Ideology & Constitution of Pakistan PDF

Ideology & Constitution of Pakistan Prepared by Umer Farooque Ideology & Constitution of Pakistan (ICP) Chapter 1 Introduction to the Ideology of Pakistan  Definition and significance of Ideology Ideolo...

Ideology & Constitution of Pakistan Prepared by Umer Farooque Ideology & Constitution of Pakistan (ICP) Chapter 1 Introduction to the Ideology of Pakistan  Definition and significance of Ideology Ideology is a set of collectively held ideas about society, usually promoted in order to justify a certain type of political action. Ideologies have an explanatory function: they provide explanations for the facts and problems of the social life, so enabling individuals and groups to orientate themselves in society.  Definition and significance of Ideology The Ideology of Pakistan is a complete code of life which covers all aspects of human activity. It is not just a political ideology but a way of life. It is based on the principles of Tauheed (monotheism), Ihsan (righteousness), Adl (Justice), Qisas (retribution), and Aman (peace).  Historical context of the creation of Pakistan In the first half of the 19th century, the region was appropriated by the East India Company, followed, after the war of 1857, by 90 years of direct British rule, and ending with the creation of Pakistan in 1947, through the efforts, among others, of its future national poet Allama Iqbal and its founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and sir Syed Ahmad Khan.  Main social, political, religious and cultural events ( 1857-1947) 1857 - War of Independence.... 1858 - Aligarh Movement.... 1866 - Deoband Movement.... 1867 - Urdu Hindi Controversy.... 1884 - Anjamum Himayat-i-Islam.... 1885 - Indian National Congress was formed.... 1905 - Partition of Bengal.... 1906 - Demand at Shimla  Main social, political, religious and cultural events ( 1857-1947) 1906 - Foundation of All India Muslim league. 1909 - Government of India Act. 1916 - Lucknow pact. 1919 - Montagu- Chelmsford Reform (Government of India Act 1919). 1919 - Khilafat movement. 1920 - Civil disobedience and Non- cooperation movements. 1927 - The Simon Commission. 1928 - Nehru Report. 1929 - Quaid-e-Azam’s Fourteen Points. 1930 - Iqbal’s Allahabad Address. 1930 , 1931, 1932 - Round Table Conferences.  Main social, political, regions and cultural events ( 1857-1947) 1935 - Government of India Act 1935. 1937 - The election of 1937. 1940 - The Lahore Resolution and the emergency of Pakistan. 1942 - Cripps mission. 1945 - Shimla Conference. 1945 - 46 General Election. 1946 - Cabinet Mission Plan. 1946 - The Interim Government. 1947 - 3rd June plan and the Indian Independence Act of 1947. 1947 - Demarcation of boundaries…. Radcliffe’s Award. The war of Independence of 1857 and its impact; The war of independence is an important land mark in the history of the subcontinent this war was fought in 1857. By Indians against the British in the order to get rid of their domination. It is also given names as Indian revolt. The main cause of the war were political, social, economic, military and religious. It was an extreme effort made by Indians, but they failed due to certain reasons including mutual jealousies, disunity and lack of central leadership etc. this war not spread throughout India, but it was limited area mainly Meerut ,Delhi, Kanpur lucknow. on January 23,1857.  British, response after the war of independence 1857 British response The British administration against the Muslims accusing them of being behind the 1857 revolt. Muslim were also involved in the Wahhabi movement. Following these occurrence, the British began to view Muslims with distrust, resulting in indiscriminate abuse of Muslims. And British established there in which the Muslims were reformed from the government services as hunter writers. And exclusion of the Muslims from army and the higher posts of administration were necessary for the safety of the British rule. The British took many steps to break the unity among Hindus and Muslims in India. Rise of Aligarh movement and Muslim nationalism (1817-1898) Sir Syed Ahmed khan launched the Aligarh movement of which Aligarh was the center. He had two immediate objectives in mind: To remove state of misunderstanding and tension between the Muslims and the new British government. Keeping education and social reform of his program. To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims. To persuades Muslim to learn English education. To produce Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation. To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community. Syed Ahmed khan also succeeded in enlisting the services of a number of recognize English professor like beach Morison and Arnold who gave their best in building up the Aligarh collage into a first rate institution  Syed Ahmed Khan’s effort 1859 Built Gulshen School in Moradabad. 1863 set up the Victoria School in Ghazipur. 1864 set up the scientific society in Aligarh. 1866 Aligarh institute gazette. 1870 committee striving for the education progress of Muslims. 1886 Muhammadan education conference. This conference met every year to take stock of the education problems of the Muslims it was from this platform that Sir Syed Ahmed khan strongly advised the Muslims against joining the Hindu domination congress. He was in favor of received seats for Muslims and also promoted the idea that Hindu and Muslims are two distinct nations. This idea led to the Two Nation theory.  Muslim nationalism There were some personalities to participated for made Muslims nationalism; Reformers Syed Ahmad Khan, Molana Mohammad Ali, Molana Shokat, Shah Waliullah, Shah Abdul Aziz, Syed Ahmad Shaheed and Nawabs of Bhophal Etc. Pakistan movement Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Allama Iqbal, Liaqat Ali Khan, Syed Ahmed Khan, Rehmet Ali, Abdul Rub Nishter, Hussain Shaheed Suhrwardy, A K Fuzlul Huq, Begum Jahanara and Shahnawaz.etc  Education movement Syed Ahmed Khan, Dar-ul-uloom deoband, Nadwa-tul-Ulema, Lucknow, Anjuman Himayat-e- Islam, Lahore, Sindh madrasa-tul- Islam, Karachi and Islmia collage Peshawar. The nationalistic ideology that appeals to many Muslims and that express itself in religious terms and nations has become widely known as Muslim nationalism.  Foundation of congress In 1885 the Indian National congress (INC) was formed on the initiative of the British official, Allan Octavian Hume. He had the blessing of the viceroy, Lord Dufferin. And its first president was Mr. Womash Chandra Banerjee. It was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the sub-continent. Which was consist of 72 members. The main role were performed Mahatna Gandi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Indhra Gandi. The congress was not the innovation of one man, it was not the creation of the few individuals, or even of a few organizations coming together for a common purpose.  Muslims response to Congress Syed Ahmad Khan was against the politics of India national congress as he felt that the interests of Muslims and Hindus were different. He was insecure that if the British withdrew, the Hindu majority would be rule and it would be unfair to the Muslims as they are a minority and their practice and values are a lot different than of the Hindus. Initially he emphasized on joining hands with the Hindus (INC). But they felt their policy were not fever of the Muslims. He stopped the Muslims to join Indian National Congress.  Contributions of founding fathers of Pakistan in the freedom movement In 1905, the Bengal presidency's partition was decided by the English government which separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas was supported by the Muslims communities. The success of the Swadeshi movement led by Indian reformer led the bring together. the presidency was making the Muslims reformers of India realize the need for a separate homeland.  Contributions of founding fathers of Pakistan in the freedom movement During the same year, the political efforts and initiations led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan led the establishment of the historic. All-India Muslim League (AIML) to protect the interests and rights of the Muslim regions in the subcontinent. Mutual distrust among the Hindu leaders and Muslim reformers further grew. A conference held as well as chaired by Indian Viceroy, Early Minto, the Hindu-Muslim conflict was raised to the constitutional plane.  Contributions of founding fathers of Pakistan in the freedom movement In 1906, an annual meeting of Muhammadan Educational Conference was held in Dhaka led by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah, Nawab Waqar-ul- Mulk, Aga Khan III and 3,000 other delegates attended the session making it the largest-ever representative gathering of Muslim India. Muslim cleric(religious teacher) Molana Mohammad Ali Johar wrote All-India Muslim League's first agenda and Syed Ameer Ali established its European branch in the United Kingdom.  Contributions of founding fathers of Pakistan in the freedom movement For quite sometime, the Muslim League worked on its reputation and credibility(reliability) against the much influential Indian Congress. It was not until when Liaquat Ali Khan and his companion Begum Rana Liaquat Ali convinced Muhammad Ali Jinnah and among others to join the Muslim League, in 1930s the philosophical idea, Pakistan (Iqbal, 1930); the 14 points (Jinnah, 1929); the Now or Never (Ali, 1933); the Two-nation theory which was subsequently(afterwards) contributed by many activists(reformer) and leaders played a crucial role in gaining the creation of Pakistan in 1947. Ashraf Ali Thanwi's students Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Zafar Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan.  Contributions of founding fathers of Pakistan in the freedom movement The newly founded country of Pakistan had to create a government and legislature to replace the British India government and the British Parliament. The founding fathers of Pakistan first established the partial Constituent Assembly (which was replaced with Parliament), and adopted the Objectives Resolution was introduced to the Constitution of Pakistan.  Contribution of women for separate homeland for Muslim Opens a window to the invaluable contribution the Muslim ladies made to the freedom struggle. We always talk about the role of men in the war of independence, but have we ever thought about the great role played and responsibility shouldered by women? There Were Muslim women, who used to stay with in the four walls observe strict purdah, so powerful and energetic to help freedom the country.  Contribution of women for separate homeland for Muslim When Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlvi announced of jihad against the British and in response to this call ulema and other people from all over the country joined him and stopped the smooth sailing of the British, ladies were also not far behind. The teaching of Jihad took a concrete shape in 1857 and continued till India achieved freedom in 1947. Not only Muslim men but Muslim women also stood up against the British.  Contribution of women for separate homeland for Muslim The list of Muslim women who participated in the freedom struggle is impressive and not restricted to one type of activity. They encouraged their husbands, fathers and sons at home and themselves took all the household responsibilities on their shoulders in the absence of their men folk. They came out of their four walls and travelled from place to place to motivate people to struggle for independence. They joined non- violent as well as violent movement against the foreign rule. These women were not only from educated and enlightened families but also from illiterate and rural areas.  Contribution of women for separate homeland for Muslim Begum Hazrat Mahal The wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, took charge of the affairs of the state, after her husband was deport to Calcutta. She worked in close association with other leaders of India’s first war of independence. Sir Henry Lawrence and other officials in the residency. She shot dead Sir Henry Lawrence. Although General Havelock came to help the English troops, he failed in the mission. After some time Sir Campbell became successful in recapturing Lucknow. The Begum was forced to retreat. She refused all offers of forgiveness and was prepared to escape rather than being caught by the British troops. She died April 7, 1879. Contribution of students for separate homeland for Muslim All-India Student Federation (AISF), which was also known as ‘Baby of the Congress’, resulted in the creation of All-India Muslim Students Federation (AIMSF) that was formed on January 17, 1936, with Mohammad Wasiq as its General Secretary and Mohammad Noman as Organizing Secretary. The constitution of this organization was presented on December 29, 1937, in a conference held in Calcutta which focused on uniting and organizing the Muslim students nationwide. Contribution of students for separate homeland for Muslim They were facing various issues in initial years, such as lack of skilled individuals, shortage of funds and absence of strong leadership, the students stood up for the rights of Muslims of the Subcontinent. Muslim students of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Bengal, Assam, Bombay, Bihar, Central Provinces (CP), Delhi, Madras, Orissa, United Province (UP) and Bangalore had their own Muslim Student Federations (MSF) who worked day in and day out for the struggle of Pakistan Movement. It was noteworthy to witness both Muslim men and women participating in this great effort.