himself. TYPES OF ESSAY 1. Formal or Impersonal Essay  deals with serious and important topics.  has an authoritative and scholarly style.  imposes formal tone echoes with an objective and clear straight forward expression.  is to teach and instruct. 2. Informal or Familiar Essay  covers ordinary and common place subjects through casual, conversational or friendly, often humorous but equally insightful to formal essay.  appeals more emotion than to intellect.  is to address a certain topic lightly and in fluid style. TYPES OF ESSAY a. Reflective – serious in tone and dignified in style, this type is mainly aphoristic. It’s short and sharp “quotable quotes” or choice maxims cut deep into memory like a proverb. The subject matter spurs thinking and rouses keen observation. b. Narrative – uses an accident or event, not for the sake of the story but to shape the theme. It is often used to make the idea clear and endearing to present. c. Descriptive – adds vividness, reality and animation to narrative essay. d. Speculative- theories or poses some questions in an interesting subject or may ramble speculating and prying to some problems. TYPES OF ESSAY e) Biographical – portrays characters or sketches of life, not simply chronicling it but to analyze and interpret the side of a character. f) Nature – aims to picture the world of trees, flowers, birds, mountains and etc. It may be either pictorial or reflective or both depending on the writer. g) Critical – includes biography, literary criticisms, book reviews and other compositions that aims to make an analytical judgment upon literature. h) Didactic – enforces a moral lesson. It is serious and has in tone explaining or trying to convince but concentrates more on giving lesson. i) Scientific – contains excellent logic, clarity of expression and organized presentation of the sequence of ideas. DRAMA  From the Greek word “dan” which means to do.  It is the art make-believe, it consists in part of acting out events that happened or that are imagined happening.  Aristotle defines drama as “the imitation of life”.  Drama imitates life. Theatre Reporter: Faith Precious Andre C. Inguillo Kinds of Theater Arena Medieval Elizabeth Proscenium Theater of Cruelty KINDS OF THEATRE  1. Arena- is the theater style of early Greeks. The actors are surrounded on all sides by the audience and they make exits and entrances though the aisles. This type of arrangement brings the audience into a special kind of intimacy. KINDS OF THEATRE  2. Medieval- is the theatre which uses playing areas called mansions inside the churches and portable wagons wheeled about outside the churches. In some performances, the actors came into the audience, breaking the sense of distance or the illusion of separation. Their drama was integrated with their religion and both helped them express their sense of belonging to the church and the community. KINDS OF THEATRE  3. Elizabeth- is the theatre which was a wooden structure providing an enclose space around a country open sky. The enclosed structure generated intimacy and involvement between actors and audience. KINDS OF THEATRE  4. Proscenium- was the stage of the nineteenth century. This type f stage distance the audience from the play, providing a clear frame behind which the performances act out their scenes. KINDS OF THEATRE  5. Theatre of Cruelty- was developed in France. This type of theatre closes the gap between the actor and audiences. Its purpose was to confront the members of the audience individually to make them feel uncomfortable and force them to deal with the primary issues of the drama itself. Types of Drama Tragedy Comedy Tragicomedy TYPES OF DRAMA  1. Tragedy - a serious drama in which the protagonist, traditionally of noble position, suffers a series of unhappy events that lead to a catastrophe such as death or spiritual breakdown. TYPES OF DRAMA  2. Comedy - a type of drama intended to interest and amuse the audience rather than to make them deeply concerned about the events that happen. The characters experience difficulties, but the always overcome their ill fortune and find happiness in the end. Comedy of Humors or Old Comedy- resembles farce and often pokes fun at individuals who think of themselves as very important. The characters’ disposition are exaggerated and stereotyped. Comedy of Manners or New Comedy- is realistic and satirical is concerned with the manners and conventions of high society. TYPES OF DRAMA  3. Tragicomedy - a play that does not adhere strictly to the structure of tragedy. This is usually a serious play that also has some of the qualities of comedy. It may be a commentary on the society’s raucous behavior that draws laughs and ends happily, yet there is a sense of discomfort in the sardonic humor. Elements of Drama Plot Characters Setting Dialogue Movement Music Theme ELEMENTS OF DRAMA  1. Plot- a term for the action of drama. The function of the plot is to give action a form that helps the audience understand the elements of the drama in relation to one another. The plot depend largely on the conflict of the characters. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA  2. Characters - as the conflict unfolds, so are the characters revealed. In many plays, the entire shape of the action derives form the character’s strengths and weaknesses thus, they create their own opportunities and problems.  Characters are revealed through their own words, their interaction with other characters, their expression of feelings, and their presence on stage expressed in movement and gesture. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA  3. Setting - refers to the time and place in which the action occurs. It also refers to the scenery and physical elements that appear on stage to vivify the author’s stage directions. Some plays make use of very elaborate settings, while others make use of simplified settings, even an empty stage in absurdist play. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA  4. Dialogue - the speeches that the characters use to advance the action. Since there is no description or commentary on the action, as there is in fiction, the dialogue must tell the whole story. A highly efficient dialogue reveals the characters, unfolds the action and introduces the themes of the play. Soliloquy- a speech in which an actor , usually alone on stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud, revealing personal feelings. Aside- a short speech made by a character to the audience which, by convention, the other characters onstage cannot hear. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA  5. Movement - in the Greek tragedies, the chorus danced in a ritualistic fashion form one side of the stage to the other. Their movement was keyed to the structure of their speeches. In reading a play, the stage directions give information as to where the characters are, when they move, and perhaps even the significance of their movement. The stage directions enhance the actor’s interpretations of the character’s action. ELEMENTS OF DRAMA  6. Music - is an occasional dramatic element in a play. This may either be sung by the characters or provided as background during the performance.  7. Theme - is the message, the central action, or what the play is about. Many plays contains several rather than just a single theme. hank You For Listening! Group 1 (Reporters) 1. Lucky Brylle Minoza 2. Rocel Shane Sombilon 3. Lucky Joyce Lantaya 4. Michelle Nitz Regis 5. Faith Precious Andre C. Inguillo