AP Biology: Virus, Bacteria and Immunology Review PDF

AP Biology Virus, Bacteria and Immunology Review Chapter 19  Understand the concept of a host range in relation to viruses and which species they can infect.  Understand the difference between the details of the lytic and lysogenic cycle and the implications of each type of i...

AP Biology Virus, Bacteria and Immunology Review Chapter 19  Understand the concept of a host range in relation to viruses and which species they can infect.  Understand the difference between the details of the lytic and lysogenic cycle and the implications of each type of infection. For example, which one shows immediate outbreaks and disease and which one show a reoccurring outbreak with periods of latency.  Know what a retrovirus is and understand the role of reverse transcriptase.  Know the different types of nucleic acids viruses can contain and the basic structure of a virus including envelope, glycoproteins, capsid and nucleic acid.  Understand how a retrovirus works and the role of any enzymes that are specific to retroviruses.  Know the basics of how antiviral drugs work and what processes they target.  Be able to differentiate between a virus, viroid and prion.  Understand the basics of how vaccines work and why vaccination is important. Chapter 27  Know the basic differences in the cell wall structure of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.  Know the role of basic structures such as a capsule, cell wall, flagellum, sex pilus, endospore and plasmid in bacterial cells.  Know the different means by which bacteria can harvest energy and use different compounds as a carbon source. If given an example or energy and a carbon source, be able to classify which category the bacterium falls into.  Know the difference between transduction, transformation and conjugation.  Know the main different types of archaea.  Know the purpose of the bacterial cell wall and how it is specifically constructed.  Know the difference between the construction of bacterial cell walls in comparison to plant cells.  Know the difference between the bacterial cell walls of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.  Understand the layers of a bacterial cell such as the structural relationship between a capsule, peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides.  Know how genetic information is transferred from one bacterial cell to another through conjugation and the use of a sex pilus.  Know the function of the following capsule, endospore, fimbriae, plasmids, sex pilus, and flagella.  Know why some antibiotics work on bacterial cells yet have not effect on eukaryotic cells.   Understand the construction of bacterial chromosomes and that they are different from plasmids.  Know the difference between autotrophic, heterotrophic, phototrophic, and chemotrophic bacteria  Know the major ecological role of bacteria. Chapter 43  Be very familiar with the inflammatory response. Know what cells are involved and the physiological responses that follow. Also understand the consequences when the inflammatory response goes into overdrive and what dangerous physiological responses can occur.  Understand the five types of innate immunity and know which cells respond to foreign invaders and which cells respond by destroying infected cells.  Know what type of molecules Toll-like receptors recognize and destroy.  Know the definition and difference between an antigen and epitope.  Understand the process of clonal selection, how it occurs and the difference between effector and memory cells. Also know when effector and memory cells are produced when exposure to a pathogen occurs.  Be able to differentiate between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity and understand how helper T-cells are involved in both.  Understand how helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells are activated.  Be able to explain specifically how helper T-cells can activate B-cells and cytotoxic T- cells.  Understand how cytotoxic T-cells can be activated by host cells infected with a virus or phagocytic antigen presenting cells using an MHC-I class molecule.  Understand the role of phagocytic cells and their role of activation in acquired immunity.  Know the importance and understand the concept of immunological memory.  Know the role of CD4 and CD8 proteins in relation to T-cells.  Know the structure of antibodies, how one class differs from another and how antibodies interact with antigens.  Understand how antibodies increase the destruction of pathogens by phagocytosis.  Know the basic differences between active and passive immunity.  Understand how vaccines work and how they are developed (ex: they are a part of inactive pathogen or made of a foreign body that has similar epitopes but does not cause disease).  Know how a body attacks itself in autoimmune disease and a few examples of these disorders.  In general, you must have a clear understanding of how all the cells of the immune system communicate and interact with each other. Also, be very familiar with which responses will be initiated depending on what type of pathogen invades the body.