INTRO-TO-CHEM2.pptx

QUARTER 1- MODULE 1 THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY  What is chemistry? Chemistry is a subdiscipline of science that deals with the study of matter and the substances that constitute it. It also deals with the properties of these substances and the reactions undergone by them to form new s...

QUARTER 1- MODULE 1 THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY  What is chemistry? Chemistry is a subdiscipline of science that deals with the study of matter and the substances that constitute it. It also deals with the properties of these substances and the reactions undergone by them to form new substances. Chemistry primarily focuses on atoms, ions, and molecules which, in turn, make up elements and compounds.  History of Chemistry Democritus (465 B.C.)- First to propose that matter exists in the form of particles. Coined the term 'atoms.’ Sir Robert Boyle (1637–1691)- Formulated the fundamental gas laws. First to propose the combination of small particles to form molecules. Differentiated between compounds and mixtures. Marie Curie (1867–1934) Co-discovered the chemical elements radium and polonium; made numerous pioneering contributions to the study of radioactive elements; carried out the first research into the treatment of tumors with radiation.  John Dalton (1766 – 1844)- Dalton’s Atomic Theory is the basis of chemistry; discovered Gay-Lussac’s Law relating gases’ temperature, volume, and pressure; discovered the law of partial gas pressures. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)- The father of modern microbiology; transformed chemistry and biology with his discovery of mirror-image molecules; discovered anaerobic bacteria; established the germ theory of disease; invented food preservation by pasteurization. Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937)- The father of nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics; discovered and named the atomic nucleus, the proton, the alpha particle, and the beta particle. J. J. Thomson (1856 – 1940)- Discovered the electron; invented one of the most powerful tools in analytical chemistry – the mass spectrometer; obtained the first evidence for isotopes of stable elements.  5 Branches of Chemistry 1. Organic Chemistry: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds. It is the study of the chemistry of life and reactions occurring in living organisms. 2. Inorganic Chemistry: Inorganic chemistry is the study of compounds not covered by organic chemistry. It is the study of inorganic compounds, or compounds that don't contain a C-H bond. 3. Analytical Chemistry: Analytical chemistry is the study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools to measure properties of matter. Analytical chemistry includes quantitative and qualitative analysis, separations, extractions, distillation, spectrometry and spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrophoresis. 4. Physical Chemistry: Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry, which commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to chemistry. 5. Biochemistry: Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms. Examples of key molecules include proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, drugs, and neurotransmitters. The Scientific Method The scientific method is a process by which observations are questioned; hypotheses are created and tested; and the results are analyzed. The scientific method was used even in ancient times, but it was first documented by England’s Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626) who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry. The scientific method can be applied to almost all fields of study as a logical, rational, problem- solving method. The Scientific Processes Examples of Chemistry in Our Daily Lives The process of photosynthesis that enables plants to convert water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen is a chemical reaction. Soaps and detergents that are used for hygiene work using a chemical process known as emulsification. Even the sunscreen used by humans to protect themselves from the harmful UV-A  Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids The Kinetic Theory: A Microscopic Description of Matter The kinetic molecular theory of matter offers a description of the microscopic properties of atoms (or molecules) and their interactions, leading to observable macroscopic properties (such as pressure, volume, temperature). An application of the theory is that it helps to explain why matter exists in different phases (solid, liquid, and gas) and how matter can change from one phase to the next. Matter Everything that takes up space and has mass is matter, which is the “stuff” that makes up the cosmos. Atoms, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are the building blocks of all matter. Matter is defined as everything that has mass and volume (takes up space). What are the Three States of Matter? The three primary states of matter are the solid, liquid, and gaseous states. All the materials we see in our daily lives (from ice-cream to chairs to water) are made up of matter. Three States of Matter  The kinetic molecular theory of matter states that: Matter is made up of particles that are constantly moving. All particles have energy, but the energy varies depending on the temperature the sample of matter is in. The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles. A change in phase may occur when the energy of the particles is changed. There are spaces between particles of matter. Three States of Matter with Examples 1. Solids The solid state is one of the fundamental states of matter. Solids differ from liquids and gases by the characteristic of rigidity. The molecules of solids are tightly packed because of strong intermolecular forces; they only oscillate about their mean positions. Solids can be defined as the state of matter which has definite shape and volume and has a 2. Liquids The molecules in a liquid are closely packed due to weak intermolecular forces. These forces are weaker than solids but stronger than that of gases. There is much space in between the molecules of liquids which makes their flowing ability easy. Liquids can easily acquire the shape of a vessel, and they have a fixed volume. 3. Gases The intermolecular forces experienced between them are negligible. Thus, translatory, rotatory and vibratory motions are observed prominently in gases. Gases do not have any fixed shape or volume. They also possess high compressibility and thermal expansion. Changes of State of Matter Solid → Liquid Melting or fusion Liquid → Gas Vaporization Liquid → Solid Freezing Gas → Liquid Condensation Solid → Gas Sublimation Gas → Solid Deposition