Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion Learning Package - Catholic Schools in Ifugao

**CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO** **INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION** **2^ND^ SEMESTER-MIDTERM LEARNING PACKAGE A.Y. 2024-2025** **INTRODUCTION: WRITING THE BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM** Aside from developing the research problem, the researcher should be able to explain the background or co...

**CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO** **INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND IMMERSION** **2^ND^ SEMESTER-MIDTERM LEARNING PACKAGE A.Y. 2024-2025** **INTRODUCTION: WRITING THE BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM** Aside from developing the research problem, the researcher should be able to explain the background or context of the research problem clearly. To describe the background or context of the study, the researcher must use data published in other works about the subject. The background must clearly show that the issue or problem leads to the necessity of conducting a study about the topic. Creswell (2009) provides guide questions that can help researchers in describing the background of the study or problem. 1. Why is it necessary to conduct a study about the topic? 2. What problem influences the need to conduct a study about the topic? 3. What is the context or background of the topic? **STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM** The statement of the problem is basically composed of the different questions that the entire study will answer. **[Example of a Statement of a Problem]** The study wants to find the relationship of poverty with corruption and overpopulation in the Philippines. It hopes to answer the following questions: 1. What are poverty, corruption and overpopulation? 2. How do corruption and poverty correlate? 3. What is the effect of overpopulation on the country's poverty rate? 4. How do the Philippine government and nongovernmental organizations explain the relationship of poverty with corruption? 5. How do the Philippine government and nongovernmental organizations explain the relationship of poverty with overpopulation? 6. What is the government doing to alleviate poverty in the Philippines? **LESSON 1: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE OR LITERATURE REVIEW: SOURCES** A review of related literature or literature review is a written summary of published research studies and relevant works about a particular subject matter that is related to the researcher's main topic. To produce the review the researcher examines the central issues and problems discussed in previous studies as well as the findings and the quantitative or qualitative methods. **Finding Sources of information:** The following are examples of sources of information: +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **SOURCES** | **EXAMPLES** | +===================================+===================================+ | Periodicals | - Newspapers, popular social | | | science magazines, | | | professional publications ( | | | eg. National Geographic, | | | Psychology Today, Internet | | | news summaries, opinion | | | magazines, editorials and | | | mass market publications ( | | | e.g. Time Newsweek, The | | | economist ) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Scholarly Journals | - Peer- reviewed or abstracted | | | refereed journals containing | | | research results and social | | | scientists and other | | | researchers (e.g. Malay, | | | Asian Studies, and Philippine | | | Studies. American | | | sociological Review, | | | Philippine Social Science | | | review et... | | | | | | - Article or book review that | | | can contain literature review | | | essays that provide journal | | | article or book commentary | | | and evaluations | | | | | | - Scholarly journals that can | | | be accessed online. | | | | | | - E-journals or internet only | | | scholarly journals that | | | publish online --peer | | | reviewed researches. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Books | - Books that can contain | | | original results or a | | | compilation of research | | | articles. These books are | | | published by university | | | presses such as University of | | | The Philippine Press, Ateneo | | | De Manila University Press. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Dissertation and Thesis | - These are written by graduate | | | students. Some are published | | | into books but some are | | | unpublished and can be | | | accessed in the university | | | libraries | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Government Documents | - Documents published by the | | | national government, local | | | government units, government | | | agencies and international | | | agencies. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Policy reports and conference | - These are published by | | papers | government and private | | | research institutes and | | | policy centers, Professional | | | organizations hold annual | | | conferences and scholarly | | | papers are presented in them | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1. Finding Sources of information for Review of Related Literature** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Directions:** Improve your title in Practical Research 2 and look | | for a review of related literature. Get at least 3 related literature | | from 3 sources from the list and complete the table below. Use short | | bond paper. **30 Points (DRAFT)** | | | | Type of source Details about the work (title, author, year o | | f publication) Format of literature (is it a printed copy or a soft | | copy electronic copy)? Library where it is located or website (URL | | ) | | --------------------- --------------------------------------------- | | ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------------- ------------------------------------------- | | --- | | Periodical | | | | | | Book | | | | | | Journal | | | | | | Thesis/dissertation | | | | | | Government Document | | | | | | Internet article | | | | | | Others | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **LESSON 2: CITATION --APA STYLE (7^TH^ EDITION)** **Citation** is a way of **giving credit** to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. A **citation can include the author/s' name, date, title, publisher or DOI (Digital Object Identifier**) Always cite when you: - Use quotes - Paraphrase a text - Use an idea that someone else already expressed - Use someone else's work in developing your own ideas. ***American Psychological Association*** style is the most frequently used to cite various sources. **Publication Manual of the APA 7^th^ Edition** has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect best practices in scholarly writing and publishing. - **WHO**: Author of content - **WHEN:** Date published - **WHAT**: Title of content - **WHERE:** Publication information. It can be the website you got it from or journal or book's publication information. In **APA style,** two citations are used to cite a source: **1. IN-TEXT CITATION** is a *short citation used in the text. It f*ollows the **author-date method**. One complete reference for each should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Basic Format: (author/s' surname or organization, year) *Two types of in-text citation*: - **Narrative Citation**. *Intertwine the author/s as part of the sentence with the year of publication (in parentheses).* - **Parenthetical Citation**. *Include the author(s) and date of publication within the parentheses.* +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | *Author Type* | **Narrative | **Parenthetical | | | Citation** | Citation** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | |. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | *one author* | **Lee (2016)** | There are risks | | | investigated the | inherent in drinking | | | risks inherent in | tap water **(Lee, | | | drinking tap water. | 2016).** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | *Two authors* | ***Lee and Richards | *(**Lee & Richards, | | | (2016)*** | 2016)*** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | *Three or more | ***Lee et al. | *(**Lee et al., | | authors* | (2016)*** | 2016)*** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Group Authors with | *American | *(American | | abbreviations: | Psychological | Psychological | | | Association (APA, | Association \[APA\], | | *First citation* | 2020)* | 2020)* | | | | | | *Subsequent Citation* | *APA (2020)* | *(APA, 2020)* | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | No author | *"New drug," (1993)* | *("New drug," 1993)* | | | | | | | *Use an abbreviation | | | | version of the title* | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | No date | *National Museum | *(National Museum | | | Australia (n.d.)* | Australia, n.d)* | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2. Try it! \[in-text citation\] *Correct the errors. Be mindful of the use of punctuation, capitalization, spacing, and brackets. 10 Points*** ***2. REFERENCE LIST** is also called as full citation.* **All in-text references should be listed in the reference list** at the end of the document. The purpose of the reference list entry is to contain all the information that a reader of your work needs to follow-up in your sources. ***Four main details that most reference list entries have:*** 1. The author field 2. The publication year 3. The title of the work (*italicized* or in "quotation marks.") 4. The source from where the reference can be obtained (e.g., URL, DOI, etc.) ***Order of Reference List*** - - - Bloggs, J.S. (2016) Bloggs, J.S. (2018) ***Additional Tips:*** - Double space - Do not add additional space between entries - Add a period at the end of all citations. - No period for citations ending with a URL or DOI ***Format Title in Reference List*** - ***Capitalization:*** All sources other than periodical titles *(newspaper, magazine, journals)*, is in **sentence case.** All major words in **periodical titles** should be capitalized (e.g: **P**sychology **T**oday, **J**ournal of **H**ealth...) - ***TITLES of books/e-books, periodicals*** (newspaper, journals), websites/webpages, thesis, reports, works of art... Use italics and capitalize major words. Examples: - ***ARTICLE TITLE.* Do not italicize the title of articles. C**apitalize the 1st word of the title and the subtitle and proper nouns only. Example: **T**oughing it out at **H**arvard: **T**he making of a woman MBA **The following are general guidelines for formatting reference list entries for journal articles in APA Style- 7th Edition Journal Article Reference Checklist** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ***Author(s)*** | | | | a\. List authors' names in the same order as shown on the first page | | of the article. | | | | b\. Write each author's last name, followed by a comma, and then | | their initials---no full first or middle names. | | | | c\. Use a period and a space after each initial. | | | | d\. For works with two to 20 authors, put a comma after the initials | | of the first author and before the last name of the next | | | | author, and then do the same for subsequent authors. Use "&" before | | the final author's last name. | | | | e\. For works with 21 or more authors, list the first 19 authors' | | names; insert an ellipsis (...), but no ampersand; and add the | | | | final author's name. Check that there is a period after the final | | author's initials. | | | | ***Year*** | | | | a\. Place the year of publication in parentheses. | | | | b\. Use the year only (other periodicals \[e.g., blog, newspaper, | | magazine\] may include a month, day, or season). | | | | c\. Put a period after the closing parenthesis. | | | | ***Article Title*** | | | | a\. Write the title in sentence case: Capitalize only the first word | | of the title, the first word after punctuation that separates a | | | | main title from a subtitle (e.g., ending periods, question marks, | | colons, and some dashes), and proper nouns; lowercase | | | | all other words. | | | | b\. Do not use italics or other formatting for the title. | | | | c\. Put a period at the end of the title. | | | | ***Journal Name*** | | | | a\. Use the journal name shown on the work (e.g., at the top of the | | article or on the cover of the journal)---do not abbreviate | | | | it yourself. | | | | b\. Write the journal name in title case: Capitalize most words; | | lowercase only words of three letters or fewer with the | | | | exception of the first word in the title, the first word after | | punctuation that separates a main title from a subtitle (e.g., | | | | ending periods, colons, and some dashes), and proper nouns. | | | | c\. Italicize the journal name. | | | | d\. Put a comma after the journal name---do not italicize the comma. | | | | ***Volume Number and Issue Number*** | | | | a\. Italicize the volume number. | | | | b\. Include the issue number when available. Put the issue number in | | parentheses directly after the volume number---do not | | | | put a space between the volume number and the opening parenthesis. | | | | c\. Do not use italics or other formatting for the issue number and | | its parentheses. | | | | d\. Put a comma after the closing parenthesis--- do not italicize | | the comma. | | | | e\. If no issue number is shown on the work, omit it and place a | | comma directly after the volume number---do not italicize the | | | | comma after the volume number. | | | | ***Page Number*** | | | | a\. Include the full page range of the article. | | | | b\. Do not use italics or other formatting. | | | | c\. Separate numbers in the page range using an en dash (--).1 | | | | d\. Do not include page abbreviations, such as "pp." or "pg." | | | | ***Article Title*** | | | | a\. Write the title in sentence case: Capitalize only the first word | | of the title, the first word after punctuation that separates a | | | | main title from a subtitle (e.g., ending periods, question marks, | | colons, and some dashes), and proper nouns; lowercase | | | | all other words. | | | | b\. Do not use italics or other formatting for the title. | | | | c\. Put a period at the end of the title. | | | | ***Journal Name*** | | | | a\. Use the journal name shown on the work (e.g., at the top of the | | article or on the cover of the journal)---do not abbreviate | | | | it yourself. | | | | b\. Write the journal name in title case: Capitalize most words; | | lowercase only words of three letters or fewer with the | | | | exception of the first word in the title, the first word after | | punctuation that separates a main title from a subtitle (e.g., | | | | ending periods, colons, and some dashes), and proper nouns. | | | | c\. Italicize the journal name. | | | | d\. Put a comma after the journal name---do not italicize the comma. | | | | ***DOI or URL*** | | | | a\. Include the DOI if available; use the Crossref DOI search engine | | if you cannot find the DOI. | | | | b\. Include the URL if the article is retrieved online (but not from | | a database) and has no DOI. | | | | c\. If the article comes from an academic research database and does | | not have a DOI, do not include any electronic retrieval | | | | information in the reference. | | | | d\. Copy and paste the DOI or URL directly from your web browser. | | | | e\. Do not put a period at the end of the DOI or URL. | | | | f\. Do not write "Retrieved from" or "Accessed from" before the DOI | | or URL. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **LESSON 3: REFERENCE LIST FORMAT** **A. BOOK without a DOI, a print version (***Title of book is set in italics and in sentence case.)* **B. BOOK with a DOI/ URL, retrieved online** **C. JOURNAL ARTICLES** **Reference:** **D. ONLINE NEWSPAPER ARTICLE.** If there is a newspaper title, include it in italics **both the month and the date** **E. WEBPAGE ON WEBSITES** **Reference:** **F. WEBPAGE ON WEBSITES with no date** **Reference:** **G. AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA** **Reference:** **H. YOUTUBE VIDEOS** **Reference:** **Example** *\* The title "Free MLA..." is also alphabetized even without an author.* *\*Numbers are alphabetized as they are said, "T" for three hundred sixty.* **FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3. Reference List. Write the following bibliography properly using the APA 7^th^ Edition Format. 10 Points** ***1. Document type:** Journal Article **(section 4.1)*** ***Authors:** Atheena Roberts and Euphrosyne Williams* ***Publication year**: 2021* ***Article Title**: Implicit theories about willpower are associated with exercise levels during the academic examination period* ***Journal Information:** Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, Volume 9, Issue 2, pages 216-231* ***DOI:** https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000182* **2. Document type:** Online Newspaper Article (Section 9.3) **Author:** Roberts, A. **Publication year:** October 26, 2021 **Article title:** Early string times ties us to Neanderthals. **Journal information:** The New York Times. **LESSON 4: STEPS IN CONDUCTING A LITERATURE REVIEW** **Step 1:** Define and delimit the topic: the literature that you are going to review should be related to your research topic and problem. Have a clear and well-defined topic and problem before starting a review. The topic must not be too specific or too broad, and the question should be researchable so that it will not be difficult for you to find relevant literature. **Step 2:** Design Your Literature search: In designing your literature search you have to consider the type of resources that you will be reviewing, the extent of the review the time to be devoted for the review, the number of works to be reviewed and the libraries where to find those works. The researcher must also decide on how she/ he will record the relevant information from different sources. **Below is an example of APA Citation Style** **Step 3: Locate Research Reports:** **Step 4: Take down Notes** It is important that you take down notes and record all important information from a source. You must record the following: 1. Complete details about the work 2. Abstract of the study (for journal articles) 3. Hypothesis of the study 4. Methodology used in the study 5. Major findings, results and conclusion 6. Research design of the study 7. Recommendations given by the author of the study 8. Errors observed in the study 9. Strengths and weaknesses of the literature in relation to your research topic If it is possible and legal, you can photocopy or scan the sources to save time. However, you must always observed copy right laws**.** **Below is a sample note Card for literature Review:** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Details about the work** | | | | Title of work: Agents of Apocalypse: Epidemic Disease in theColonial | | Philippines | | | | Author: Ken De Bevoise | | | | Publisher: New Day Publisher | | | | Type: Book | | | | Place and year of publication: Quezon City ,1995 | | | | **Topic : History of Public Health** | | | | **Summary:** | | | | Agents of Apocalypse : Epidemic Disease in the Colonial Philippines | | discusses the history of epidemic diseases, particularly, smallpox, | | beriberi , malaria, cholera and venereal disease, in the Philippines | | and their impact during the nineteenth century up to the early years | | of the American period. | | | | **Hypothesis:** | | | | DE Bevoise explains that the spread of epidemics and their deadly | | impact can be attributed to the conjunction of demographic, economic, | | technological, cultural, and political processes that have been | | developing in the Philippines for centuries. | | | | **Methodology:** | | | | The author used the archival method in the gathering of primary and | | secondary sources. The same method was also used in the analysis of | | the study. He analyzed the sources by looking "into the interdynamic | | historical processes" that link humans and contagions. | | | | **Findings:** | | | | De Bevoise explains that human actions play important roles in the | | spread of epidemic diseases. | | | | **Errors / strengths and weaknesses of the literature:** | | | | The book focuses on the spread of epidemic diseases in the | | Philippines during the 19^th^ century only.It does not provide | | information on the emergence of tropical diseases in the country | | during the pre-19^th^ century | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Step 5: Organize your notes.** After gathering all the sources needed for the literature review you have to organize the notecard and develop a mental map on how you will put together the information you have gathered. One way is to group together sources that are related to a particular topic or theme. Also you can make all literature map that will group together all works about a particular topic. **Step 6. Write the Literature Review:** Once you have organized your notes, it is now time to start writing the literature review. Writing the review needs organizing and good writing skills like an essay. It has tree vital parts namely: The introduction, the Body and the conclusion. When you write always consider the purpose of the review. The review is not simply a list of research reports with a summary of major findings. A good review must be able to organize common research or arguments together. It must be able to connect the statements and research results logically. It should discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the literature reviewed in relation to the research. The review must cite all the sources of information use. **The following is an example of literature review** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **In 2002, the University of the Philippines published a book | | entitled *A College of Veterinary Medicine in the Philippines, 1898- | | 1998.*** | | | | The book is a compilation of articles by veterinarians and professors | | from the university of the Philippines College of Veterinary Medicine | | presented during the College of Veterinary Medicine Forum at the | | university of the Philippines Los Baños in 1996.The book traces the | | origins and development of veterinary science and the animal industry | | in the Philippines. It provides a short survey and discussion of the | | different areas of veterinary science in the different periods of the | | country's history from the Spanish period up to the contemporary | | period. Though the book is an impressive study on the history of | | veterinary science in the Philippines. It still has a number of | | weaknesses. First it lacks historical analysis. It does not provide a | | clear thesis, but rather it focuses on the narration of significant | | events in the history of veterinary medicine in the Philippines. | | Second, since the study was written from the perspective of a | | veterinary practitioner and not a historian's, the book suffers from | | improper citation of sources and incoherent translation from one | | period to another. There are also gaps in the narrative as it moves | | from one period to another. Lastly, though the study is impressive | | because of its discussion of different areas of study in veterinary | | science and animal industry, the articles in the book do not explain | | extensively the historical development of veterinary science in each | | period of our country's history. Not one of the articles in the book | | provides a comprehensive discussion on the history of epizootics or | | veterinary science. All articles are merely surveys on the history of | | veterinary science in the Philippines, without focusing on a | | particular period (Dela Cruz,20012 ) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 4. Make a PowerPoint presentation of the Review of Related Literature and Related Studies of your research topic. Be guided by the criteria below. 30 points** A. Organization -- 5points B. Literature Review- 10 points C. Use of Citations -- 15 points