IFT 103 Computer Hardware Basics PDF

IFT 103: OS Architecture Module Overview: Basics of Computer Hardware  |Module Learning Objectives |1. Why do you need to learn about hardware? Module Overview  |Module Learning Objectives |2. What is Computer Hardware? Mo...

IFT 103: OS Architecture Module Overview: Basics of Computer Hardware  |Module Learning Objectives |1. Why do you need to learn about hardware? Module Overview  |Module Learning Objectives |2. What is Computer Hardware? Module Overview  |Module Learning Objectives |3. What are the main parts of any computer? Module Overview  |Module Learning Objectives |4. How does it all electrically work? Module Overview  |Module Learning Objectives |5. How does a computer keep time? Module Overview  |Module Learning Objectives |6. What is Multithreading? Module Overview  |Module Learning Objectives |7. Future Trends in Computer Hardware Module Overview Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Why do you need to learn about computer hardware? IT Professionals need a solid understanding of hardware to troubleshoot Computer Hardware issues, optimize performance, and make informed decisions about system upgrades.  |Computer Hardware |What is computer hardware? Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that can be seen and/or touched Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |What are the main parts of any computer? Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Major Computer Components Processor (CPU) Memory (RAM) Storage Devices Computer Hardware Cooling Systems Motherboard Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Power Supply Unit (PSU) Input/Output Devices Ports/Connectors |Computer Hardware |Major Computer Components  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) The Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) is often referred to the “brain” of the computer responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations from software programs. Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) Controls the overall operation of the computer system. Computer Hardware Performs a variety of tasks to process data and manage the computers functions.  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) How it works: 1. Fetch 2. Decode Computer Hardware 3. Execute 4. Memory Access 5. Write Back  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) How it works: The CPU carries out these steps in a continuous cycle, known as the "fetch-decode-execute" cycle. It rapidly fetches, decodes, and executes instructions, allowing software Computer Hardware programs to run and perform various tasks. The speed at which the CPU can perform these cycles is determined by its clock speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz). Higher clock speeds enable the CPU to execute more instructions in a given amount of time.  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) How it works: Fetch The process starts with the CPU fetching instructions from the computer's memory Computer Hardware (RAM). These instructions are stored as binary code, which represents different operations like calculations or data movements.  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) How it works: Decode Once the instructions are fetched, the CPU decodes them. It interprets the binary Computer Hardware instructions and determines what operation needs to be performed. The CPU translates the instructions into its internal language, known as microinstructions.  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) How it works: Execute After decoding, the CPU executes the microinstructions by performing the required Computer Hardware operations. These operations could include basic arithmetic calculations, logical comparisons, data movement between memory locations, and more.  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) How it works: Memory Access During execution, the CPU may need to access data or instructions from memory. It retrieves Computer Hardware this data from the computer's memory hierarchy, which includes different levels of cache memory and the main RAM. Faster cache memory is used for frequently accessed data to reduce delays caused by accessing slower main memory.  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) How it works: Write Back After the execution of the operation, the CPU may need to write the result back to memory or Computer Hardware update registers (small, fast storage locations within the CPU). This ensures that the changes made by the operation are saved and can be used by other instructions.  |Computer Hardware |Processor (CPU) Modern CPUs often have multiple cores, which are essentially individual processing units within a single physical CPU. These cores allow the CPU to execute multiple instructions Computer Hardware simultaneously, improving overall performance and multitasking capabilities. The CPU is the central component that processes instructions and data, making it the driving force behind the computer's functionality. It plays a crucial role in running software applications, managing system resources, and delivering the desired output to the user.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) Random Access Memory (RAM) stores data that the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is currently using, providing quick access for active programs Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) This is a type of volatile computer memory that provides quick access to data that the CPU is actively using. Computer Hardware Basically, a temporary storage area where the computer stores information that is actively being processed or manipulated by running programs. Also known as “short term” memory.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) How it works: Storing Data When you open a software application or a file, the relevant data is loaded from the computer's Computer Hardware storage (like the HDD or SSD) into RAM. This data includes program instructions, calculations, images, videos, and any other information needed for the application to work.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) How it works: Quick Access RAM is much faster to access than storage devices like hard drives or SSDs. This speed Computer Hardware allows the CPU to retrieve and manipulate data quickly, which is essential for smooth and responsive operation.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) How it works: Data in Memory Cells RAM consists of many memory cells, each capable of storing a single piece of data. These Computer Hardware memory cells are organized in a grid, with each cell having a unique address. This random access capability is why it's called "Random Access Memory."  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) How it works: Reading/Writing The CPU can read data from and write data to RAM. For example, when a program needs to Computer Hardware perform a calculation, it loads the necessary data into RAM, the CPU processes it, and then it might store the results back in RAM.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) How it works: Volatility RAM is volatile, which means it loses all its data when the computer is powered off or restarted. Computer Hardware This is in contrast to non-volatile storage devices like hard drives or SSDs, which retain data even when the power is turned off.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) How it works: Limitations RAM has a limited capacity compared to storage devices. This limitation is why you Computer Hardware might experience slowdowns if you have too many programs open at once, as there may not be enough RAM to hold all the necessary data.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) How it works: Virtualization To work around the limited physical RAM, modern operating systems use a concept called virtual memory. Computer Hardware This involves using a portion of the hard drive or SSD as an extension of physical RAM. When the physical RAM gets full, the operating system transfers less-used data from RAM to this virtual memory, making space for new data. This will sometimes be referred to as “Paging”  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) Virtualization This is how you would configure virtual memory Computer Hardware (paging) within the Windows OS.  |Computer Hardware |Memory (RAM) In summary, RAM is a crucial component for a computer’s performance because it provides fast access to the data needed by the CPU to run programs. Computer Hardware It enables multitasking, quick program loading, and overall system responsiveness. However, its capacity is limited, and it's important to manage the amount of data stored in RAM to avoid slowdowns or performance issues.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) The GPU handles graphical tasks, such as rendering images and videos, and is vital for gaming Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) This is a specialized electronic circuit designed to accelerate the rendering of graphics and images in a computer. Computer Hardware CPUs handle general-purpose tasks while GPUs focus on performing complex calculations required for graphics rendering and other parallel processing tasks.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Parallel Processing GPUs are designed to perform many tasks simultaneously, making them highly efficient for Computer Hardware tasks that involve repetitive calculations. This is especially important for graphics rendering, where millions of pixels need to be processed in parallel.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Shader Cores A GPU contains multiple shader cores, which are responsible for executing calculations Computer Hardware related to graphics rendering. There are different types of shader cores, including vertex shaders, pixel shaders, and geometry shaders, each handling different aspects of the rendering process.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Rendering Pipeline The GPU follows a rendering pipeline to process and render graphics. This pipeline Computer Hardware involves stages such as vertex processing, geometry processing, rasterization, fragment processing, and pixel output. Each stage contributes to the final rendered image.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Vertex Processing This stage processes the vertices (corner points) of 3D objects, transforming them from Computer Hardware their original coordinates to the coordinates of the 2D screen.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Geometry Processing In this stage, the GPU processes the geometry of objects, handling tasks like tessellation and Computer Hardware creating additional vertices to improve the smoothness of curves.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Rasterization Rasterization converts the processed 3D objects into 2D pixels, determining which pixels Computer Hardware are visible and need to be rendered.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Fragment Processing Fragments are small areas of pixels that represent a portion of a 3D object. The GPU Computer Hardware calculates the color, shading, and other visual attributes of each fragment.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Pixel Output The final processed fragments are combined and output as pixels to the display. These pixels Computer Hardware collectively form the visual image seen on the screen.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Texturing and Shading GPUs apply textures and shading effects to surfaces, enhancing the realism of rendered Computer Hardware scenes by simulating lighting, shadows, reflections, and other visual characteristics.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) How it works: Parallelism and SIMD GPUs use a design called SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) to perform the same Computer Hardware instruction on multiple pieces of data simultaneously. This is highly effective for graphics operations where the same operation needs to be performed on a large number of pixels.  |Computer Hardware |Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) In summary, GPUs are specialized hardware components optimized for handling complex graphical computations. They excel at parallel processing, making them ideal for tasks Computer Hardware such as gaming, video editing, 3D modeling, and scientific simulations. GPUs have become increasingly important beyond graphics, being used in various applications that require massive parallel processing power, such as artificial intelligence, deep learning, Genome Sequencing and Data mining.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Main circuit board that connects all components, including CPU, RAM, and expansion cards Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that connects and integrates various hardware components. It serves as the central hub that allows these components to Computer Hardware communicate and work together to form a functional computer system. The motherboard is often referred to as the "heart" of the computer because it provides the necessary connections and pathways for data and power to flow between components.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: CPU Socket The CPU socket is where the central processing unit (CPU) is inserted and connected. It Computer Hardware provides the interface for the CPU to communicate with other components.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: CPU Socket Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: RAM Slots The motherboard has slots for installing RAM (Random Access Memory) modules. RAM Computer Hardware provides temporary storage for data that the CPU is actively using.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: RAM Slots Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Expansion Slots These slots allow you to add additional hardware components to the motherboard, Computer Hardware such as graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, and more.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Expansion Slots Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Chipset The chipset is a set of integrated circuits that manage communication between the CPU, Computer Hardware memory, and peripherals. It also controls data flow between components and ensures their synchronization.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Chipset Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Storage Connectors The motherboard includes connectors for various storage devices like hard drives and Computer Hardware solid-state drives. These connectors use standards like SATA (for HDDs and SSDs) and M.2 (for SSDs).  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Storage Connectors SATA M.2 Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Power Connectors The motherboard receives power from the power supply unit (PSU) through various connectors. Computer Hardware These connectors provide power to the CPU, RAM, and other components.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Power Connectors Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Input/Output Ports Motherboards have a variety of ports for connecting external devices, such as USB ports, Computer Hardware audio jacks, Ethernet ports, HDMI/DisplayPort connectors, and more.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Input/Output Ports Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: BIOS/UEFI The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is firmware Computer Hardware that initializes the computer hardware during startup and provides a basic interface for configuring hardware settings.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: BIOS/UEFI Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: BIOS/UEFI UEFI BIOS Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Clock Generator The motherboard contains a clock generator that produces timing signals to synchronize Computer Hardware operations within the computer.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Power Regulation The motherboard includes voltage regulation circuits to ensure that the right amount of power Computer Hardware is supplied to each component, preventing damage from power fluctuations.  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Components and Features: Power Regulation Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Motherboard Function and Importance The motherboard acts as a communication hub, enabling various hardware components to work together seamlessly. Computer Hardware It provides pathways for data, power, and control signals to flow between the CPU, RAM, storage devices, graphics card, and other peripherals. Without a motherboard, individual hardware components would not be able to interact effectively, and the computer would not function. It integrates and facilitates communication between key components, making it a critical element for the computer's overall functionality and performance.  |Computer Hardware |Storage Devices Hard Disk Drives (HDD) store data magnetically on spinning disks Computer Hardware Solid State Drives (SSD) use flash memory to store data, providing faster access speeds than HDDs  |Computer Hardware |Storage Devices Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Power Supply Unit (PSU) The PSU supplies electrical power to all components in the computer Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Cooling Systems Cooling systems prevent components from overheating, which can lead to performance issues or damage. Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Cooling Systems Fans, Heat Sinks, Liquid Cooling, etc. Different methods are used to dissipate heat, including fans, heat sinks, and liquid cooling Computer Hardware solutions.  |Computer Hardware |Cooling Systems Fans, Heat Sinks, Liquid Cooling, etc. Computer Hardware  |Computer Hardware |Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse, Touchpad, etc. Input devices allow users to interact with the computer by sending commands and data. Computer Hardware Essential for User Interaction: Input devices enable users to provide input and control software applications.  |Computer Hardware |Output Devices Monitor, Printer, Speakers, etc. Output devices display or provide information from the computer to the user. Computer Hardware Converting Digital Information: Output devices convert digital data into human-readable formats, like text, images, and sound.  |Computer Hardware |Ports and Connectors USB, HDMI, Ethernet, etc. Ports and connectors facilitate communication between the computer and Computer Hardware external devices. Importance of Connectivity: Different ports support various devices and data transfer needs.  |Computer Hardware |Ports and Connectors Computer Hardware How does electricity make this all work?  |Computers and Electricity |Electricity is used to represent binary values in digital systems by associating specific voltage levels with binary 1 and 0. Electrical Functionality |These binary values serve as the foundation for all digital operations, enabling computers and electronic devices to process and store information efficiently  |Computers and Electricity |Binary Representation with electricity: Voltage Levels: In digital systems, electricity is represented using voltage levels. These voltage levels correspond to binary values: Electrical Functionality typically, a high voltage level (e.g., +5 volts) represents a binary '1,' and a low voltage level (e.g., 0 volts) represents a binary '0.’ Transistors: Transistors are fundamental components in digital circuits. They act as switches, controlling the flow of electricity based on input signals.  |Computers and Electricity |Binary Representation with electricity: Transistors: Electrical Functionality  |Computers and Electricity |Binary Representation with electricity: Logic Gates: Logic gates are built from transistors and are the building blocks of digital circuits. These gates perform Electrical Functionality logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, etc.) on input signals to produce output signals. Combining Logic Gates: By combining logic gates, you can create more complex circuits that perform specific tasks, such as arithmetic calculations, memory storage, and control operations.  |Computers and Electricity |Binary Representation with electricity: Logic Gates and Combining Logic Gates: Electrical Functionality  |Computers and Electricity |Binary Representation with electricity: Binary Digits (Bits): The smallest unit of digital data is a binary digit, commonly referred to as a "bit." A bit can be either a '1' or Electrical Functionality a '0.’ Binary Numbers: By combining multiple bits, you can represent larger numbers in binary. For example, an 8-bit binary number (byte) can represent values from 0 to 255.  |Computers and Electricity |How it works: Digital Signals: Electricity flows through wires and components in a digital circuit. The presence of electricity (voltage) at a Electrical Functionality certain level represents a binary value. Binary Encoding: To encode binary values, a digital system uses a combination of high and low voltage levels. For example: High Voltage (e.g., +5V) might represent '1.' Low Voltage (e.g., 0V) might represent '0.'  |Computers and Electricity |How it works: Binary Arithmetic: Digital systems can perform arithmetic and logical operations by manipulating these binary values. Logic Electrical Functionality gates and circuits process binary inputs and produce binary outputs based on predefined rules. Memory Storage: Binary values can be stored in memory elements like flip- flops or RAM cells. These cells store and retain binary information even when the power is turned off.  |Computers and Electricity |How it works: Binary Representation in Computers: Computers use binary representation at the lowest hardware level. All data, including text, images, sound, Electrical Functionality and programs, is ultimately stored and processed using binary digits. How does a computer keep time?  |Computers Keeping Time |Computers use a crystal that vibrates at a constant frequency that we call the clock, which is embedded in the CPU. |Clock speed is a key specification that represents the number of cycles a Computers and Time processor’s clock generates per second. |While high clock speeds generally indicate better performance, other factors like core count, architecture, and efficiency also play a significant role in determining a CPU’s overall capabilities.  |Computers Keeping Time |Computer Crystal Computers and Time  |Computers Keeping Time |What is Clock Speed? Clock speed, also known as clock frequency or clock rate, refers to the number of cycles a processor's clock generates in one second. Computers and Time It is measured in Hertz (Hz), with higher values indicating a faster clock speed. The clock speed is a fundamental specification of a processor and directly influences its performance.  |Computers Keeping Time |How does Clock Speed work? A processor's clock acts like a metronome, sending out a regular pulse to synchronize the execution of instructions within the CPU. Computers and Time Each pulse is called a clock cycle, and the number of cycles that occur in one second is the clock speed. The faster the clock speed, the more instructions the CPU can execute in a given time.  |Computers Keeping Time |Impact on Performance? Higher clock speeds generally lead to better performance, as they allow the CPU to complete more instructions per second. Computers and Time However, it's important to note that clock speed is just one factor in determining overall performance. Other factors, such as the number of cores and the efficiency of the architecture, also play a crucial role.  |Computers Keeping Time |Over-clocking? Overclocking involves running a processor at a clock speed higher than its default specification. This can lead to increased performance but also carries Computers and Time risks, such as increased heat generation and stability issues. Overclocking can be done by adjusting settings in the computer's BIOS or through specialized software.  |Computers Keeping Time |Multi-core Processors and Clock Speed? Modern processors often have multiple cores, each capable of executing its own instructions. In multicore processors, each core can have its own Computers and Time clock speed. While increasing the clock speed of one core can improve single-threaded performance, it may not necessarily boost overall performance for multithreaded tasks if other cores are not able to keep up.  |Computers Keeping Time |Parallelism and Pipelining? Clock speed plays a role in parallelism, where multiple instructions are executed simultaneously. It also affects pipelining, a technique that allows the CPU Computers and Time to start processing a new instruction before the previous one is complete. Both of these concepts contribute to a processor’s efficiency.  |Computers Keeping Time |Efficiency and Heat Dissipation? Remember, Higher clock speeds often result in increased power consumption and heat generation. This can lead to higher energy bills and necessitate more Computers and Time robust cooling solutions. Manufacturers need to strike a balance between performance and energy efficiency.  |Computers Keeping Time |Comparing Clock Speeds? When comparing clock speeds, keep in mind that clock speed alone does not determine the overall performance of a CPU. Computers and Time Different architectures and designs can have varying levels of efficiency, cache sizes, and instruction sets, all of which impact how well a CPU performs in real-world tasks. Multithreading  |What is Multithreading? |CPU threading, often referred to as “multithreading” is a technique used to processors (CPUs) to execute multiple threads (sequences of instructions) concurrently. |This allows a single CPU core to work on multiple tasks at the same time, improving Multithreading overall efficiency and performance.  |Computers Keeping Time |Single Thread vs Multithreading: Single Thread: In traditional single-threaded processing, a CPU core executes one thread at a time. When that thread is complete or paused (e.g., waiting for data from memory), the CPU switches to another thread. Multithreading: Multithreading With multithreading, a CPU core can handle multiple threads simultaneously by interleaving their execution. This means that while one thread is waiting for data, the CPU can switch to another active thread, reducing idle time.  |Computers Keeping Time | Multithreading  |Computers Keeping Time |Types of Threading: Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT): SMT, also known as Hyper-Threading in Intel processors, is a common form of multithreading. It allows a single physical CPU core to appear as two logical cores to the operating system. Each logical core can execute its own thread, effectively doubling the core's apparent capacity. Multithreading Chip-Level Multithreading: In some cases, a CPU package contains multiple physical CPU cores, each with its own threads. These cores can work on separate threads simultaneously, providing even higher levels of parallelism.  |Computers Keeping Time |Benefits of CPU Threading: Improved Multitasking: Threading enables better multitasking, as the CPU can quickly switch between threads, reducing wait times and improving responsiveness. Increased Utilization: Threading increases CPU utilization by keeping cores Multithreading busy more of the time, which leads to better overall performance.  |Computers Keeping Time |Benefits of CPU Threading: Efficient Resource Utilization: Threads often have periods where they're waiting for data, which can be used by other active threads. Threading allows the CPU to utilize resources more efficiently. Better Performance for Certain Workloads: Multithreading Applications that can be split into multiple threads (e.g., video encoding, scientific simulations) benefit greatly from multithreading, as they can execute tasks in parallel.  |Computers Keeping Time |Limitations: Dependencies: Threads need to be somewhat independent to benefit from multithreading. If one thread depends heavily on the results of another, the CPU might spend more time waiting than processing. Resource Sharing: Multithreading Threads share resources like cache memory and memory bandwidth. If threads compete for resources, performance gains might be limited.  |Computers Keeping Time |Limitations: Complexity: Developing software that takes full advantage of multithreading can be complex. It requires careful synchronization and management of threads to avoid issues like race conditions Software: Multithreading CPU threading is a technique that enables CPUs to execute multiple threads concurrently, improving multitasking and overall performance. While it offers significant benefits, it's essential to design software and systems to take full advantage of multithreading capabilities. Future Trends with Computer Hardware  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Miniaturization and Portability: Computer hardware components continue to become smaller, more energy-efficient, and portable. This trend leads to the development of thinner laptops, compact smartphones, and wearable devices. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Quantum Computing: Quantum computers leverage the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex calculations at speeds that are currently unattainable by traditional computers. Quantum computing holds the potential to revolutionize fields like cryptography, optimization, and scientific simulations. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? AI and Hardware Acceleration: Hardware specifically designed for artificial intelligence (AI) tasks, such as deep learning and neural network processing, is becoming increasingly prevalent. Specialized hardware like GPUs, TPUs (Tensor Processing Units), and AI accelerators are being integrated into systems to enhance AI capabilities. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Internet of Things (IoT): IoT involves connecting everyday objects to the internet, enabling them to collect and exchange data. This trend drives the development of hardware components that are energy-efficient, capable of wireless communication, and suitable for embedding in various devices. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Internet of Things (IoT): Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? 6G Connectivity: 6G is expected to support up to 10 million devices per square kilometer, easily surpassing the capabilities of 5G technology. This vast connectivity will facilitate everything from smart city infrastructure to automated factories, ensuring machines can communicate and operate more efficiently than ever. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Biometric Security: Hardware advancements in biometric authentication, such as fingerprint scanners, facial recognition systems, and iris scanners, enhance security and streamline user authentication processes. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Flexible and Foldable Displays: Hardware innovations are enabling the creation of flexible and foldable displays. These displays are being integrated into devices like smartphones and tablets, offering new possibilities for form factors and user experiences. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Edge Computing: Edge computing involves processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and improving response times. Hardware designed for edge computing enables faster data processing and decision-making in real-time applications. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Edge Computing: Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing: 3D printing technology is evolving to produce not only prototypes but also functional hardware components. This trend can potentially revolutionize manufacturing processes and customization options. Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing: Future Trends  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Biocompatible Computing: Research is underway to develop hardware components that can be integrated with biological systems. This includes bioelectronics, brain-computer interfaces, and medical devices that can interface with the human body. Future Trends Sustainable Computing: With increasing concerns about environmental impact, hardware manufacturers are focusing on producing energy- efficient components, reducing e-waste, and utilizing sustainable materials in hardware production.  |Future Trends |What are the next innovations that we will have to support? Holographic Displays and Augmented Reality: Advancements in display technology are paving the way for holographic displays and augmented reality experiences. This involves hardware components like specialized displays, sensors, and processing units. Future Trends  |To Dos for this module |Quiz: Basic Hardware |Lab: Identify Computer Hardware To Dos for this module |Essay: Basic Hardware |Discussion: Learning Reflection