Microbiology: Gram Positive vs Negative Bacteria
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Questions and Answers

What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain with Crystal Violet?

  • Blue
  • Green
  • Pink
  • Purple (correct)

    • Gram-negative bacteria have a higher percentage in comparison to Gram-positive bacteria.

    False

    Name one example of a Gram-positive bacterium.

    Staphylococcus aureus

    Gram-negative bacteria stain __________ with Safranin.

    <p>pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of pathogens with their correct definitions:

    <p>Parasites = Organisms that live on or in a host Bacteria = Single-celled microorganisms Virus = Infectious agents that replicate only inside living cells Fungi = Eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts and molds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes innate immunity?

    <p>Immediate maximal rapid response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adaptive immunity is characterized by a lag time before the immune response begins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there is hypo-responsiveness in the immune system?

    <p>Leads to greater infection and diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune response that involves the creation of immunologic memory is called ______.

    <p>adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Immunocompetence = Balanced immunity and infection Immunodeficient = Infection is greater than immunity Allergic reaction = Hypertensitivity response Autoimmune diseases = Loss of self recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?

    <p>Present at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils are considered a part of the innate immune response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two types of cytokines derived from macrophages?

    <p>Interferon ɣ and TNF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural Killer cells are a component of __________ immunity.

    <p>innate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the pathogens to their associated conditions:

    <p>Papillomaviruses = Athlete's foot Dermatophytes = Onychomycosis Athlete's foot = Caused by fungi Onychomycosis = Infection of the nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of the immune system?

    <p>Recognition of foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system is solely responsible for maintaining the body's temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does immunity refer to?

    <p>The ability of the organism to resist or defend against foreign substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system helps eliminate ____________ cells in the body.

    <p>abnormal self/altered self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune system functions with their descriptions:

    <p>Recognition = Identifying foreign substances Elimination = Destroying foreign invaders Inflammation = Response causing discomfort Autoimmunity = Immune response against self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component that the immune system defends against?

    <p>Viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Autoimmunity is a beneficial aspect of the immune system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problems can arise from transplantation or grafts related to the immune system?

    <p>Immune rejection of the transplant or graft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the skin as a component of innate immunity?

    <p>To serve as a physical barrier against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sebum produced by sebaceous glands has antimicrobial properties and is slightly basic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are defensins and where are α-defensins found?

    <p>Defensins are antimicrobial peptides, and α-defensins are found in the gastrointestinal tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of the skin, composed of tightly packed cells, is called the __________.

    <p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their functions:

    <p>Sebum = Inhibits pathogen growth due to its acidic nature Dermcidin = Antimicrobial peptide secreted by eccrine glands Lysozyme = Cleaves peptidoglycan of bacteria Lactoferrin = Binds bacterial membranes causing ion deprivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is known for its role in binding to bacterial membranes?

    <p>Lactoferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelia only provide physical barriers against pathogens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial cells make up the outer layer of the skin?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The specialized antimicrobial peptide secreted by eccrine glands is called __________.

    <p>dermcidin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acidic pH in sebaceous secretions?

    <p>Inhibit the growth of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria

    • Gram-positive bacteria: Stained with crystal violet, appearing purple or violet.
    • Gram-negative bacteria: Stained with safranin, leading to a pink appearance.
    • Prevalence: Gram-positive bacteria constitute 60-90% of bacteria, while Gram-negative bacteria make up 10-20%.
    • Examples: Staphylococcus aureus represents Gram-positive bacteria; Escherichia coli is an example of Gram-negative bacteria.

    Immunology Overview

    • Focuses on the immune system's mechanisms and the body's defenses against infections.
    • Protects against a range of threats including parasites, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.

    Components of the Immune System

    • Recognition and response: Identifies foreign substances to eliminate them.
    • Malfunctions: Can lead to autoimmune diseases or discomfort due to inflammation.

    Immunity Definition

    • Refers to the organism's ability to resist foreign materials that are not produced within the body (e.g., food, drugs, pollen, and microorganisms).

    Immune System Functions

    • Composed of cells, tissues, and organs collaborating to defend against invaders.
    • Key roles include:
      • Recognizing foreign entities.
      • Eliminating foreign invaders.
      • Maintaining overall health.

    Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity

    • Innate Immunity: Natural defenses present at birth, non-specific, immediate response with no memory.
    • Adaptive Immunity: Acquired defenses, specific to antigens, slower response with immunologic memory.

    Innate Immunity Characteristics

    • Acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.
    • Mobilizes rapidly upon infection, utilizing both physical and cellular components for protection.

    Components of Innate Immunity

    • Physical Barriers:
      • Skin: Largest organ, protective barrier against pathogens.
      • Gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts: Mechanical barriers preventing microbial entry.
    • Chemical Defenses:
      • Sebum: Oily, antimicrobial substance, acidic nature inhibits pathogen growth.
      • Dermcidin: Antimicrobial peptide effective against various pathogens.
    • Cellular Components: Includes natural killer (NK) cells and other phagocytes.

    Specific Physical Barriers

    • Skin: Composed of keratinocytes in multiple layers that physically block pathogen entry.
    • Gastrointestinal Tract: Utilizes defensins to protect against microbes; includes α-defensins (gastrointestinal) and β-defensins (respiratory).
    • Respiratory Tract: Lysozymes and lactoferrin on mucosal surfaces combat bacterial infections.

    Chemical Aspects of Physical Barriers

    • Skin's Chemical Properties: Sebum provides antimicrobial protection; dermcidin neutralizes various pathogens.
    • Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Tracts: Lysozymes cleave bacterial cell walls; acidic environments aid in pathogen reduction.

    Summary of Innate Immunity

    • Functions as a non-specific immediate response system against virtually all types of invaders.
    • Maintains overall health by utilizing a combination of physical barriers, chemical substances, and cellular components.

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