Ideology & History of Pakistan
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant outcome of the All-India Student Federation (AISF)?

  • Creation of the Indian National Congress
  • Establishment of a separate Indian army
  • Formation of the All-India Muslim Students Federation (AIMSF) (correct)
  • Initiation of the movement for Hindu-Muslim unity
  • Who served as the General Secretary of the All-India Muslim Students Federation (AIMSF) at its formation?

  • Sir Campbell
  • Mohammad Wasiq (correct)
  • Mohammad Noman
  • General Havelock
  • What was one of the main issues faced by the Muslim students during the initial years of their organization?

  • Insufficient funds and strong leadership (correct)
  • Overwhelming government support
  • Lack of interest from the British government
  • Excessive population of Muslim students
  • When was the constitution of the AIMSF presented?

    <p>December 29, 1937 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions did the Muslim Student Federations (MSF) operate to support the Pakistan Movement?

    <p>Across various provinces including Punjab and Bengal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main causes of the War of Independence in 1857?

    <p>Mutual jealousies and disunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launch?

    <p>Aligarh movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which was a consequence of the British response to the 1857 revolt?

    <p>Accusations against Muslims regarding the revolt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant establishment did Syed Ahmed Khan build in 1859?

    <p>Gulshen School (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aimed to break the unity among Hindus and Muslims during British rule?

    <p>British policies of distrust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was NOT an objective of the Aligarh movement launched by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan?

    <p>Fostering antagonism against the British (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where was the Aligarh movement centered?

    <p>Aligarh (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did the British establish a distrust towards Muslims following the 1857 revolt?

    <p>1857 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is NOT part of the ideology of Pakistan?

    <p>Democracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year is associated with the creation of Pakistan?

    <p>1947 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement aimed to unite Hindus and Muslims during the independence struggle?

    <p>Lucknow Pact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the scientific society in Aligarh established?

    <p>1864 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whose address in 1930 significantly contributed to the ideological foundation of Pakistan?

    <p>Allama Iqbal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conference focused on the education problems of Muslims?

    <p>Muhammadan Education Conference (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a key event leading up to the creation of Pakistan?

    <p>Formation of Congress Party (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a key proponent of the Two Nation theory?

    <p>Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event is marked by the Lahore Resolution?

    <p>Emergence of Pakistan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acts was enacted to introduce reforms in India in 1919?

    <p>Montagu-Chelmsford Reform (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reformer was NOT mentioned as a participant in Muslim nationalism?

    <p>Abdul Ghaffar Khan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Syed Ahmad Khan's original stance about collaborating with Hindus?

    <p>He emphasized joining hands with them initially. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements was initiated to promote Islamic values and education?

    <p>Aligarh Movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual's efforts led to the formation of the Indian National Congress?

    <p>Allan Octavian Hume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements aimed to promote education among Muslims?

    <p>The Education Movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concern did Syed Ahmad Khan have regarding the potential withdrawal of the British from India?

    <p>Hindus would dominate and marginalize Muslims. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the All-India Muslim League (AIML) when it was established?

    <p>To protect the interests and rights of Muslims in the subcontinent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual is credited with writing the first agenda of the All-India Muslim League?

    <p>Molana Mohammad Ali Johar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Two-Nation Theory propose?

    <p>That Muslims and Hindus were two distinct nations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical event supported the Muslim communities in favor of a separate political entity?

    <p>The Partition of Bengal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was a key player in the religious support for the creation of Pakistan?

    <p>Ashraf Ali Thanwi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year marked the establishment of the All-India Muslim League?

    <p>1906 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a philosophical idea that contributed to the creation of Pakistan?

    <p>Iqbal's vision of Pakistan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of mutual distrust among Hindu leaders and Muslim reformers during this period?

    <p>It elevated the dispute to a constitutional level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant step taken by the founding fathers of Pakistan to establish governance?

    <p>They created the Constituent Assembly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'purdah' refer to in the context of women's contributions during the freedom struggle?

    <p>The practice of female segregation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prominent figure is mentioned as having taken charge during India's first war of independence?

    <p>Begum Hazrat Mahal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Muslim women contribute to the freedom struggle apart from engaging in direct action?

    <p>They motivated male family members and took on household duties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of ulama in the freedom movement as mentioned?

    <p>They called for Jihad against British rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the Objectives Resolution adopted by the founding fathers?

    <p>To guide the Constitution of Pakistan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was shot by Begum Hazrat Mahal during the independence struggle?

    <p>Sir Henry Lawrence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a misconception about women's roles in the freedom struggle?

    <p>Women only supported their families at home. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ideology of Pakistan

    A complete code of life, encompassing all aspects of human activity, based on Tauheed, Ihsan, Adl, Qisas, and Aman.

    Ideology's Function

    Explains societal facts and problems, helping individuals understand their roles within society.

    British rule in Pakistan

    Direct British control lasting 90 years, after the East India Company's acquisition of the region.

    Pakistan's creation year

    1947, marked by efforts of key figures like Jinnah and Iqbal.

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    All India Muslim League

    An organization founded in 1906, advocating for Muslim interests in India.

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    Lahore Resolution

    1940 resolution advocating for Pakistan to address Muslim concerns.

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    Aligarh Movement

    A movement led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to promote education among Muslims.

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    Constituent Assembly

    Body responsible for making the constitution and laws of the country.

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    Cabinet Mission Plan

    A plan proposed in 1946 by the British Cabinet to grant independence to India, while dividing it into three groups: provinces, a united India, and a separate Pakistan. A plan for a union of India and Pakistan with a weak central government.

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    Interim Government

    A temporary government formed in India in 1946 to prepare for independence. It consisted of Indian leaders from different parties.

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    3rd June Plan

    A plan by the British government in 1947 that gave independence to India and Pakistan. It divided British India into two independent nations, India and Pakistan.

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    Indian Independence Act

    A law passed in 1947 by the British Parliament that officially granted independence to India and Pakistan.

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    Radcliffe's Award

    A decision in 1947 by Cyril Radcliffe to divide Punjab and Bengal between India and Pakistan. This resulted in millions of people migrating and mass violence.

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    War of Independence 1857

    A major rebellion against the British in India, sparked by the use of controversial rifle cartridges greased with animal fat. It aimed to drive the British out of India.

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    Causes of the 1857 Rebellion

    The rebellion had multiple causes: political, social, economic, military, and religious. It was an outcry against British domination.

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    Sir Syed's stance on Congress

    Sir Syed Ahmed Khan opposed the Indian National Congress, believing that the interests of Hindus and Muslims were too different. He was concerned about Muslim minority rights under Hindu majority rule if the British left.

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    Two Nation Theory

    The idea that Hindus and Muslims are distinct nations with different cultures, religions, and interests, leading to the need for a separate Muslim state. This theory was based on Sir Syed's belief in a separate Muslim identity.

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    Muslim Nationalist Movement

    A movement driven by the desire for a separate Muslim nation, often based on religious and cultural differences, that was also influenced by political and economic factors, striving for self-determination.

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    Key Figures in Muslim Nationalism

    Leaders like Syed Ahmed Khan, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, and Allama Iqbal played prominent roles in shaping the Muslim Nationalist movement, advocating for Muslim rights and a separate state.

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    Aligarh Movement's Goal

    Led by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the Aligarh Movement aimed to improve education among Muslims, promoting modern knowledge and skills to enable them to participate in social and political life.

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    Congress Formation

    The Indian National Congress (INC) was established in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, a British official, with the support of the Viceroy, aiming to provide a platform for Indian nationalist aspirations.

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    Congress's Initial Members

    The INC started with 72 members, representing various sections of Indian society, aiming to address shared issues, such as political reform and greater Indian participation in governance.

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    Congress's Key Leaders

    Notable leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and Indira Gandhi played crucial roles in shaping the Indian National Congress and its struggle for independence.

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    Muslim League Founding

    The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was established in 1906 by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan to protect the interests and rights of Muslims in India.

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    Early Muslim League Goals

    The Muslim League aimed to ensure that Muslims had a fair say within India and felt represented, emphasizing the importance of their rights and interests.

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    Who Were the Founding Fathers?

    Key figures who played significant roles in establishing the Muslim League include Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah, Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, and Aga Khan III.

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    1906: A Turning Point

    The 1906 annual meeting of the Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka was a pivotal event for the Muslim League, marking a major step towards gaining recognition.

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    Jinnah's Involvement

    Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League in the 1930s, becoming a driving force behind the movement for Pakistan.

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    The Two Nation Theory

    This theory asserted that Hindus and Muslims in India were distinct and separate nations with different cultures and needs, making a separate nation (Pakistan) necessary.

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    Pakistan's Birth

    The efforts of numerous leaders, including Jinnah, Iqbal, and Liaquat Ali Khan, culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 as a separate nation for Muslims of India.

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    The Role of Religion

    Religious figures and scholars, such as Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Zafar Ahmad Usmani, played a crucial role in garnering support for the creation of Pakistan, providing a religious justification for the movement.

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    Begum of Awadh's fate

    The Begum of Awadh, facing defeat by British forces, refused forgiveness and chose to escape rather than be captured. She died in 1879.

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    AIMSF's founding

    The All-India Muslim Students Federation (AIMSF) was established in 1936 to unite and organize Muslim students nationwide. It aimed to address the issues faced by Muslim students.

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    AIMSF's early challenges

    In its initial years, the AIMSF faced difficulties like a lack of skilled individuals, insufficient funds, and a need for strong leadership.

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    Muslim Students' Role

    Muslim students from various regions of the subcontinent, including Punjab, Sindh, and Bengal, actively participated in the AIMSF, advocating for the Pakistan Movement.

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    Gender participation in AIMSF

    Both Muslim men and women played significant roles in the AIMSF, demonstrating a shared commitment to the Pakistan Movement.

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    Who was Begum Hazrat Mahal?

    The wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, who took control of the state after her husband was exiled to Calcutta. She played a significant role in India's first war of independence.

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    What was Begum Hazrat Mahal's role in the struggle for independence?

    Begum Hazrat Mahal actively participated in India's first war of independence, leading to the rebellion and working closely with other leaders resisting the British.

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    What action did Begum Hazrat Mahal take against the British?

    Begum Hazrat Mahal took a decisive action against the British by shooting Sir Henry Lawrence, a prominent figure in the residency.

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    What methods did Muslim women use to support the independence movement?

    Muslim women played a vital role in the freedom struggle, encouraging their men to fight and taking on household responsibilities in their absence. They also traveled, rallied people for independence, and participated in both non-violent and violent resistance.

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    What was the impact of Muslim women's contribution to the freedom movement?

    Muslim women from diverse backgrounds, both literate and illiterate, demonstrated their commitment to independence. Their participation was crucial in sustaining the movement and motivating people throughout the struggle.

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    What role did Muslim women play in the response to Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlvi's call for Jihad?

    When Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlvi announced Jihad against the British, Muslim women actively supported the call. Ulema, other individuals, and women from across the country joined the movement, hindering British control and contributing to the fight for independence.

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    How did Muslim women contribute to the freedom struggle?

    Muslim women played a crucial role in the freedom struggle, contributing in various ways. They encouraged their husbands, fathers and sons at home and themselves took on household responsibilities during their absence. They travelled from place to place to motivate people to struggle for independence and joined both non-violent and violent movements against the British.

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    Were Muslim women's contributions limited to a specific type of activity?

    No, the contributions of Muslim women in the freedom struggle were diverse. They were not restricted to any particular type of activity but actively participated in numerous ways, demonstrating their commitment to the cause.

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    Study Notes

    Ideology & Constitution of Pakistan

    • Pakistan's ideology is a complete code of life, encompassing all human activity.
    • It's not just a political ideology; it's a way of life.
    • Based on the principles of Tauheed (monotheism), Ihsan (righteousness), Adl (Justice), Qisas (retribution), and Aman (peace).
    • Ideology is a set of collectively held ideas about society, often used to justify political action.
    • Ideologies explain social facts and problems, helping individuals and groups navigate society.

    Historical Context of Pakistan's Creation

    • The region of present-day Pakistan was appropriated by the East India Company in the first half of the 19th century.
    • After the 1857 war, Britain ruled for 90 years.
    • Pakistan was created in 1947, due in part to the efforts of figures like Allama Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
    • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan also played a crucial role.

    Main Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Events (1857-1947)

    • 1857: War of Independence
    • 1858: Aligarh Movement
    • 1866: Deoband Movement
    • 1867: Urdu-Hindi Controversy
    • 1884: Anjamum Himayat-i-Islam
    • 1885: Formation of the Indian National Congress
    • 1905: Partition of Bengal
    • 1906: Demand at Shimla
    • 1906: Foundation of All-India Muslim League
    • 1909: Government of India Act
    • 1916: Lucknow Pact
    • 1919: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (Government of India Act 1919)
    • 1919: Khilafat movement
    • 1920: Civil disobedience and Non-cooperation movements
    • 1927: The Simon Commission
    • 1928: Nehru Report
    • 1929: Quaid-e-Azam's Fourteen Points
    • 1930: Iqbal's Allahabad Address
    • 1930, 1931, 1932: Round Table Conferences
    • 1935: Government of India Act 1935
    • 1937: Election of 1937
    • 1940: Lahore Resolution
    • 1942: Cripps mission
    • 1945: Shimla Conference
    • 1945-46: General Election
    • 1946: Cabinet Mission Plan
    • 1946: The Interim Government
    • 1947: 3rd June plan and the Indian Independence Act of 1947
    • 1947: Demarcation of boundaries (Radcliffe's Award)

    War of Independence of 1857 and its Impact

    • The 1857 war of independence was an important event in Indian history.
    • Indians fought against the British to end their domination.
    • Causes were complex and included political, social, economic, military, and religious factors.
    • The war's impact was limited geographically.

    British Response after the War of Independence 1857

    • The British administration held Muslims responsible for the 1857 revolt, viewing them with suspicion.
    • This led to increased distrust and hostility, resulting in Muslims being excluded from certain positions.
    • The British sought to diminish Hindu-Muslim unity.

    Rise of Aligarh Movement and Muslim Nationalism (1817-1898)

    • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched the Aligarh movement focusing on education and social reform to improve Muslim status.
    • Objectives included bridging the divide between Muslims and the British government, improving education, and promoting Muslim self-improvement.
    • Key figures included Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and other British-educated individuals
    • The movement succeeded in establishing Aligarh College and promoted English education.

    Syed Ahmed Khan's Efforts

    • Khan established educational institutions and emphasized the importance of education for Muslims.
    • He attempted to create a bridge between Indian Muslims and the British, particularly on issues of modernization.
    • Supported the formation of a separate nation for Muslims.

    Muslim Nationalism

    • Prominent figures in Muslim nationalism included various reformers and leaders.

    Education Movement

    • Various Muslim educational organizations emerged, like the Anjuman Himayat-e-Islam and various madrasas.
    • These organizations focused on strengthening the community through education.
    • The increased nationalistic sentiment appealed to many Muslims.

    Foundation of Congress

    • The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 with British encouragement.
    • It aimed to advance Indian interests within the British system.
    • Initial members included important Indian leaders and reformers.

    Muslims Response to Congress

    • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan opposed the Congress, considering Hindu and Muslim interests distinct.
    • He was concerned about the dominance of Hindus in the Congress and the potential disempowerment of Muslims if majoritarianism prevailed.
    • Believed that Muslim interests required separate representation and strategies.

    Contributions of Founding Fathers of Pakistan in the Freedom Movement

    • The Bengal partition of 1905 led many in the Indian muslim community to realize the urgency for a separate homeland.
    • Muslim reformers formed the All-India Muslim League (AIML).
    • Key figures spearheaded a concerted effort throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries for Pakistan's eventual creation.
    • The Muslim League aimed to address the concerns and interests of the Muslim community.

    Contributions of Founding Fathers of Pakistan in the Freedom Movement, Continued

    • The creation of the All-India Muslim League (AIML) was prompted by significant political and social events and efforts driven by notable figures.
    • Activities and efforts by individuals were crucial in establishing various institutions like the Muslim League resulting in the demand for Pakistan.

    Contributions of Founding Fathers of Pakistan in the Freedom Movement, Continued

    • The Muslim League's efforts and the changing political climate in India contributed to the eventual creation of Pakistan.
    • Pakistan's founding fathers played a pivotal role in securing their community's rights and needs, culminating in a separate nation.

    Contributions of Pakistan Founding Fathers in the Freedom Movement

    • The newly formed Pakistan government established governance and legislative structures to replace those of British rule.
    • They adopted the Objectives Resolution as a guiding principle within the Constitution.

    Contribution of Women for Separate Homeland for Muslim

    • Women played an overlooked but essential role in the quest for a separate homeland for Muslims in India.
    • Women actively participated and supported various movements in both violent and non-violent campaigns;
    • Women leaders were not limited to educating or influencing their immediate families; their contributions impacted communities and the wider national picture.
    • Their contributions included active participation, mobilization, and support.

    Contribution of Women for Separate Homeland for Muslim, Continued

    • Muslim women played vital roles in various movements, demonstrating immense energy in supporting the country's freedom struggle.
    • These efforts and actions were crucial in achieving India's independence.

    Contribution of Women for Separate Homeland for Muslim, Continued

    • Women demonstrated tenacity and energy in the freedom struggle.
    • The contributions of these women were instrumental in achieving India's independence.

    Contribution of Women for Separate Homeland for Muslim, Continued

    • Women were essential in coordinating movements and mobilizing support.
    • Their involvement in the freedom struggle was extensive.

    Contribution of Students for Separate Homeland for Muslim

    • All-India Students' Federation (AISF) played a crucial role in organizing the Muslim student community.
    • The formation of the All-India Muslim Students' Federation facilitated a unified voice for the community's interests.

    Contribution of Students for Separate Homeland for Muslim

    • Muslim student federations across various regions tirelessly worked for a separate homeland.
    • Their efforts and contributions were notable in Pakistan's independence movement.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational ideology and historical context surrounding the creation of Pakistan. This quiz delves into significant events and influential figures from 1857 to 1947, offering insights into the political, social, and cultural fabric of the nation. Test your knowledge of the core principles that shaped Pakistan's identity.

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