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Questions and Answers
What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain with Crystal Violet?
What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain with Crystal Violet?
- Blue
- Green
- Pink
- Purple (correct)
Gram-negative bacteria have a higher percentage in comparison to Gram-positive bacteria.
Gram-negative bacteria have a higher percentage in comparison to Gram-positive bacteria.
False (B)
Name one example of a Gram-positive bacterium.
Name one example of a Gram-positive bacterium.
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-negative bacteria stain __________ with Safranin.
Gram-negative bacteria stain __________ with Safranin.
Match the types of pathogens with their correct definitions:
Match the types of pathogens with their correct definitions:
What characterizes innate immunity?
What characterizes innate immunity?
Adaptive immunity is characterized by a lag time before the immune response begins.
Adaptive immunity is characterized by a lag time before the immune response begins.
What happens when there is hypo-responsiveness in the immune system?
What happens when there is hypo-responsiveness in the immune system?
The immune response that involves the creation of immunologic memory is called ______.
The immune response that involves the creation of immunologic memory is called ______.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of innate immunity?
Eosinophils are considered a part of the innate immune response.
Eosinophils are considered a part of the innate immune response.
What are two types of cytokines derived from macrophages?
What are two types of cytokines derived from macrophages?
Natural Killer cells are a component of __________ immunity.
Natural Killer cells are a component of __________ immunity.
Match the pathogens to their associated conditions:
Match the pathogens to their associated conditions:
What is one primary function of the immune system?
What is one primary function of the immune system?
The immune system is solely responsible for maintaining the body's temperature.
The immune system is solely responsible for maintaining the body's temperature.
What does immunity refer to?
What does immunity refer to?
The immune system helps eliminate ____________ cells in the body.
The immune system helps eliminate ____________ cells in the body.
Match the immune system functions with their descriptions:
Match the immune system functions with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a component that the immune system defends against?
Which of the following is a component that the immune system defends against?
Autoimmunity is a beneficial aspect of the immune system.
Autoimmunity is a beneficial aspect of the immune system.
What problems can arise from transplantation or grafts related to the immune system?
What problems can arise from transplantation or grafts related to the immune system?
What is the primary function of the skin as a component of innate immunity?
What is the primary function of the skin as a component of innate immunity?
Sebum produced by sebaceous glands has antimicrobial properties and is slightly basic.
Sebum produced by sebaceous glands has antimicrobial properties and is slightly basic.
What are defensins and where are α-defensins found?
What are defensins and where are α-defensins found?
The outermost layer of the skin, composed of tightly packed cells, is called the __________.
The outermost layer of the skin, composed of tightly packed cells, is called the __________.
Match the following substances with their functions:
Match the following substances with their functions:
Which of the following substances is known for its role in binding to bacterial membranes?
Which of the following substances is known for its role in binding to bacterial membranes?
The respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelia only provide physical barriers against pathogens.
The respiratory and gastrointestinal epithelia only provide physical barriers against pathogens.
What type of epithelial cells make up the outer layer of the skin?
What type of epithelial cells make up the outer layer of the skin?
The specialized antimicrobial peptide secreted by eccrine glands is called __________.
The specialized antimicrobial peptide secreted by eccrine glands is called __________.
What is the role of acidic pH in sebaceous secretions?
What is the role of acidic pH in sebaceous secretions?
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Study Notes
Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative Bacteria
- Gram-positive bacteria: Stained with crystal violet, appearing purple or violet.
- Gram-negative bacteria: Stained with safranin, leading to a pink appearance.
- Prevalence: Gram-positive bacteria constitute 60-90% of bacteria, while Gram-negative bacteria make up 10-20%.
- Examples: Staphylococcus aureus represents Gram-positive bacteria; Escherichia coli is an example of Gram-negative bacteria.
Immunology Overview
- Focuses on the immune system's mechanisms and the body's defenses against infections.
- Protects against a range of threats including parasites, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
Components of the Immune System
- Recognition and response: Identifies foreign substances to eliminate them.
- Malfunctions: Can lead to autoimmune diseases or discomfort due to inflammation.
Immunity Definition
- Refers to the organism's ability to resist foreign materials that are not produced within the body (e.g., food, drugs, pollen, and microorganisms).
Immune System Functions
- Composed of cells, tissues, and organs collaborating to defend against invaders.
- Key roles include:
- Recognizing foreign entities.
- Eliminating foreign invaders.
- Maintaining overall health.
Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
- Innate Immunity: Natural defenses present at birth, non-specific, immediate response with no memory.
- Adaptive Immunity: Acquired defenses, specific to antigens, slower response with immunologic memory.
Innate Immunity Characteristics
- Acts as the first line of defense against pathogens.
- Mobilizes rapidly upon infection, utilizing both physical and cellular components for protection.
Components of Innate Immunity
- Physical Barriers:
- Skin: Largest organ, protective barrier against pathogens.
- Gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts: Mechanical barriers preventing microbial entry.
- Chemical Defenses:
- Sebum: Oily, antimicrobial substance, acidic nature inhibits pathogen growth.
- Dermcidin: Antimicrobial peptide effective against various pathogens.
- Cellular Components: Includes natural killer (NK) cells and other phagocytes.
Specific Physical Barriers
- Skin: Composed of keratinocytes in multiple layers that physically block pathogen entry.
- Gastrointestinal Tract: Utilizes defensins to protect against microbes; includes α-defensins (gastrointestinal) and β-defensins (respiratory).
- Respiratory Tract: Lysozymes and lactoferrin on mucosal surfaces combat bacterial infections.
Chemical Aspects of Physical Barriers
- Skin's Chemical Properties: Sebum provides antimicrobial protection; dermcidin neutralizes various pathogens.
- Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Tracts: Lysozymes cleave bacterial cell walls; acidic environments aid in pathogen reduction.
Summary of Innate Immunity
- Functions as a non-specific immediate response system against virtually all types of invaders.
- Maintains overall health by utilizing a combination of physical barriers, chemical substances, and cellular components.
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