Inflammation: Understanding the Mechanisms and Implications PDF

Inflammation is the host's response to a detrimental stimulus, such as chemical, mechanical, or pathog...

Inflammation is the host's response to a detrimental stimulus, such as chemical, mechanical, or pathogenic factors. Inflammation aims to recruit immune cells, inactivate or destroy invaders, and Introduction to Inflammation facilitate repair. Inflammation can occur with or without the presence of an infection. release chemokines, signaling blood vessels to vasodilate Injured Cells and recruit white blood cells. Mast cells, present in the interstitial space, release histamine in response to membrane damage. Mast Cells and Histamine Histamine causes endothelial cells to contract, becoming more porous, and induces vasodilation. Monocytes and neutrophils migrate through the porous endothelium into the affected area. Monocytes and Neutrophils Monocytes become activated macrophages, and neutrophils act as phagocytes, eating particles and antigens Pathophysiology of and releasing cytokines. Inflammation Vasodilate Summon more white cells to the area Stimulate fibroblasts, which become activated myofibroblasts and produce Cytokines collagen Trigger the release of catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) Alter coagulation, creating a pro- coagulation environment Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that detect, engulf, and inform the adaptive immune response, allowing naïve Dendritic Cells lymphocytes to become antibodies. The classic signs of inflammation are redness (rubor), heat/fever (calor), pain Signs of Inflammation (dolor), and swelling (tumor). In the best-case scenario, inflammatory mediators recruit immune cells to destroy pathogens and repair the area. Local Inflammation In the worst-case scenario, local inflammation becomes systemic or attacks a distal system. Inflammation: Understanding Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) is an out-of-proportion the Mechanisms defense response to a stressor, such as infection, surgery, trauma, tumor, ischemia, and Implications etc. SIRS is defined by the presence of two or Local vs. Systemic Inflammation Systemic Inflammation more of the following criteria: temperature >38°C or 90 bpm, respiratory rate >20 bpm or PCO2 12,000 or