Intelligence Theories PDF

INTELLIGENCE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT PREFI TOPIC 1 How Do We Define Intelligence? Specifically, current definitions tend to suggest that intelligence is the ability to:  Learn from experience: The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an essential component of intelligence.  Recog...

INTELLIGENCE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT PREFI TOPIC 1 How Do We Define Intelligence? Specifically, current definitions tend to suggest that intelligence is the ability to:  Learn from experience: The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an essential component of intelligence.  Recognize problems: To use knowledge, people first must identify the problems it might address.  Solve problems: People must then use what they have learned to come up with solutions to problems. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE Given the intense interest in the concept of intelligence, some of the field's greatest minds have explored it from numerous angles. Following are some of the major theories of intelligence that have emerged in the last 100 years. Major Types of Intelligence Theories General intelligence Primary mental abilities Multiple intelligences The triarchic approach to intelligence 1. General Intelligence  British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described the concept of general intelligence, or the "g factor." After using factor analysis to examine mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.  People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored poorly on one test tended to score poorly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a general cognitive ability that researchers can measure and express numerically  Types and Components of General Intelligence TYPES OF GENERAL INTELLIGENCE  In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell theorized that there were two types of intelligence that affect human cognitive ability: fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc).  Fluid intelligence involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education.  Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge that comes from prior learning and past experiences. In other words, it's all of the facts, figures, and other accumulated knowledge that you've acquired over the course of your life. There are several key components that are believed to make up general intelligence. These include:  Fluid Reasoning: This involves the ability to think flexibly and solve problems.  Knowledge: This is a person's general understanding of a wide range of topics and can be equated with crystallized intelligence.  Quantitative reasoning: This is an individual's capacity to solve problems that involve numbers.  Visual-spatial processing: This relates to a person's abilities to interpret and manipulate visual information, such as putting together puzzles and copying complex shapes.  Working memory: This involves the use of short-term memory such as being able to repeat a list of items. 2. Primary Mental Abilities  Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887–1955) focused on seven primary mental abilities rather than a single, general ability. 1. Associative memory: The ability to memorize and recall 2. Numerical ability: The ability to solve mathematical problems 3. Perceptual speed: The ability to see differences and similarities among objects 4. Reasoning: The ability to find rules 5. Spatial visualization: The ability to visualize relationships 6. Verbal comprehension: The ability to define and understand words 7. Word fluency: The ability to produce words rapidly 3. Multiple Intelligences  Among more recent ideas about intelligence is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. He proposed that traditional IQ testing does not fully and accurately depict a person's abilities. He proposed eight different intelligences based on skills and abilities that are valued in various cultures: 8 Multiple Intelligences  Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence: The  Musical intelligence: The ability ability to control body movements and to produce and appreciate rhythm, handle objects skillfully pitch, and timbre  Interpersonal intelligence: The capacity  Naturalistic intelligence: The to detect and respond appropriately to the moods, motivations, and desires of ability to recognize and categorize others animals, plants, and other objects in nature  Intrapersonal intelligence: The capacity to be self-aware and in tune  Verbal-linguistic intelligence: with inner feelings, values, beliefs, and Well-developed verbal skills and thinking processes sensitivity to the sounds, meanings,  Logical-mathematical intelligence: and rhythms of words The ability to think conceptually and  Visual-spatial intelligence: The abstractly, as well as discern logical or capacity to think in images and numerical patterns visualize accurately and abstractly 4. The Triarchic Approach to Intelligence  Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as "mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to one's life."  Although he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he suggested that some of Gardner's types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed the concept of "successful intelligence," which involves three factors:  Analytical intelligence: The ability to evaluate information and solve problems  Creative intelligence: The ability to come up with new ideas  Practical intelligence: The ability to adapt to a changing environment Other types of intelligence Emotional Intelligence  Emotional intelligence (sometimes called EQ) was initially coined by psychologist Daniel Goleman. It refers to a person's ability to regulate emotions and use their emotions to relate to others. Signs of emotional intelligence include strong self-awareness, empathy, embracing change, and managing emotions in difficult situations. Intelligence (IQ) testing Efforts to quantify intelligence took a significant leap forward when German psychologist William Stern first coined the term "intelligence quotient" (IQ) in the early 20th century.  Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance.  Binet was the first to introduce the concept of mental age: a set of abilities that children of a certain age possess. INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (formula)  WILLIAM STERN How Psychologists and Psychiatrists Measure Intelligence  Binet-Simon intelligence scale: This was the first IQ test ever made and was developed in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.  Stanford-Binet IQ test: This was psychologist Lewis Terman's adaptation of the Binet-Simon test. Scores are based on a person's mental age divided by their chronological age (mental age/chronological age x 100). How Psychologists and Psychiatrists Measure Intelligence  Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS): This was the first intelligence test for adults, developed by David Wechsler in 1939. It was the first to use standardized normal distribution in scoring and is commonly used today. It is divided into verbal and performance measures. Like most modern tests, it scores on a bell curve. END. THANK YOU!