Instructional Manual Skeletal System upper limb.docx

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL ON SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE UPPER LIMB TABLE OF CONTENTS: I. INTRODUCTION II. THE BONES AND JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB 1. DIAGRAM 2. LEARNING ACTIVITIES III. REFERENCES I. INTRODUCTION - Supp...

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL ON SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE UPPER LIMB TABLE OF CONTENTS: I. INTRODUCTION II. THE BONES AND JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB 1. DIAGRAM 2. LEARNING ACTIVITIES III. REFERENCES I. INTRODUCTION - Supports the whole body - Produces and facilitates body movement by working with tendons, joints, ligaments and cartilage - Protection of internal organs - Production of blood cells - Storage and release of various minerals and fat II. BONES AND JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB Bones of the appendicular skeleton - Upper Limb + Pectoral girdle \... QUESTIONS: 1. Arrange the sequence of the bones and joints of the upper limb from proximal to distal -Bones from proximal to distal: Scapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals (scaphoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum, hamate, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid), metacarpals, phalanges -Joints from proximal to distal: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, radioulnar, wrist joint, interphalangeal joints of the hand \- Bones and joints from proximal to distal: sternoclavicular joint, clavicle and scapula, acromioclavicular, shoulder joint, humerus, elbow joint, ulna and radius, radioulnar joint, carpals and wrist joint, metacarpals, interphalangeal joints of the hand, phalanges 2. What structure articulates with the head of the humerus? -The head of the humerus do articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula 3. What structure articulates with the clavicle? \- The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum or the breastbone at the sternoclavicular joint 4. What structure lies in the surgical neck of the humerus? \- The surgical neck extends from just distal to the tuberosities to the shaft of the humerus. The axillary nerve and circumflex humeral vessel lie against the bone here 5. What nerve runs through the spiral groove? \- The radial nerve is located in the spiral groove of the humerus betwen the heads of the triceps, explaining this association. As the nerve progresses into the forearm, it divides into the posterior interosseous and supeficial sensory nerve 6. The ulnar nerve passes through what structure in the elbow and describe its anatomic relationship. \- The ulnar nerve travels through a tunnel of tissue (the cubital tunnel) that runs under a bump of bone at the inside of the elbow. This bony bump is called the medial epicondyle. The spot where the nerve runs under the medial epicondyle is commonly referred to as the \"funny bone\" \- The flexion of the elbow brings the ulnar nerve to a close proximity to the medial epicondyle independent of foearm pronation and supination in a healthy person 7. Of the 2 bones in the forearm, what structure moves during pronation and supination? Describe the anatomic relationship between the two bones \- Pronation is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical ) position to the pronated (palm backward) position. This motion is produced by rotation of the radius at the proximal radioulnar joint, accompanied by movement of the radius at the distal radioulnar joint \- Forearm supination is the rotation of the radius so the palm faces anteriorly (into anatomical position). It occurs primarily at the proximal radioulnar joint by rotation of the radial head against the radial notch of the proximal ulna, held in place by the annular ligament 8. Enumerate the articulations of the radius \- The radius articulates proximally at the elbow with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna. It articulates at its distal end with the ulna at the ulnar notch and with the articular surfaces of the scaphoid and lunate carpal bones. 9. Enumerate the bones in the proximal carpal row \- The bones in the proximal row of carpal bones (moving from radial to ulnar) are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform 10. Enumerate the bones in the distal carpal row \- The distal row of the carpal bones (also from radial to ulnar) comprises the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate 11. Enumerate the ligaments stabilizing the glenohumeral joint \- Glenohumeral ligaments is composed of a superior, middle, and inferior ligament, these three ligaments combine to form the glenohumeral joint capsule connecting the glenoid fossa to the humerus 12. Enumerate the articulations of the elbow joint \- The elbow joint consists of two separate articulations: Trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus. Head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus. 13. What structure holds the radial head in place? \- The annular ligament stabilizes the radial head within the radial notch of the ulna as it rotates during supination and pronation of the forearm 14. Enumerate the ligaments in the wrist joint. \- The four main ligaments responsible for maintaining the stability of the wrist joint are the palmar and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments and the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments 15. What structure prevents excessive hyperextension of the PIP joint? \- Spanning the volar aspect of the joint is the volar plate, which primarily prevents hyperextension of the joint. The volar plate is secured proximally to the proximal phalanx through thick lateral extensions (Checkrein ligaments) that attach to the bone within the distal aspect of the second annular pulley III\. References https://teachmeanatomy.info\>bones https://www.sciencedirect.com\>radius https://orthoinfo.aaos.org\>Ulnar-nerve-entrapment-at-the-elbow Yildirm Y, Bawaneh M, Balicki T, Bal H. The medial epicondyle-ulnar nerve relation with various elbow position in healthy children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014 Jun; 34 (4) ; 437-40\] https://radiopaedia.org\>articles https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.anatomy-shoulder-and-upper-limb-forearm-radius https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\>Nb-anatomy-shoulder-and-upper-limb-hand-carpal-bones https://teachmeanatmoy.info\>the-elbow-joint-structure-movement-teachmeanatomy www.sciencedirect.com/proximal-intrphalengeal-joint-an-overview