Literature PDF

# Literature ## Second Quarter ### Literature * **Poetry** - Poetry is a form of literary expression that uses rhythmic and often figurative language to evoke emotions. **Introduction** 1. From Latin word *prosa*, part of the phrase *prosa oratio*, meaning straightforward speech/ a natural fl...

# Literature ## Second Quarter ### Literature * **Poetry** - Poetry is a form of literary expression that uses rhythmic and often figurative language to evoke emotions. **Introduction** 1. From Latin word *prosa*, part of the phrase *prosa oratio*, meaning straightforward speech/ a natural flow of speech 2. Written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. 3. Written in full grammatical sentences, which then constitutes paragraph. * **Prose** - Prose is straightforward writing that follows ordinary grammatical structure without a formal metrical pattern. ## Prose * **Fiction** - This is a narrative written based on the author's imagination. The most popular kinds of prose are novels and short stories. * **Nonfiction** - This refers to the true stories or factual accounts of events. Newspaper articles and instructional manuals are examples of this type of prose. ### Fiction - Types * **Novel** - A novel is a long, fictional narrative that tells a story about characters and events. It typically explores themes, emotions, and relationships in detail and is divided into chapters. Novels can belong to various genres, such as romance, mystery, or science fiction. **Example: ** _Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen_ - A novel about love, social standing, and individual growth. * **Short Story** - A short story is a brief fictional narrative that usually focuses on a single incident or theme, often featuring a limited number of characters. It aims evoke to an emotional response and conveys a specific message or moral within a concise format. **Example: ** _The Lottery by Shirley Jackson_ - A story about a small town's disturbing annual ritual. ### Nonfiction - Types * **Essay** - An essay is a short piece of writing that presents an argument, analysis, or interpretation on a specific topic, often organized into an introduction, body, and conclusion. **Example: **_“The Things That Matter” by E.B. White_ - In this essay, White reflects the simple joys of life, like nature and family, conveying warmth and appreciation for everyday moments. * **Biography** - A biography is a detailed account of a person's life, written by someone else, covering their experiences, achievements, and significant events. **Example: **_Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson_ - A biography of the life and career of the co-founder of Apple, Steve Jobs. * **Autobiography** - A person's life story written by themselves. **Example:** _The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank_ - The autobiography of Anne Frank, documenting her life in hiding during World War II. ### Fiction - Sub-types * **Short Story** - A short story is a brief fictional narrative that usually focuses on a single incident or theme, often featuring a limited number of characters. It aims to evoke an emotional response and conveys a specific message or moral within a concise format. - **More Examples:** - _Little Red Riding Hood_ - A popular fairy tale about a girl who encounters a cunning wolf on her way to visit her grandmother - _The Three Little Pigs_ - a classic story about hard work, perseverance, and out-smarting danger - _Hansel and Gretel_ - A story of two siblings who outsmart a wicked witch after being abandoned in the woods. * **Fairy Tale** - A fictional story involving magical elements, often meant for children. - **More Examples:** - _Cinderella_ - A story about a young girl who, mistreated by her stepfamily, attends a royal ball with the help of her fairy godmother and captures the heart of a prince - _Snow White_ - A tale of a beautiful princess who escapes from her evil stepmother, the queen, and finds refuge with seven dwarfs while the queen seeks to eliminate her. - _Beauty and the Beast_ - A story about a young woman who finds love and redemption with a cursed prince in the form of a beast after taking her father's place as a prisoner. * **Fable** - A fable is a short, fictional story, often featuring animals as characters, that conveys a moral lesson or practical truth. - **Example: ** _The Tortoise and the Hare_ - A fable about patience and perseverance. - **More Examples:** - _The Ant and the Grasshopper_ - This fable tells of an industrious ant who works hard to store food for the Winter while a carefree grasshopper sings and plays, teaching the value of hard work and planning ahead. - _The Boy Who Cried Wolf_ - A boy repeatedly tricks villagers into thinking a wolf is attacking his sheep, but when a wolf actually appears, no one believes him. The moral is about the consequences of lying. * **Parable** - A parable is a simple, illustrative story that conveys a moral or spiritual lesson, often using human characters and everyday situations. - **Example: **_The Prodigal Son_ - A biblical parable about forgiveness and redemption. - **More Examples:** - _The Good Samaritan_ - This parable teaches compassion and kindness by telling the story of a Samaritan who helps a wounded traveler, contrasting his actions with those of others who pass by. - _The Mustard Seed_ - This parable describes how a tiny mustard seed grows into a large tree, illustrating how small beginnings can lead to great outcomes in faith. ### Nonfiction - Subtypes * **Legend** - A story passed down through generations, often based on historical events with exaggerated elements. - **More Examples:** - _The Legend of the Sampaguita_ - This legend explains how the sampaguita flower became the national flower of the Philippines. It tells the story of a beautiful maiden who was turned into a flower after sacrificing herself for her family, symbolizing purity and devotion. - _The Legend of the Sun and the Moon_ - This legend tells of the sun and the moon as lovers who are always separated by the earth. It explains why they never meet and symbolizes the eternal cycle of day and night. * **Myth** - A traditional story that explains natural or social phenomena, often involving gods or supernatural beings. - **More Examples:** - _Malakas at Maganda_ - This creation myth tells of the first man and woman in the Philippines. According to the story, they emerged from a bamboo stalk, symbolizing strength (Malakas) and beauty (Maganda) as the ancestors of the Filipino people. - _Maria Makiling_ - A popular myth about a _diwata_ (fairy) who resides in Mount Makiling. She is known for her beauty and kindness, often helping the locals but also protecting her domain from those who wish to exploit it. * **Travelogue** - A narrative or descriptive account of the author’s experiences and observations while traveling.. - **Example: ** _The Innocents Abroad by Mark Twain_ - A humorous travelogue about Twain’s journey through Europe and the Holy Land. - **More Examples:** - _In the Shadow of the Sun by Anne L.B. Simpson_ - This travelogue recounts the author’s experiences traveling through various regions of the Philippines, emphasizing the beauty of its natural landscapes and the warmth of its people. - _From the Land of the Morning: A Journey Through the Philippines by Cynthia R.N. Juarez_ - Juarez shares her personal journey through the Philippines, exploring various islands and cultures while reflecting on her Filipino heritage and the richness of the country's traditions. ## Elements of Fiction ### Chapters * These are the divisions the author used to organize the events and developments in the novel. * Each chapter provides easy transitions in setting and point of view. * Authors usually use a cliffhanger at the end of each chapter. ### Theme * It is the central idea in a literary text. * It represents the broader concepts and insights that the author wants to convey through the story. * Themes can explore various topics, such as love, identity, conflict, morality, or the human condition. ### Characterization * In a novel, the author does much exploration and development of the characters. * It involves the techniques used to reveal a character’s personality, traits, and motivations, allowing readers to understand them more deeply. ### Setting * It is the time and place where the story takes place. * It includes the physical location, historical period, cultural context, and even the mood or atmosphere. * The setting can significantly influence the plot and characters, shaping their actions and experiences. ### Plot * It refers to the series of events in a novel. * The plot outlines how characters navigate challenges and conflicts, ultimately leading to a conclusion. ### Linear Plot * The events in the story are presented in chronological or sequential order. ### Flashback * The current events presented in chronological order were interrupted to recount the past events. ### In Medias Res * This is a Latin phrase for “in the middle/midst of things”. * The story begins in the middle of the plot.