Crash Course Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria PDF

CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Crystal Violet stain Safranin stain Purple or violet...

CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Crystal Violet stain Safranin stain Purple or violet Pink  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive 60-90% Gram-negative 10-20%  CRASH COURSE Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria Gram-positive 60-90% Staphylococcus aureus Gram-negative 10-20% Escherichia coli IMMUNOLOGY  IMMUNOLOGY Study of the aspects of the immune system or immunity of living organisms → Set of defenses to protect against infection → Set of created defenses 1. Parasites 2. Bacteria 3. Virus 4. Pathogens  IMMUNOLOGY Main concerns of the course Components of Immune system Mechanism of action of Immune system Defense against foreign substances Malfunction of Immune system  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNITY The ability of the organism to resist or defend against foreign substances Substances or materials from the external environment Not naturally produced within the body Food Drugs Virus Chemicals Pollen Microorganisms Animal hairs  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM Complex network of cells, tissues, and organs in the body that works together Parts of the body that defends against invaders (foreign substances) PRIMARY FUNCTIONS 1. Recognition → foreign vs self 2. Elimination → destroys foreign MAINTAINS HEALTHY STATE OF OUR BODY  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM SIGNIFICANCE BENEFICIAL DETRIMENTAL Inflammation (discomfort) Protection from invaders Autoimmunity Elimination of abnormal self/altered self Problems with transplantation, grafts, etc.  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNITY AND INFECTION Immunocompetence → Balanced immunity and infection Immunodeficient → Infection is greater than immunity Hypo-responsiveness → Leads to greater infection (leads to diseases) Hyper-responsiveness → Allergic reaction → loss of self recognition (leads to autoimmune diseases)  IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNE SYSTEM TWO MAIN LINES OF IMMUNE DEFENSES INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Native set of defenses Created set of defenses  IMMUNOLOGY INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Native Acquired Antigen independent (non specific) Antigen dependent (specific) Immediate maximal rapid response Lag-time (Slow response) No immunologic memory Creates immunologic memory Skin, gut villi, lung cilia, etc. Cutaneous and mucosal immune system (antibodies in mucosal secretions) Macrophage-derived cytokines Lymphocytes-derived cytokines (interferon ɣ and α, TNF) (interferon ɣ) Phagocytes, NK cells T and B lymphocytes Eosinophils, K cells COURSE OF DISCUSSIONS  INNATE IMMUNITY ‘Natural’ immunity First line of defense → React immediately → Mobilized immediately to the site of infection Present at birth (natural and native) NON-SPECIFIC Virtually used against every possible invader Papillomaviruses and Dermatophytes  INNATE IMMUNITY ‘Natural’ immunity Papillomaviruses and Dermatophytes Athlete’s foot Onychomycosis  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1. Physical Barriers a. Skin b. Mucous membranes c. Flushing actions 2. Cellular components 3. Natural Killer cells (NK Cells) 4. Complement system (complement factors)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN Physical Aspects → Largest organ in the human body → Serves as physical barrier to prevent pathogens - bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites from entering the body → Outermost layer : EPIDERMIS Composed of tightly packed cells → keratinocytes Stratified squamous epithelial layer  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the SKIN Chemical Aspects → Produces chemical substances to enhance protective role SEBUM - Oily substance produced with antimicrobial properties - Slightly acidic (5.5) → inhibits growth of pathogens *secreted by sebaceous glands DERMCIDIN - Antimicrobial peptide → kills pathogen *secreted by eccrine glands  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the GASTROINTESTINAL and RESPIRATORY TRACTS  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the GASTROINTESTINAL and RESPIRATORY TRACTS  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the GASTROINTESTINAL and RESPIRATORY TRACTS  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the GASTROINTESTINAL and RESPIRATORY TRACTS Acts as mechanical barriers to the entry of microbes from the external environment Defensins α-defensins (gastrointestinal) β-defensins (respiratory tract)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the GASTROINTESTINAL and RESPIRATORY TRACTS Acts as mechanical barriers to the entry of microbes from the external environment Submucosal and Mucosal substances Lysozymes- (cleaves the polysaccharide backbone of the peptidoglycan of gram + bacteria) Lactoferrin- (binds to bacterial membrane which cause ion deprivation)  INNATE IMMUNITY Components of Innate Immunity 1 PHYSICAL BARRIERS Epithelia of the GASTROINTESTINAL and RESPIRATORY TRACTS Acts as mechanical barriers to the entry of microbes from the external environment Submucosal and Mucosal substances Proteolytic enzymes- (proteases) Acidic pH- (binds to bacterial membrane which cause ion deprivation)