General Psychology Unit 4 Session 2 PDF

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Unit 4 Psychology of Individual Differences Session 2 Srishti Muralidharan Assistant Professor Dept of Psychology PES University GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Session 2: Agenda...

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Unit 4 Psychology of Individual Differences Session 2 Srishti Muralidharan Assistant Professor Dept of Psychology PES University GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Session 2: Agenda Theories of intelligence Spearman’s Two-factor theory Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory Thurstone’s Primary Mental ability theory Sternberg’s triarchic intelligence Theory GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Theories of Intelligence Intelligence is the ability of an individual to direct his behaviour towards a goal There are many views regarding what constitutes intelligence Different psychologists have given different view points and formulated their own theories of intelligence Some important such theories are as follows Spearman’s Two-factor theory Gardner’s Multiple intelligence Thurstone’s theory Sternberg’s triarchic intelligence GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Spearman’s Two Factor Theory The English psychologist, Charles spearman (1863-1945) in 1904 proposed his theory of intelligence Called two factor theory According to him intellectual abilities are comprised of two factors namely General ability known as G factor Specific abilities known as S factor GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Two Factor Theory GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Criticisms of Two Factor Theory Raymond Cattell, student of Spearman, criticized the two-factor theory stating that the nature of intelligence could be better understood by the concept of “Fluid Intelligence” & “Crystallized Intelligence” Fluid intelligence involves our current ability to reason and deal with complex information around us, crystallized intelligence involves learning, knowledge, and skills that are acquired over a lifetime For Cattell, the ”g” factor was more accurate as crystalized intelligence & felt that tests that deal with only “g” factor ignore the other intelligence factor that are covered with the fluid intelligence GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory The concept of multiple intelligences is a theory proposed by Howard Gardner This theory suggests that traditional psychometric views of intelligence are too limited Gardner first outlined his theory in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, where he suggested that all people have different kinds of "intelligences.” Gardner proposed that there are eight intelligences, and has suggested the possible addition of a ninth known as "existentialist intelligence." In order to capture the full range of abilities and talents that people possess, Gardner theorizes that people do not have just an intellectual capacity, but have many kinds of intelligence, including musical, interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Gardner (2008) defines intelligence as a “Biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture” GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart) Being capable of learning new languages and understanding how to use language to achieve goals Linguistic Intelligence deals with sensitivity to the spoken and written language, ability to learn Careers you could dominate with languages, and capacity to use language to accomplish your linguistic intelligence: certain goals People with linguistic intelligence, such as William ✓ Lawyer Shakespeare and Oprah Winfrey, have an ability to ✓ Speaker / Host analyze information and create products involving ✓ Author oral and written language such as speeches, books, and memos ✓ Journalist ✓ Curator An example of this would be analysing facts and ✓ Teacher preparing a speech to deliver in front of a group  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning Smart) Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to the Careers you could dominate with your capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically ✓ Mathematician People with logical-mathematical intelligence, such as ✓ Accountant Albert Einstein and Bill Gates, have an ability to ✓ Statistician develop equations and proofs, make calculations, ✓ Scientist and solve abstract problems ✓ Computer Analyst An example of this would be using mathematical ✓ Forensic scientist concepts to solve a real-life mortgage scenario  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Spatial Intelligence (Picture Smart) Being able to use visual aids to arrive at a solution Spatial intelligence features the potential to recognize and manipulate the patterns of wide space (those used, for instance, by navigators and pilots) as well as Careers you could dominate with the patterns of more confined areas, such as those of your Spatial Intelligence: importance to sculptors, surgeons, chess players, graphic artists, or architects ✓ Pilot People with spatial intelligence, such as Frank Lloyd ✓ Surgeon Wright and Amelia Earhart, have an ability to ✓ Architect recognize and manipulate large-scale and fine-grained ✓ Graphic Artist spatial images ✓ Interior Decorator An example of this would be using a tool like ✓ Photographer Photoshop to design a new logo for a fictional client ✓ Tattoo artist  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (Body Smart) Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the potential of using one’s whole body or parts of the body (like the hand or the mouth) to solve problems or to Careers you could dominate with your fashion products Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence : People with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, such as Michael Jordan and Simone Biles, have an ability ✓ Dancer to use one’s own body to create products, ✓ Athlete perform skills, or solve problems through mind– body union ✓ Surgeon ✓ Mechanic An example would be performing CPR on a ✓ Carpenter mannequin ✓ Physical Therapist  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Musical Intelligence (Music Smart) Being able to produce and analyze pitch, rhythm and sound Musical intelligence refers to the skill in the Careers you could dominate with performance, composition, and appreciation of your Musical Intelligence: musical patterns People with musical intelligence, such as ✓ Singer Beethoven and Ed Sheeran, have an ability to ✓ Composer recognize and create musical pitch, rhythm, ✓ DJ timbre, and tone ✓ Musician An example would be asking students to produce ✓ Art director and edit a podcast episode or write a song showcasing their learnings from a course  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart) Interpersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people and consequently to work effectively Careers you could dominate with your with others Interpersonal Intelligence: People with interpersonal intelligence, such as Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa, have an ability ✓ Teacher to recognize and understand other people’s moods, ✓ Psychologist desires, motivations, and intentions ✓ Manager An example would be preparing a sales pitch with ✓ Salespeople product discovery questions for a stubborn client ✓ Public Relations ✓ Social worker  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Intrapersonal Intelligence (Self-Smart) Intrapersonal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself, to have an effective working model of oneself- including own’s desires, fears, and capacities—and to use such information effectively in regulating one’s own life Careers you could dominate People with intrapersonal intelligence, such as Aristotle with your Intrapersonal and Maya Angelou, have an ability to recognize and Intelligence: understand his or her own moods, desires, motivations, and intentions ✓ Therapist This type of intelligence can help a person to understand ✓ Psychologist which life goals are important and how to achieve them ✓ Counsellor An example would be asking students to reflect on what ✓ Entrepreneur their career goals are and what steps they’re taking to ✓ Law enforcement meet their goals ✓ Creative writer GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Naturalist Intelligence (Nature Smart) Naturalistic intelligence involves expertise in the recognition and classification of the numerous species—the flora and fauna—of his or her Careers you could dominate with environment your Naturalist Intelligence: People with naturalistic intelligence, such as Charles Darwin and Jane Goddall, have an ability to ✓ Botanist identify and distinguish among different types of ✓ Biologist plants, animals, and weather formations that are ✓ Astronomer found in the natural world ✓ Meteorologist An example would be asking students to label five ✓ Geologist different plants using their scientific name after a ✓ Naturopath trip to a greenhouse  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Careers you could dominate with your Existential Intelligence: ✓ Philosophers ✓ Theorists Existential intelligence ✓ Life coaches Being able to ask deep and critical questions ✓ Cosmologists about the broader human experience ✓ Theologist View big picture of how the world works ✓ Archaeologists An example would be asking students, “why are ✓ Researcher you here?”  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Strengths An ability to see the big picture Criticisms Gardner’s theory has come under criticism from both psychologists and educators These critics argue that Gardner’s definition of intelligence is too broad and that his eight different "intelligences" simply represent talents, personality traits, and abilities Gardner’s theory also suffers from a lack of supporting empirical research Despite this, the theory of multiple intelligences enjoys considerable popularity with educators Gardner has cautioned that multiple intelligences should not be conflated with learning styles There is a lack of evidence to demonstrate that learning according to your "intelligence" produces better educational outcomes GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone’s theory of intelligence ✓Thurstone group factor theory of intelligence, also known as the multiple factor theory of intelligence, Factor analysis theory & theory of primary mental abilities, which was proposed by Louis Leon Thurstone in the 1930s ✓Thurstone believed that intelligence is not a single entity, but rather a combination of distinct primary mental abilities ✓He identified seven primary mental abilities that he believed were the foundation of intelligence, each of which contributed to an individual’s overall cognitive ability in different ways ✓Thurstone thought seven primary brain abilities make intelligence ✓Thurstone's primary mental abilities are Understanding words, Making words easily, Doing math, Imagining things in your mind, Remembering what you learned, Comparing things quickly and Reasoning logically ✓A person's mix of these 7 abilities makes their total intelligence GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence On further research of his multi-factor theory of intelligence, Thurstone added two more factors in his seven primary mental abilities, which are Deductive reasoning factor & Problem solving ability factor GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence The Numerical Factor It involves the ability of an individual to do quick and accurate numerical computations It can be measured by checking the accuracy and speed of the person in solving various arithmetic problems GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence The Verbal Factor It refers to the ability of the person to understand and use various words, sentences, language, or other verbal content pieces This ability can be assessed through vocabulary tests, jumble word tests, and verbal or reading comprehension tests GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence The Space Factor It refers to the spatial visualization of the person This ability comes into play when the person tries to understand the manipulation of various real/imaginary objects in space The test that measures this ability involves solving various kinds of puzzles, understanding various geometric figures, and identifying the correct mirror image of the object, or choosing the correct image of the object when it is rotated by different angles GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence Memory It refers to the ability of the person to quickly memorize the various concepts or phenomena and retaining them for a longer period of time Various memory tests like asking the participants to learn nonsense syllables, and their ability to remember them could be a measure of their memory factor The ability to recall the learned concepts by the students during the exams is largely dependent on this primary mental ability factor GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence The Verbal Fluency/Word Fluency Factor When a person is asked to rapidly speak several isolated words or sentences, then verbal fluency comes into play; a person with high verbal fluency may excel in this task, while the person with low verbal fluency may have difficulty in this task This factor is responsible for the communication skills of the person The tests to measure this factor may involve asking participants to rapidly think of words that begin or end with a specific letter GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence The Inductive Reasoning Factor This reasoning involves the ability to deduce a general principle from a specific concept This ability is measured through various tests like number series, word series, and classification of words or numbers The inductive reasoning tests may involve selecting an appropriate number or image according to the sequential order of the given numbers or images series GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence Perceptual Speed Factor It involves the ability of a person to rapidly recognize and compare the specific images, numbers, or letters, and to accurately proofread various types of content Tests like picture recognition, rapidly crossing specific letters from the series of numbers, and finding particular words in the paragraphs are used to measure the perceptual speed factor of the person  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence The Deductive Reasoning Factor It involves the ability to accurately understand a specific phenomenon or concept from the generalized principle Various aptitude tests are available to test the deductive reasoning of the person that includes the various set of statements, and the person has to choose the best possible logical solution according to the given statements GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence Problem-Solving Ability Factor It refers to the ability of a person to solve various general or aptitude problems This factor can be assessed by analysing the individual’s responses to various hypothetical problems, and their ability to reach the conclusion GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence Advantages The key benefits are that it sees intelligence in a broader, multidimensional way Recognizes cognitive differences Promotes measuring specific abilities; explains intelligence development Considers non-cognitive factors Recognizes the interrelatedness of factors These advantages make the Thurstone theory of intelligence a useful counterpoint to views of intelligence as a single score or factor GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Thurstone theory of intelligence Drawbacks The abilities may not be fully different The theory does not fully show how the abilities work together Only seven big abilities were identified The importance of different abilities is not explained The abilities may be statistical rather than psychological ideas The abilities of the real-world relevance is not examined  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence The Sternberg Triarchic Theory of Intelligence is a theory proposed by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg in the 1980s that identifies three distinct aspects of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical Sternberg’s theory suggests that intelligence is a multifaceted construct that cannot be adequately captured by a single measure or definition Intelligence is the mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of real- world environments relevant to one’s life (Sternberg,1985) GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Contextual/Practical The contextual sub theory says that intelligence is intertwined with the individual’s environment It is the ability to get out of trouble & to get along with other people Thus, intelligence is based on the way one functions in their everyday circumstances, including one’s ability to a) Adapt to one’s environment b) Select the best environment for oneself, or c) Shape the environment to better fit one’s needs and desires GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence Experiential/Creative According to the experiential theory, people are creatively intelligent to the extent that they can cope with relative novelty and automatize routine aspects of tasks A novel situation is one that has not been experienced before The problem with novelty and automation is that being skilled in one component does not ensure that you are skilled in the other  GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence Componential/Analytical The Componential sub theory is the ability to acquire & store information, to retain or retrieve information, to transfer information, to plan, make decision & solve problems & to translate thoughts into performance According to Sternberg, Componential sub theory is comprised of three kinds of mental processes & components Meta component: Enable us to monitor, control, and evaluate our mental processing, so that we can make decisions, solve problems, and create plans Performance component: Are what enable us to take action on the plans and decisions arrived at by the meta components Knowledge-acquisition component: Enables us to learn new information that will help us carry out our plans GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Sternberg’s triarchic Theory of intelligence Critiques A number of critiques and challenges to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence over the years For example, educational psychologist the theory lacks a solid empirical basis and observes that the data used to back up the theory is meager In addition, some scholars argue that practical intelligence is redundant with the concept of job knowledge, a concept that is more robust and has been better researched Finally, Sternberg’s own definitions and explanations of his terms and concepts have at times been imprecise  THANK YOU Anchor: Srishti Muralidharan Department of Psychology Reference for this presentation: Morgan, C. T., & King, R. A. (1966). Introduction to psychology (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.